BMC Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"Surveillance of anthelmintic treatments on ruminant farms to detect resistance in a low-prevalence area.","authors":"Rosa D'Ambrosio, Loredana Baldi, Stefania Cavallo, Alessandro Nappa, Luigia Di Donato, Roberta Brunetti, Mirella Santaniello, Antonella Pesce, Marialuisa Buonanno, Laura Rinaldi, Antonio Bosco","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04894-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04894-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Difficulty in combating gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in ruminants is increasing worldwide, owing to progressive anthelmintic resistance (AR). This study evaluates the AR current status against benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones on 20 sheep and 10 cattle farms in southern Italy that have performed a greater number of anthelmintic treatments in recent years. On each farm, the animals were randomly divided into two groups of 20 animals; one group was treated with ivermectin (IVM, 0.2 mg/kg of body weight), and the other with albendazole (ALB, 3.8 mg/kg of body weight). In each farm, an individual faecal egg count was performed on samples collected on the day of treatment (D0) and after 14 days (D14) using the Mini-FLOTAC technique. For each group, coprocultures were performed on D0 and D14. An in vitro test (egg hatch assay-EHA) and a follow-up FECR test with fenbendazole were performed to confirm the low in vivo efficacy. To better understand farm management and the anthelmintic treatment methods commonly adopted, a questionnaire was formulated and submitted to farmers during the recruitment phase. The content of the questionnaire was identical for cattle and sheep.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The in vivo test (FECR) showed a high efficacy (from 96.7% to 100%) for both tested anthelmintics in all cattle farms and in 18 sheep farms. A low efficacy for ALB has been detected in two sheep farms, with FECR value of 86.0% for Farm 1 and 92.4% for Farm 2 with predominant GIN genera of Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus on post-treatment samples. The EHA confirmed AR on both sheep farms with low efficacy in Farm 1 of 87.0% and in Farm 2 of 77.0%. At the end of the administration period, questionnaires were collected and a descriptive analysis of data was carried out. Cattle farmers displayed a low perception of the AR problem, while sheep farmers had a higher perception.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The phenomenon of AR in low-prevalence areas certainly needs to be monitored on each farm in conjunction with the usual anthelmintic treatments, so as to be able to promptly identify and solve the problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12275430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144667069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroxyethyl cellulose-based hydrogel as a novel delivery system for Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and Beauveria Bassiana conidia for the control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae.","authors":"Nicola Pugliese, Antonio Camarda, Mara Miglianti, Marco Friuli, Christian Demitri, Ifra Siddique, Marcos Antonio Bezerra Santos, Wafa Rhimi, Elena Circella, Claudia Cafarchia, Domenico Otranto","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04923-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04923-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dermanyssus gallinae poses a significant global threat to poultry production by affecting animal health and welfare. Conventional acaricidal treatments are limited by the emergence of resistant mite populations and by the risk of chemical residues in eggs and meat. In this study, we evaluated an innovative control strategy based on a hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)- hydrogel as a delivery matrix for Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EO) and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Mites were collected from naturally infested hen farms and divided by life stage. Bioassays were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to compare the effects of treatments applied both with and without pre-incubation of the HEC matrix, expressed as lethal times (LT₅₀ and LT₉₀).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The EO treatment alone or in combination with B. bassiana and without pre-incubation achieved an LT₅₀ of 7.4 ± 0.2 days in adult mites, while the B. bassiana-only treatment exhibited a slightly prolonged LT₅₀ of 8.8 ± 0.2 days. Notably, pre-incubation markedly enhanced efficacy (p < 0.001); the combined treatment reduced the LT₅₀ to 4.9 ± 0.2 days and the LT₉₀ to 10.5 ± 0.3 days, underscoring the synergistic action of EO and B. bassiana. Similar patterns were observed in nymphs, which generally exhibited higher lethal times compared to adults, with strong statistical support.