BMC Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"A retrospective cohort study investigating the association of environment, milk performance and udder health with the yield and solid content of first-milking colostrum in Holstein dairy cows.","authors":"Gonçalo Pereira, Ricardo Bexiga","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04909-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04909-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The administration of high-quality colostrum is widely recognized as crucial for the health and survival of neonatal calves, yet identifying factors influencing colostrum yield and solid content has remained a challenge. With dairy farmers facing increasing difficulties in maintaining a year-round supply of high-quality colostrum, this retrospective cohort study evaluated the association between environmental, milk performance, and udder health factors with colostrum yield and solid content (as measured by Brix % determination) in 1731 lactations of Holstein dairy cows (583 primiparous and 1148 multiparous) on a commercial farm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In primiparous cows, colostrum yield was associated with the time interval between calving and colostrum collection (as estimated by whether colostrum was collected during morning or afternoon milking), while lower colostrum solid content was associated with higher occupancy of the close-up pen. In multiparous dairy cows, both colostrum yield and solid content were associated with lactation number (higher lactations associated with lower yield but with higher solid content), dry period length (longer dry periods associated with higher yield and higher solid content), and whether colostrum was collected during morning or afternoon milking. A lower colostrum solid content of multiparous cows was also associated with higher occupancy of the close-up pen and a higher colostrum yield was associated with higher THI during the 21 days before calving. Moreover, greater milk yield at dry-off was associated with lower colostrum yield and a longer previous calving interval was associated with greater colostrum yield. These findings highlight the benefits of longer dry periods and calving intervals for colostrum production, the need to revise dry-off practices for high-yield dairy cows, and the importance of addressing overpopulation in close-up pens, especially in heat-stressed herds with higher variation in close-up pen occupancy. This work also reinforces the importance of shorter intervals between calving and colostrum collection for higher solid content of colostrum in multiparous cows.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, this study enhances understanding of the factors influencing colostrum production and provides valuable insights for developing improved colostrum management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses isolated from poultry between 2019 and 2023 in Egypt.","authors":"Zienab Mosaad, Naglaa M Hagag, Moataz M Elsayed, Wesam H Mady, Ali M Zanaty, Zeinab A El-Badiea, Fatma Amer, Mahmoud Said, Abdullah Selim, Eman Farghally, Samah Eid, Amany Adel, Mahmoud M Naguib, Mohamed E El Zowalaty, Momtaz A Shahein","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04514-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04514-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study aimed to investigate the genetic characterization and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in Egypt. Ten H9N2 viruses were recently isolated from samples collected between 2019 and 2023. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene segment of the H9N2 isolates showed a relatedness with G1 H9 4.2 lineage and clustered within genotype III of the Egyptian strains identified earlier in 2018. The majority of H9N2 strains had seven and eight glycosylation sites in HA and neuraminidase (NA) respectively. All strains carried H191 and L234 residues in their hemagglutinin which are markers facilitating avian-to-human cross species barrier transmission. No stalk deletions were detected in NA gene. In addition, genetic analysis of the NA and M encoding proteins revealed the absence of substitutions associated with resistance to oseltamivir and amantadine. The NA showed S372A and R403W substitutions which were previously detected in H3N2 and H1N2 viruses that were reported in previous influenza pandemics in 1975 and 2001 respectively. Many mutations associated with virulence and mammalian infection were detected in internal proteins such as PB2(V504), PB1-F2(N66), PA (V127, L672, and L550), M2(S64), and NS1(42S). Analysis showed the presence of full-length PB1-F2 with ²²⁷PDZ²³⁰ motif which is associated with virus virulence and pathogenesis. Mammalian associated mutations such as PB2 (I 667, T64), PB1-P13, PB1-F2-S82, NP-K214, NP-Q398 and M1-I15 were detected. The HA gene was under positive selection pressure especially at sites 198 and 235 of RBS, while other internal genes were under negative selection pressure. The study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of H9N2 virus to enable timely implementation of control measures in poultry populations in Egypt.