Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Treatment of synthetic acid mine drainage (AMD) by photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of Galdieria sulphuraria.","authors":"Ruxue Bai, Xin Wei, Jianke Huang, Yujuan Pan, Xiwen Xue","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03414-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03414-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acid heavy metal wastewater is primarily originated from mining, electroplating, metallurgical, and chemical industries, such as acid mine drainage (AMD). AMD is harmful to the environment owing to its strong acidity and high concentrations of heavy metal ions. In the present study, an environmentally friendly phycoremediation approach was used to purify synthetic AMD. The results suggested that Galdieria sulphuraria grew well in synthetic AMD without the requirement of pH regulation. In addition, the additional supplementation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) alone did not result in significant differences in cell growth, phycocyanin content, and heavy metal removal efficiency. In contrast, exogenous supplementation of organic carbon sources (glycerol and glucose) combined with the addition of N/P in synthetic AMD significantly increased the microalgal concentration by 240.3% and 298.4%, respectively. However, adding only the carbon source did not lead to a statistically significant improvement in microalgae growth because of the low N/P concentrations in AMD. Moreover, the removal efficiencies of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Al, and Zn) significantly improved when glucose was supplemented in conjunction with N/P sources. Overall, this study proved that AMD can be ecologically treated by Galdieria sulphuraria integrated with algal biomass production, which provides a foundation for acid-heavy metal wastewater valorization and resource recycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2873-2883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The journey of bioactive peptides in vivo: cutting-edge advances in absorption, transport, and bioavailability.","authors":"Pan Liu, Ronge Xing, Huahua Yu, Xueqin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03393-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03393-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactive peptides, consisting of 2-20 amino acid residues, constitute a class of biological active molecules that exert crucial regulatory functions in various physiological processes. Contemporary research has revealed that these peptides exhibit remarkable multifunctional properties, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antitumor activities, highlighting their considerable therapeutic potential in health maintenance and disease intervention. However, their clinical application faces substantial challenges due to poor bioavailability, primarily attributed to the biochemical barrier imposed by gastric acid and digestive enzyme degradation, the intricate multilayer physical barriers of the intestinal epithelium, and intrinsic physicochemical properties such as molecular size and hydrophobicity. Notably, the in vivo transport mechanisms of bioactive peptides involve sophisticated physiological processes, and a thorough elucidation of their absorption kinetics and transport pathways is essential for developing efficacious peptide-based therapeutics. This review systematically examines the multifaceted barrier mechanisms affecting peptides digestion and absorption, elucidates their in vivo transport pathways, and proposes cutting-edge strategies to enhance bioavailability. These presented insights not only establish a comprehensive theoretical framework and practical guidance for optimizing peptide absorption and deliver, but also open provide novel research perspectives to facilitate their clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2811-2828"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-based hydrogel, along with citrus-derived extracellular vesicles and clove extract: advanced skin wound dressing.","authors":"Meysam Nemati, Marjan Mohamadali, Sevda Shemshad, Seyed Mohammad Atyabi, Fereshteh Sharifi, Ali Faravash, Zeinab Alsadat Mirshaby, Shiva Irani","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03421-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03421-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-derived Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly those from Citrus limettioides Tan, represent a promising strategy for wound-healing applications. This study investigated the antibacterial and wound-healing efficacy of a chitosan-based hydrogel containing clove extract (CTS/Clo) and EVs through both in vitro and in vivo analyses. Chitosan hydrogels (1.5% and 2%) were formulated with clove extract at concentrations of 0.0156% and 0.0625%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and drug release profiles showed that the porous structure, combined with a uniform mixture of CTS and Clo, helped the gradual release of Clo. Antibacterial assays against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa confirmed the effectiveness of the hydrogel formulation. Isolated EVs displayed a consistent size distribution and expressed key EV markers. Treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) with the hydrogel and EVs significantly