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings indicate that HEC-based hydrogel enriched with E. globulus EO and/or B. bassiana conidia is efficacious against D. gallinae. The significant reduction in LT₅₀ and LT₉₀ in adult mites highlights the potential of this approach for integrated pest management. This novel formulation, by harnessing the synergistic effects of E. globosus EO and B. bassiana within a stable hydrogel matrix, may provide a tool for controlling D. gallinae in the poultry industry, thus reducing the use of synthetic acaricides. Results need to be validated under field conditions to provide a sustainable strategy for controlling red mite infestations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12273383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The combined effects of extended feeding with a high level of Arthrospira platensis and a commercial enzyme mix or porcine pancreatin on broilers' blood cells, plasma metabolites and liver lipid profile.","authors":"Paula A Lopes, Cristina M Alfaia, Maria P Spínola, Rui M A Pinto, José M Pestana, Mónica M Costa, J C Tavares, Miguel P Mourato, Beatriz Tavares, Daniela F P Carvalho, Cátia F Martins, Madalena Lordelo, José A M Prates","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04532-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04532-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing global demand for sustainable and eco-friendly protein alternatives in poultry production has led to the exploitation of unconventional feed ingredients, such as microalgae. This study is novel for its exploration of the extended feeding effects (from day 7 to day 35) of a high inclusion level (15%) of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) in broiler chickens' diet, either alone or supplemented with enzymes, primarily peptidases (EC 3.4). The study assessed the impact on the blood cells, metabolic status and the hepatic content of lipids, pigments and minerals. One hundred and twenty Ross 308 male chickens were distributed into 40 battery brooders, housing three birds per cage. Initially, the chickens were given ad libitum access to a standard corn and soybean meal-based diet for the first seven days. Subsequently, from day 7 to 35, they were assigned to one of four experimental diets: a control diet based on corn and soybean (control group, n = 10), a diet incorporating 15% A. platensis (SP group, n = 10), a diet incorporating 15% A. platensis supplemented with 0.025% of the commercial enzyme mix VemoZyme^® P (SPV group, n = 10), and a diet incorporating 15% A. platensis supplemented with 0.10% of porcine pancreatin (SPP group, n = 10).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 15% inclusion of A. platensis negatively impacted the birds' growth performance by decreasing the final body weight (p < 0.001), body weight gain (p < 0.001) and average daily feed intake (p < 0.001), while increasing the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.001). This high level of A. platensis incorporation did not change the haematological profile but raised blood lipid levels. However, these increases were successfully normalized by supplementing the diet with the enzyme mix VemoZyme^® P and the porcine pancreatin. Spirulina positively altered the fatty acid composition in the liver, notably increasing n-3 PUFA content (p < 0.001) and reducing the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (p < 0.001). Furthermore, including A. platensis augmented the concentration of beneficial pigments with antioxidant functions, irrespective of enzyme addition. Most mineral levels remained unaffected (p > 0.05) by A. platensis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, data suggest that the impact of A. platensis on blood and liver measurements outweighs the effect of enzyme supplements, VemoZyme^® P or porcine pancreatin. However, these enzyme mixtures effectively mitigated the elevated blood lipid levels induced by Spirulina. Although our findings illustrate the potential of A. platensis as an alternative protein source of nutrition for poultry, further exploration is necessary to determine the feasibility of higher incorporation levels over the long term, particularly in light of the negative effects on broilers' growth performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12269105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First detection of equine hepacivirus RNA in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) in eastern Austria.","authors":"Vicky Frisch, Anna Sophie Ramsauer, Irina Preining, Maria S Unterköfler, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Martin Hofer, Manolis Lyrakis, Emilie Bouhsira, Emmanuel Liénard, Jessika-M V Cavalleri","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04890-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04890-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12273350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal population dynamics and dietary switching of Vulpes spp. amplify Echinococcus spp. transmission in the Eastern Tibetan plateau: implications for wildlife-mediated zoonotic risks.","authors":"Xu Wang, Chuizhao Xue, Xueying Deng, Qilu Chen, Chunyang Li, Baixue Liu, Ying Wang, Yan Kui, Qingqiu Zuo, Jianhai Yin, Shuai Han, Yujuan Shen, Jianping Cao","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04907-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04907-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Echinococcosis, a severe zoonosis caused by Echinococcus spp., poses a significant public health challenge in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. This study aimed to investigate the interplay among seasonal shifts in definitive host ecology (Vulpes ferrilata and V. vulpes), dietary shifts, and infections with E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus within a high-altitude ecosystem.