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic strip for gB antibody detection of PRV.","authors":"Suzhen Yang, Yaning Sun, Yunrui Xing, Lu Fan, Yongliang Li, Yanli Shang, Shujun Chai, Yunchao Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04913-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04913-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pseudorabies (PR) is a highly contagious disease, and it causes significant economic losses to the global swine industry. Vaccination plays an important role in the prevention and control of pseudorabies virus (PRV). To evaluate vaccine efficacy, there is a need for a quick and straight forward method to monitor PRV-induced antibody levels in practice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic (TRFIC) strip was developed for the serological detection of PRV gB antibodies in swine. Following systematic analysis and evaluation, the assay demonstrated a high degree of correlation with established reference method. The positive and negative coincidence rates between the TRFIC strip and ELISA were 96.8% and 94.2%, respectively. Furthermore, comprehensive analytical and comparative assessments revealed that the TRFIC strip exhibited no cross-reactivity with antibodies against other porcine pathogens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given its high specificity, sensitivity, and convenience, the TRFIC strip is suitable for on-site detection of PRV gB antibodies and can serve as a valuable tool for monitoring PRV immune status in animal populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic snapshot of Klebsiella spp. isolates from clinically ill animals reveal diverse lineages with limited relatedness to human isolates.","authors":"Gordon Martin, Gregory H Tyson, Jake Guag, Errol Strain, Olgica Ceric","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04686-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04686-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Klebsiella spp. is an important human and animal pathogen, and it is commonly found with resistance to clinically important antimicrobials worldwide. The main goals of this study were to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in our study population and to assess the relatedness between Klebsiella spp. isolated from humans and animals. Isolates were collected in 2019 and 2020 from various animal hosts that presented to veterinary hospitals in the U.S. that participate in the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network's antimicrobial resistance monitoring program.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We sequenced a total of 204 Klebsiella spp. isolates. A majority of isolates were identified as K. pneumoniae (149/204, 73.0%), followed by K. quasipneumoniae (30/204, 14.7%), K. variicola (15/204, 7.4%), K. aerogenes (5/204, 2.5%), K. oxytoca (4/204, 2.0%), and K. grimontii (1/204, 0.5%). Out of 204 isolates, 138 were recovered from dogs, 25 from horses, 17 from cats, 6 from avian species, 5 from cows and 3 from pigs. The remaining 10 isolates were recovered from a few other mammal species. Klebsiella spp. isolates were very diverse. In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), using WGS data, identified a total of 88 known sequence types across all isolates. Seventeen isolates were not assigned an MLST sequence type due to combinations of alleles not previously found in the PubMLST database. 45 of the 204 isolates were assigned to 20 different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) clusters in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen Detection browser, and out of those, four isolates were assigned SNP clusters that also contained human isolates, all from dogs. The closest human isolate was 29 SNPs from a dog isolate. A total of 36 resistance genes were identified. The three most common resistance genes were oqxAB, fosA, and bla_SHV. None of the isolates had carbapenem resistance genes, although one isolate from a goat had mcr-8.1, a colistin resistance gene.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To our knowledge, this is the largest collection of sequenced Klebsiella from sick animals ever assembled, and the results found limited relatedness between these isolates and those from humans, despite the diversity of sequenced isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: The gastrointestinal nematode Strongylus vulgaris as a cause of hoof abscess in a donkey.","authors":"Lina Stahel, Naomi Ana Bigler, Felix Grimm, Manuela Schnyder, Andreas W Oehm","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04492-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04492-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gastrointestinal helminths of the Strongylus genus can be very pathogenic in equids mainly because of migratory larval and subadult stages invading arteries of the mesenterium. However, the extraintestinal, aberrant presence of these stages has been observed.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 19-year-old male donkey presented with severe lameness in the right front limb. After unsuccessful hoof wraps, diagnostic imaging was performed. Removal of the sole horn led to the discovery of a sizeable abscess containing a single nematode. The helminth was removed and parasitologically examined. The abscess was treated with surgical drainage, wound care, and medicinal fly larvae. Anthelmintic treatment with oral ivermectin (200 µg/kg body weight) was initiated. Parasitological follow-up examinations were conducted two weeks afterwards and at seven and ten months after initial diagnosis. The nematode was identified as adult female specimen of Strongylus vulgaris. Coproscopic examination of the animal and four herd mates confirmed the presence of S. vulgaris in the group. The hoof abscess healed within two months and lameness completely resolved. All parasitological follow-up examination demonstrated anthelmintic efficacy and absence of S. vulgaris, indicating sustained parasite control.