enhanced cell viability (p<0.0001). In an animal model, the combined use of hydrogels with EVs significantly sped up wound closure (up to 95%), increased gene expression (Col1a1, Col3a1, MMP9, VEGFA, TGF-β) related to tissue regeneration, and improved collagen production through collagen deposition (p<0.001) and Col1a1 protein expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2929-2945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocatalytic and biogenic pathways for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis: mechanisms, monitoring, and circular bioeconomy integration.","authors":"Dhishwari Thakur, Pramod Kadu, Vipul Patel, Vivek Parkhe, Rutik Kale","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03418-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03418-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the growing demand for eco-friendly nanomaterials, biocatalytic and biogenic nanoparticle production methods have developed as greener alternatives to traditional physicochemical approaches. Traditional methods involve hazardous byproducts, large energy inputs, and toxic chemicals, which pose concerns regarding biocompatibility, scalability, and environmental effect. Plants, bacteria, enzymes, and agricultural waste are all natural stabilizers, cappers, and reducers used in biogenic synthesis. Proteins, polysaccharides, oxidoreductases, extracellular polymeric substances, and phenolic chemicals are all important in the nucleation, growth, and stability of biogenic nanoparticles. This review investigates the intracellular, cell-surface, and extracellular mechanisms of biogenic nanoparticle production. It also examines advanced characterisation tools like as time-resolved techniques, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, XRD, and UV-Vis spectroscopy to get insights into kinetic and structure-function relationships. The use of agricultural and food processing wastes as feedstocks is being researched as part of waste valorisation and the circular bioeconomy, with an emphasis on environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. Scale-up concerns and industrial translation are also considered when critically reviewing bioprocess design factors such as reactor structure, medium optimisation, strain selection, and nanoparticle size and surface chemistry management. Techno-economic analysis, process analytical technology, quality by design, and life-cycle assessment are all discussed as methods for ensuring environmental viability, regulatory compliance, and reproducibility. Finally, transdisciplinary applications in environmental remediation, biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture are discussed, as well as the challenges involved with commercialization and regulation. The combination of biocatalysis, nanotechnology, and circular bioeconomy principles opens up a revolutionary path to sustainable nanomanufacturing and next-generation functional nanomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2829-2857"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-attention fusion of Raman and NIR spectra for glucose soft sensing in fed-batch fermentation.","authors":"Boxue Chang, Jingyue Huang, Feng Xu, Yinlan Ruan, Xiwei Tian","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03437-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03437-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Timely and accurate glucose monitoring is essential for maintaining stable substrate supply during fed-batch fermentation, whereas conventional offline assays are difficult to integrate into high-frequency process monitoring. In this study, a Raman-NIR multimodal soft-sensing framework based on a dual-stream cross-attention Transformer (DS-CAT) was developed for glucose prediction in fermentation broth. A total of 142 synchronized Raman-NIR records were preprocessed using Savitzky-Golay first-derivative transformation and standard normal variate normalization. The two spectral modalities were encoded independently and fused through asymmetric cross-attention to integrate broadband NIR information with localized Raman fingerprint features. Model performance was evaluated on the test set, together with leakage-controlled five-fold internal validation within the development set. On the test set, DS-CAT achieved R² = 0.991, RMSE = 1.09 g L^-1, and MAE = 0.89 g L^-1, outperforming PLSR, GBRT, CNN, and TCN under the same evaluation protocol. Five-fold validation yielded R² = 0.988 ± 0.009 and RMSE = 1.09 ± 0.55 g L^-1, providing an additional assessment of model performance across development-set partitions. Prediction-based perturbation further revealed strong dependence on Raman information, while Raman-block sensitivity analysis identified 1122-1335 cm^-1 as the interval showing the strongest prediction sensitivity. These results demonstrate the potential of Raman-NIR multimodal fusion for accurate online-compatible glucose soft sensing in fed-batch fermentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"3085-3098"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Footprint metabolomic profile shift of Sf9 insect cell line throughout growth and rabies VLP production.","authors":"Júlia Públio Rabello, Júlia Dezanetti da Silva, Milena Miyu Teruya, Fernanda Angela Correia Barrance, Kevy Pontes Eliodório, Bárbara Castro, Thaissa Consoni Bernardino, Eutimio Gustavo Fernández