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistical analyses revealed that V. ferrilata dominated the local fox community (90.48%, n = 441), with the highest number of samples collected in fall (46.49%), likely linked to dispersal behaviors after the breeding season. Dietary analysis showed a strong predation preference, with lagomorphs (primarily Ochotona curzoniae) accounting for 79.57% (74/93) of the diet. There was also a significant seasonal shift: among Vulpes spp., the consumption of rodents increased to 26.92% in the fall from being absent in the summer. This dietary diversification correlated with seasonal resource scarcity, driving foxes to exploit alternative prey. The infection rates of Echinococcus in V. ferrilata displayed the U-shaped seasonal patterns. Specifically, the infections of E. multilocularis peaked in the fall (12.29%), which was significantly higher than that in the spring (2.38%) and summer (0.74%), showing a positive correlation with the predation proportion on rodents (R = 0.61, P = 0.036). Meanwhile, E. shiquicus infections peaked in fall (29.32%) and dipped in summer (17.65%), but showed no dietary association, suggesting alternative transmission factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight that seasonal prey switching amplifies E. multilocularis transmission by increasing fox exposure to infected voles. The competitive pressure during resource-limited periods drives a shift in the predation strategies of the definitive hosts, inadvertently exacerbating the zoonotic risks of alveolar echinococcosis. The study underscores the importance of seasonally targeted interventions, providing a scientific foundation for alleviating echinococcosis in high-altitude regions under climate change pressures.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12273311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe pathological and transcriptional changes in haematopoietic organs of salmon suffering from salmon gill poxvirus disease.","authors":"Ottavia Benedicenti, Ole Bendik Dale, Maria K Dahle, Mona C Gjessing","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04922-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04922-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infection with salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) can lead to acute disease outbreaks with high mortalities caused by extensive gill pathology. In some cases, additional signs of severe red blood cell breakdown (erythrophagocytosis) are present in the spleen and kidney. This can indicate a broader systemic effect of the infection, extending beyond the gills. In a previous study, we investigated the gill histopathology and transcriptome response of salmon sampled from such an outbreak. Here, we further investigate these responses in the same fish, focusing on the haematopoietic organs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results show that extensive accumulation of red blood cell breakdown products and phagocytosis of red blood cells were seen in the salmon suffering from salmon gill poxvirus disease. Moreover, differentially expressed genes exhibited an apparent organ-specific pattern, with a primary function involved in immune response, which was predominantly observed in the spleen and kidney. Additional antiviral responses, as well as coagulation and vascular function, apoptosis, and stress responses, were also detected in haematopoietic organs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, salmon gill poxvirus disease (SGPVD) affects haematopoietic organs, causing red blood cell breakdown and organ-specific immune responses. Gene expression patterns highlight immune activation, antiviral defence, coagulation, and stress pathways in the spleen and kidney of salmon suffering from SGPVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amantadine as a therapeutic option for neuropathic pain in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis.","authors":"Chiara Caterino, Giovanni Della Valle, Federica Aragosa, Stefano Cavalli, Francesco Lamagna, Gerardo Fatone","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04911-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04911-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis is a multifactorial condition with no consensus on optimal therapeutic management. In mildly affected dogs, treatment often includes analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which may be insufficient for effective pain control. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of amantadine in managing chronic neuropathic pain associated with this pathology in dogs, using ground reaction forces (GRFs) analysis, including Peak Vertical Force (PVF), Vertical Impulse (VI), and stance time (ST), and to evaluate whether the co-administration of amantadine improves the efficacy of meloxicam in patients who have shown a refractory response to meloxicam alone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Client-owned dogs (≥ 12 months old, ≥ 20 kg) with a confirmed diagnosis of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis were enrolled in a randomized trial. Subjects were assigned to two treatment groups: Group A received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg PO SID loading dose, followed by 0.1 mg/kg SID for 6 days) plus amantadine (3 mg/kg PO SID for 21 days); Group B received amantadine alone (3 mg/kg PO BID for 21 days). Gait analysis was performed using a force platform at baseline (T0), after 7 days (T1), and after 21 days (T2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty dogs met the inclusion criteria and completed the study. At enrollment, the two groups (10 animals each) were homogeneous. After 21 days, both groups showed significant increases in PVF%BW (p < 0.0001) and VI%BW (p = 0.0064 in Group A; p = 0.0023 in Group B). For VI%BW, Group A demonstrated a significant improvement between T0 and T1 (p = 0.0120), and T0 and T2 (p = 0.0083), but not between T1 and T2 (p = 0.4040). Group B showed significant increases between T0 and T2 (p = 0.0012), and T1 and T2 (p = 0.0034), but not between T0 and T1 (p = 0.7788). Regarding PVF%BW, both groups exhibited significant differences across all time points, showing progressive improvement over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that amantadine, either alone or in combination with meloxicam, improves GRFs in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis and, may be a valuable component of its multimodal therapy, though additional research is necessary to validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and application of an immuoperoxidase monolayer assay for the detection of PRRSV.","authors":"Peng Li, Chunxiao Guan, Liping Wang, Huiting Li, Guopeng Sun, Jinjiao He, Xingyou Liu, Xuannian Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04925-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04925-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), is a highly contagious disease with high morbidity and mortality that affects the global swine industry. Despite efforts to control it, there is still a widespread dissemination of PRRSV with obvious genetic variations in swine population, resulting in huge economic losses annually. Consequently, accurate laboratory diagnosis is crucial for the rapid confirmation of PRRSV infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) was developed for the specific and sensitive detection of PRRSV based on a broad-spectrum anti-PRRSV monoclonal antibody (mAb) 28F6. The mAb 28F6-based IPMA could specifically detect PRRSV and possessed no cross-reactions with CSFV, PCV2, and PEDV. Sensitivity analysis showed that the limit of detection of the IPMA reached 10^- 2.25 TCID₅₀/100 µL. There was no significant difference in the detection of PRRSV of different passages with different batches of mAb 28F6, indicating that the IPMA had excellent repeatability. Additionally, the IPMA was capable of detecting multiple PRRSV variants, including field strains (e.g., BJ-4, HN07-1, and HNhx) and vaccine strains (e.g., HuN4-F112, JXA1-R, TJM-F92, GDr180, VR2332, CH-1R, and R98). Validation of the IPMA with qRT-PCR showed 100% concordance between the two assays for detecting PRRSV from 108 clinical samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The IPMA could meet the demand for the specific and sensitive detection of PRRSV, which is helpful for accurate monitoring and early warning of PRRSV infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Brucella spp. from milk by quantitative PCR as a monitoring method for brucellosis in cattle in Mongolia.","authors":"Batsukh Naranchimeg, Batsaikhan Chantsal, Badrakh Sandagdorj, Tsognemekh Bolormaa, Purevdorj Ulzii-Orshikh, Adilbish Altanchimeg, Sumiya Ganzorig, Vanaabaatar Batbaatar, Motohiro Horiuchi, Purevdorj Nyam-Osor","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04918-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04918-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brucellosis in livestock is endemic in Mongolia, and efficient monitoring is required for clarifying its prevalence. Milk can be obtained noninvasively and is useful for monitoring brucellosis in livestock. However, the usefulness of milk in monitoring brucellosis should be clarified.