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case represents the first report of ectopic occurrence of S. vulgaris causing a hoof abscess inducing lameness in a donkey. The healing of the abscess was without complications as soon as the source of the condition was removed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions on anthelmintic use and resistance development in goats under communal production systems.","authors":"Khanyisani Cyril Ndwandwe, Michael Chimonyo, Ana Tsotetsi-Khambule, Munyaradzi Christopher Marufu","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04893-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04893-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For decades, farmers relied on anthelmintic drug treatments to control gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections, which has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR). The objective of this study was to investigate the perceptions of communal goat farmers regarding anthelmintic resistance in communal goat flocks. A structured, close-ended questionnaire was used to carry out face-to-face interviews with communal goat farmers (n = 384) across four local municipalities in the uMkhanyakude district. The results showed that elderly farmers were 1.4 times more likely to underdose compared to younger farmers (p < 0.05). Educated farmers were aware of the negative influence on AR development brought by using substandard drugs (p < 0.01) and repetitive use of one drug (p < 0.05). However, lack of professional veterinary assistance (p < 0.01) resulted in more than 65% of elderly farmers underdosing the anthelmintic drugs (p < 0.05) while 68% were using expired drugs (p < 0.05). Despite varying levels of education, most farmers treated goats only showing GIN infection signs (p < 0.05) in their flocks which can potentially delay the AR development. The elderly farmers are less likely to delay the development of AR due to their inability to adhere to the recognized principles of responsible and sustainable drug use. Despite reasonable awareness of AR as a problem in their flocks, communal farmers proved to have poor perceptions regarding the development of AR. This was attributed to old age, illiteracy and under dosing. Engaging veterinarians, farmers and animal health technicians could achieve sustainable management of GIN infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and dosing of testosterone for hormone restoration in neutered dogs.","authors":"Linda Brent, Florian Roeber, Eric Weber, Michael Chambers, Terry M Nett, Elaine A Lissner","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04869-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04869-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolated from cattle farms in Inner Mongolia.","authors":"Mengyuan Xie, Yexin Chen, Hewei Shang, Xiuling He, Xiaojing Xu","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04901-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04901-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Salmonella poses a significant health threat to both humans and animals owing to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains. There are no studies on the incidence patterns of salmonellosis and multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains in Inner Mongolia, China's milk and beef-producing hotspot. Farms in Inner Mongolia, China, were randomly selected, and rectal swabs (600) and milk samples (757) were collected for isolation and identification of Salmonella, and antimicrobial resistance was assessed according to CLSI and NARMS guidelines. Twenty-one resistance genes from seven classes of antibiotics were selected for detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Salmonella-NMGS9 was selected for whole genome sequencing and drug resistance gene prediction analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salmonella was found in 24 (85.71%) of the 28 large-scale cattle farms in Inner Mongolia, China, resulting in 176 Salmonella strains from 1357 samples (with a prevalence of 3.88%). Of the 158 strains tested for their susceptibility to 19 antibiotics, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains accounted for 90.51% (143/158), and 6 strains were only resistant to sulfisoxazole. Furthermore, 40% and 30% of the strains had sul3 and sul1 genes; all strains were sensitive to polymixin B, and no strains had the mcr-1 gene. Among the 8 S. enterica strains (5.59%), 14 genes were identified, with the β-lactam gene bla_TEM-1 expressed in all MDR isolates. Only the floR and tetB genes were consistent with the PCR results for the predicted drug resistance genes in Salmonella-NMGS9 strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study is the first to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic characteristics, of Salmonella