Núñez","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03428-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03428-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The baculovirus/insect cell system is widely used for recombinant protein and virus-like particles (VLP) production, but its performance at high cell density is limited by infection-associated metabolic stress. In this study, a targeted metabolic footprinting approach was applied to characterize the extracellular metabolome of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells during baculovirus-mediated production of rabies VLP in chemically defined medium. Infected and uninfected cultures were cultivated in controlled bioreactor runs, and extracellular carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and nucleosides were quantified by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Metabolite data were converted into specific uptake and release rates, then also analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and Variable Importance in Projection scoring (VIP). Infection induced marked metabolic reprogramming, with increased glucose demand, dynamic shifts in amino acid consumption and release, and altered extracellular profiles over time. Although infected and control samples partially overlapped in PCA, supervised analysis improved group discrimination and identified sucrose, leucine, lysine, glycine, and pyruvate as the main variables associated with infection. Sequence-based compositional analysis of the recombinant proteins supported the relevance of amino acid-related metabolic changes, while transmission electron microscopy confirmed successful formation of rabies VLP with expected morphology. Together, these results provide a quantitative description of the metabolic burden imposed by rabies VLP production in Sf9 cells and highlight candidate metabolites for medium redesign and targeted feeding strategies to reduce the cell density effect and improve process productivity in baculovirus-based VLP manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"3025-3041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13661697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149023860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A kinetic model coupling dynamic environmental factor corrections for the sulfur-boron mud autotrophic denitrification system: calibration and validation.","authors":"Lixin Shao, Lihua Fan, Yun Bai, Yu Sun, Hang Zhao, Dexi Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03427-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03427-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The existing kinetic models for autotrophic denitrification have limitations in explaining the reaction mechanism of composite filler systems and quantifying the dynamic effects of environmental factors. Therefore, the kinetic model, which explicitly couples the S⁰ hydrolysis, two-step denitrification process with environmental factor correction functions, was developed for the sulfur-boron mud autotrophic denitrification (SBMAD) system through batch experiments with varied filler ratios and environmental factors (pH, temperature) in this study. And the highest NO₃^--N removal rate of 27.13 mg/(L·d) was achieved under optimal conditions. On this basis, the key parameters in the model were calibrated using batch experimental data of four groups with different initial NO₃^--N concentrations and sulfur nitrogen ratios (20 and 200 mg/L NO₃^--N with 2.8 S⁰/NO₃^--N, 50 and 150 mg/L NO₃^--N with 2.2 S⁰/NO₃^--N), obtaining µ_max,1 = 0.065 ± 0.017 d^- 1, and µ_max,2 = 0.052 ± 0.113 d^- 1. The model was further validated using four independent experimental data. The results showed that it had reliable predictive performance under different conditions (TIC < 0.25, IoA > 0.91). Therefore, the kinetic model demonstrated reliable predictive performance for simulating the SBMAD process under the investigated batch conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"3005-3023"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated dual carbon source and TCA intermediate supplementation in fed-batch fermentation of CHO cells for reduced lactate and ammonia accumulation and improved IgG1 monoclonal antibody titre.","authors":"Ashwin Naidu, Krutika Padhye, Prajakta Dandekar, Ratnesh Jain","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03444-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-026-03444-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the workhorse of biopharmaceutical manufacturing, yet lactate and ammonia accumulation remain persistent bottlenecks that compromise cell viability, productivity, and product quality. To address this, we present an integrated feeding strategy systematically combining Ala-Gln, TCA intermediates, and glucose-galactose dual carbon feed evaluated head-to-head across four defined fed-batch conditions for CHO cultures producing an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Conventional L-glutamine was replaced with L-alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) to curb spontaneous ammonia release, while a customized \"efficient feed mix\" enriched with 2× TCA cycle intermediates and branched-chain amino acids combined with a glucose-galactose co-feed (2 mM glucose + 30 mM galactose) was introduced upon glucose depletion. Four fed-batch conditions were evaluated: a glutamine control (FB-01), Ala-Gln alone (FB-02), Ala-Gln with TCA intermediates (FB-03), and the complete integrated strategy (FB-04). FB-04 delivered an > 83% reduction in peak lactate (4.0 mM) and 80% reduction in ammonia (< 2.0 mM), sustained cell viability above 85% through day 11, and achieved a 93% higher mAb titre (1.72 g/L) with peak Viable count density (VCD) of 39 × 10⁶ cells/mL. Glycosylation profiles (19.0% galactosylation) remained aligned with innovator benchmarks. This study presents the first direct head-to-head benchmarking of Ala-Gln substitution, TCA intermediate supplementation, and galactose co-feeding in a single CHO fed-batch platform, demonstrating their combined metabolic and glycosylation benefits against a glutamine control.