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Serum and milk samples were obtained from 326 cows from six farms near Ulaanbaatar City between 2020 and 2022. Serum and milk were assessed using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Milk Ring Test (MRT), respectively. All milk samples were further subjected to bacterial isolation and DNA extraction. DNA samples were analyzed with quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting Brucella genus-specific IS711 insertion sequence to detect and estimate Brucella spp. levels in milk. qPCR-positive samples were further subjected to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay to discriminate B. abortus field strains from the S19 vaccine strain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 326 milk samples, 108 (33.1%) were revealed to be positive for Brucella spp. by qPCR, whereas only 5 samples (1.5%) were deemed positive via the bacterial isolation. No S19 vaccine strain was identified in the IS711 qPCR-positive milk samples by the SNP assay. Although qPCR detected Brucella spp. from milk, which was obtained from cows in three lactation stages, the detection ratio was significantly higher in the early lactation stage than in the middle lactation stage. Additionally, the five milk samples from which Brucella spp, were isolated exhibited the top 5 estimated colony forming units among the IS711 qPCR-positive samples, indicating that detection sensitivity of the IS711 qPCR is extremely higher than that of bacterial culture. There was a tendency that milk samples from RBT- and MRT-positive cows are more likely to be positive by IS711 qPCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results revealed that analysis of milk with qPCR is easy and sensitive monitoring method for detecting Brucella infection in livestock.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-enhanced infrared thermography for reliable detection and spatial mapping of temperature patterns in calf eyes and muzzles.","authors":"Sueun Kim, Norio Yamagishi, Shingo Ishikawa, Shinobu Tsuchiaka","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04919-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04919-1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Non-invasive temperature measurement using infrared cameras has become increasingly important for monitoring physiological changes and stress responses in animals, offering advantages over traditional rectal thermometry. However, previous methods often suffered from limitations such as environmental interference, instantaneous measurement, and inaccurate region of interest (ROI) selection due to manual settings. To overcome these limitations, studies have combined infrared cameras with AI-based segmentation to enable accurate ROI detection and to capture temporal temperature change patterns in cattle. Furthermore, the interpretability of eye and muzzle temperature measurements can vary depending on which subregions are analyzed, as areas with richer vascularization tend to display more representative temperature characteristics. To address these issues, the present study applied AI-based segmentation to infrared thermography and focused on the analysis of high-temperature, vascularized subregions within the eyes and muzzles of calves. By doing so, we aimed to enhance the clarity and reliability of temperature change pattern analysis for non-invasive monitoring of physiological status in cattle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Thermal images were captured using a mobile infrared camera, and video recordings were obtained simultaneously from 11 calves. AI-based segmentation, utilizing previously trained weights, was used to automatically extract eye and muzzle ROIs from video images. 33 imaging sessions where the majority of frames exhibited reliable segmentation were selected for analysis. In Experiment 1, temperature data corresponding to the mean, top 10%, and top 30% values within each ROI underwent preprocessing steps (outlier rejection, standardization, and low-pass filtering) to derive temperature change patterns. This process generated six patterns per session (three for eyes and three muzzle regions), yielding a total of 198 patterns across all 33 image sessions. Cosine similarity analysis was then applied to quantify similarity within the same session. In Experiment 2, each ROI was divided into a 3 × 3 grid to map the distribution of high temperature values for spatial analysis. Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni corrections to assess regional differences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In Experiment 1, for the eyes, the patterns derived from the top 10% and 30% of temperatures had high cosine similarity (0.94). In contrast, the patterns based on the mean values had relatively lower similarities with the top 10% and 30% patterns (0.81 and 0.86, respectively). A similar trend was observed for the muzzle: the top 10% and 30% patterns had a high cosine similarity (0.93), while the patterns based on the mean values showed lower similarities (0.80, and 0.86). In Experiment 2, for the eyes, the top 10% of temperature values were mainly in the bottom region. In comparison, the top ","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}