spp. isolated from large-scale cattle farms in Inner Mongolia, China. Monitoring the prevalence, resistance gene expression, and distribution of Salmonella on large-scale cattle farms in Inner Mongolia is vital for understanding the extent and trends in foodborne pathogen resistance in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoonotic pathogens in equids in Central Europe: a systematic review.","authors":"Aisha Arshad, Anna Helga Reif, Jessika-Maximiliane V Cavalleri, Amélie Desvars-Larrive","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04915-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04915-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Equids serve diverse roles in contemporary society. Their use as companion animals, in sports, transportation, and food production brings them into close contact with humans, creating potential zoonotic risks. This review had two objectives: (i) to catalogue zoonotic pathogens detected in equids across Central Europe, and (ii) to analyse research trends and collaborations in equid zoonosis studies within the region. We conducted a systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines to identify publications on naturally occurring zoonotic pathogens in equids from nine countries: Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland. We searched three databases-PubMed, Scopus, and CABI-yielding 1,435 publications, of which 256 were included in the review, spanning 58 years of research (1964-2022).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed increased publications on equine-associated zoonotic pathogens in the region since the 1990s, reflecting growing global concerns about zoonoses, with a recent surge in research on emerging zoonotic agents. A total of 191 zoonotic pathogens were investigated during the study period, with the top 10 most studied pathogens representing 60.2% of the included literature. Researchers from 24 countries, organised into nine research communities, collaborated on equine zoonotic diseases in the region. Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, and the USA played pivotal roles in the research network. Additionally, we reported 183 zoonotic taxa potentially infecting equids and humans in Central Europe, of which 79.2% were bacteria, 15.8% were eukaryotes, and 4.9% were viruses. This expanded list marks a notable increase from the 56 pathogens reported in previous studies. Pairwise comparisons revealed that Italy and Germany shared the highest number of pathogens (40 taxa), followed by Italy and Switzerland (25 taxa), and Germany and Switzerland (25 taxa).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study offers an updated list of zoonotic pathogens in equids in Central Europe, highlights emerging threats such as West Nile virus, and underscores the importance of continued surveillance and cross-border collaboration to mitigate these risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunization of pigs with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia live attenuated (gene-deleted) vaccine HB04M intramuscularly or intranasally exhibits remarkably rapid protection against heterologous strain challenge.","authors":"Song Qi, Qiyun He, Xinchen Wei, Jiahui Liu, Di Yu, Yiqing Li, Dewen Dong, Huanchun Chen, Weicheng Bei","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04895-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04895-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, characterized by acute hemorrhagic fibrinous pleuropneumonia and chronic fibrinous necrotizing pleuropneumonia. The acute manifestation of APP is marked by a high fatality rate, leading to substantial economic repercussions to the global swine industry. Current vaccination strategies against APP primarily include bacterin vaccines, subunit vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines. However, their immediate protective efficacy after immunization, particularly for emergency scenarios, remains poorly characterized. In this study, pigs were immunized with APP live attenuated (gene-deleted) vaccine HB04M (serovar 7) via intramuscular or intranasal route at 3 and 7 days prior to challenge with a virulent heterologous serotype strain (serovar 5) at a lethal dose. The findings revealed that pigs receiving intramuscular vaccination 7 days pre-challenge demonstrated a significantly effective immunological defense, achieving a 100% survival rate with minimal lung injury. Intramuscular vaccination 3 days and intranasal vaccination 7 days pre-challenge both exhibited 80% protection, while intranasal vaccination 3 days pre-challenge offered only 60% protection against the challenge. The immediate protection observed 3 days post-immunization was correlated with the rapid vaccine-induced IFN-γ response, while protection at 7 days post-immunization was enhanced by the synergistic effects of HB04M-induced antibodies and IFN-γ. Overall, HB04M demonstrated significant protection against a lethal dose of the heterologous strain as early as 3 days post-immunization, with intramuscular vaccination delivering nearly complete protection by 7 days post-immunization. These findings suggest that HB04M could serve as an effective emergency vaccination strategy during APP outbreaks in pig farms, providing timely protection to mitigate morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}