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring high-cell-density fed-batch fermentation strategies to produce Russell's viper venom-specific single-domain antibody in E. coli.","authors":"Shivani Chauhan, Nimisha Chaudhary, Mohini Talwar, Shubham Sharma, Priya Maravi, Sharvan Sehrawat, Yogender Pal Khasa","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03438-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-026-03438-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attributes of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), such as enhanced antigen specificity, improved solubility and stability, efficient tissue penetration, and superior biodistribution, make them preferable therapeutics for diverse applications, including the treatment of cancers, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, and intoxication. Limited availability and high cost of antivenoms necessitate the discovery of alternative neutralizers. This investigation presents a proof of concept for developing a cost-effective Escherichia coli-based platform to produce high yields of an sdAb specific to Russell's viper venom, denoted as 'FRV'. The gene encoding the FRV protein was cloned into the pET28a vector, and expression was evaluated in shake flasks using both complex and chemically defined media at various temperatures, achieving a maximum concentration of ~ 190 mg/L and a specific product yield (Y_P/X) of 38 mg/g DCW. Solubility assessments of FRV sdAb indicated the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs) under all tested conditions. Multiple strategies were employed to simplify and enhance IB solubilization, refolding, and Ni-NTA purification, yielding ~ 85% recovery and ~ 90% purity. Additionally, FRV immunoreactivity and neutralization activity were further validated by immunoblotting, ELISA, and in vitro phospholipase inhibition assay. FRV sdAb expression was subsequently scaled up via fed-batch fermentation in 1 L and 2.5 L cultures using different optimization strategies. Systematic evaluation of cultivation parameters, including induction OD₆₀₀, post-induction temperature, feed composition, and antibiotic levels, yielded a maximum FRV concentration of ~ 3.8 g/L and a Y_P/X of 59 mg/g DCW. Among the fermentation strategies evaluated, induction temperature was identified as a key factor influencing product yields and plasmid stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149179232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of an industrial host for the efficient active expression of protein glutaminase (PG) in Bacillus licheniformis.","authors":"Cuixia Zhou, Zhenyu Zhang, Kefen Wang, Wenlong Liu, Likun Wei, Yexue Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03434-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-026-03434-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein glutaminase (PG), a specific deaminase derived from C. proteolyticum, has been shown to hold significant potential for improving plant protein functionality. However, its industrial application is hindered by low expression level, inefficient activation from its proenzyme form (pro-PG), and high production costs in native or common heterologous hosts. To develop an effective industrial host for active expression of PG based on food-grade strain, the Bacillus licheniformis BL-LKT strain originated from enterprises was systematically modified and engineered. First, the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) gene cluster was knocked out to alleviate cell aggregation, thereby enhancing cell growth and fermentation performance. Subsequently, a series of single and double knockout mutants of key extracellular protease genes (aprE, bpr, epr, vpr, wpr) were constructed to reduce the risk of PG hydrolysis by these proteases, while retaining sufficient proteolytic activity for pro-PG activation. The PG was then expressed in these engineered hosts using the shuttle vector pLY-3-PG. Among the constructed strains, the mutant EPE, which lacks eps, aprE, and epr, exhibited the highest PG activity of 0.537 U/mL, representing a 5.33-fold increase compared with the original strain. Fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor ultimately yielded a PG activity of 2.35 U/mL, a 337.6% increase largely attributable to the activation by endogenous proteases. These findings provide a strong foundation for utilizing engineered B. licheniformis as an efficient and industrially viable chassis for the cost-effective production of active PG.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149179218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}