Hyun-Ji Lee, Jeong Bin Kim, Ahreum Beak, Jae-Won Choi, Ik Hwan Kwon, Da-Hye Lee, Min Beom Heo, Tae Geol Lee, Sang-Won Lee
{"title":"Intrinsically co-registered extended-depth-of-focus OCM and two-photon microscopy for label-free volumetric analysis of 3D cell models.","authors":"Hyun-Ji Lee, Jeong Bin Kim, Ahreum Beak, Jae-Won Choi, Ik Hwan Kwon, Da-Hye Lee, Min Beom Heo, Tae Geol Lee, Sang-Won Lee","doi":"10.1364/BOE.605771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.605771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beam engineering effectively overcomes the resolution-depth of focus trade-off in high-NA optical coherence microscopy (OCM). Conventional OCM is limited by this constraint, hindering stable volumetric acquisition. To overcome this, we present an intrinsically registered imaging platform based on Bessel beam-enabled extended-depth-of-focus OCM for quantitative, label-free volumetric phenotyping of three-dimensional cell models. Annular illumination extends the focal range to 193 µm, enabling stable scattering contrast in dense spheroids. By exploiting structural scattering signatures associated with cellular disintegration, we demonstrate volumetric viability mapping with 94.57 ± 2.69% aggregate viability concordance relative to fluorescence references. The platform differentiates drug-specific responses and captures pathological transitions in spheroids and organoids, establishing a quantitative paradigm for volumetric biological phenotyping.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4420-4440"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Steven, Yuning Xia, Julie Bentley, Alfredo Dubra
{"title":"Reflective broadband adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope with 20 D focus range.","authors":"Samuel Steven, Yuning Xia, Julie Bentley, Alfredo Dubra","doi":"10.1364/BOE.608391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.608391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here we present an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope with a square 1.5° full field of view, steerable within a 4° window. When imaging through a 7.72 mm diameter pupil, the instrument provides nominal diffraction-limited performance at the retinal conjugate over a 20 diopter (D) focus range centered at 1D of myopia and supports a 3 D source-detector vergence range for any combination of wavelengths between 450 and 1300 nm. The optical setup also provides nominal diffraction-limited imaging between the pupil conjugates of the wavefront sensor, deformable mirror, and eye, with distortion below 0.5% across the 3 D source-detector vergence range. The optical setup includes four pupil relays. The first three are telescopes formed by pairs of concave spherical mirrors tilted in a non-planar configuration. In these relays, the mirror-to-mirror spacing was held fixed, while the distances to the entrance and exit pupil planes were varied to mitigate aberrations in both pupil and retinal conjugates. The fourth relay comprises four spherical mirrors, two concave and two convex, tilted in a planar configuration. As-built instrument performance is demonstrated by imaging a telecentric model eye over a -6 to +8 D range (limited by deformable mirror stroke) and human photoreceptor mosaic imaging at 680 and 795 nm. The proposed relay forms are broadly applicable to adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes and imaging modalities, including fluorescence, spectroscopy, and optical coherence tomography.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4354-4377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spiral scan and cylindrical deconvolution to maximize image volume and contrast of multiphoton GRIN microendoscopy.","authors":"Risa Kitamura, Pin-Chun Liao, Cheng-Han Wang, Ting-Chen Chang, Yi-Cheng Chiang, Shih-Kuo Chen, Shi-Wei Chu","doi":"10.1364/BOE.597471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.597471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical microscopy provides sub-cellular and high-speed imaging to capture neuron dynamics in a living brain, but its penetration depth is limited by tissue scattering. Multiphoton excitation improves the depth to over 1 mm, while combining with a gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens enables centimeter penetration with minimal invasiveness. However, the system performance is compromised due to the intrinsic optical aberrations of GRIN lenses, which severely reduce the contrast, spatial resolution, and effective field of view (FoV). To address this issue, we developed a 3D aberration correction approach for GRIN lenses by combining spiral scanning with cylindrical deconvolution. This method leverages the cylindrical symmetry of GRIN-induced aberrations and incorporates the spatially varying point-spread function (PSF) across the imaging volume. Radially adaptive excitation implemented through spiral scanning expanded the usable FoV diameter by nearly 2-fold and achieved 30- and 10-fold improvement, respectively, in peripheral signal intensity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to conventional raster scanning with uniform excitation, while cylindrical deconvolution improved spatial resolution by up to 3.5-fold. We further validated this method through 3D imaging of neuronal structures, demonstrating enhanced effective volume size and a 2-fold improvement in neuronal SNR. These results indicate that the spiral scanning and algorithm-augmented GRIN 2PF system is promising toward resolving structure/functional connectomics in deep brain regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4342-4353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1064 nm-absorbing semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for multimodal photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging.","authors":"Takeshi Hirasawa, Takahiro Sato, Saya Akasaka, Yuya Yoshimoto, Tomohiro Ishikawa, Ryo Shintate, Manami Miyashita, Yoshiaki Tsubata, Kouichi Saito, Miya Ishihara","doi":"10.1364/BOE.604939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.604939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although second near-infrared (NIR-II) photoacoustic (PA) imaging affords deep tissue penetration, developing efficient contrast agents remains challenging due to a lack of suitable optical absorbers. Herein, we report semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) for dual-modal PA and NIR fluorescence imaging, featuring a high optical absorption coefficient at 1064 nm that facilitates excitation via high-power Nd:YAG lasers. Phantom evaluations revealed a linear PA signal correlation, with a low detection limit of 0.05 cm<sup>-1</sup>. In vivo studies in tumor-bearing mice demonstrated passive SPN accumulation in tumor tissue, successfully visualized by both PA and NIR fluorescence imaging. These results indicate that SPNs are promising contrast agents for dual-modal imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4378-4389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcin Sylwestrzak, Wojciech Krauze, Paweł Ossowski, Maria Baczewska, Szymon Tamborski, Arkadiusz Kuś, Małgorzata Kujawińska, Maciej Szkulmowski
{"title":"Wide-field, real-time limited-angle optical diffraction tomography using massively parallel data processing.","authors":"Marcin Sylwestrzak, Wojciech Krauze, Paweł Ossowski, Maria Baczewska, Szymon Tamborski, Arkadiusz Kuś, Małgorzata Kujawińska, Maciej Szkulmowski","doi":"10.1364/BOE.595965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.595965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a GPU-accelerated reconstruction framework enabling real-time imaging in limited-angle optical diffraction tomography (LaODT). The implementation leverages massively parallel computing to achieve fast and efficient volumetric reconstruction while preserving high image quality. Real-time 3D imaging using the direct inversion (DI) method spans 7.3 to 1.26 frames per second for datasets of 350<sup>3</sup> to 928<sup>3</sup> voxels, respectively. In addition to the real-time DI preview, the library also provides an efficient implementation of the Gerchberg-Papoulis algorithm: 100 iterations require less than 25 s, including host-GPU data transfers, to obtain a high-quality 3D reconstruction from a dataset of 928<sup>3</sup> voxels. To facilitate broader adoption of our work within the scientific community, we provide our software as a compiled dynamic-link library (DLL) publicly available on GitHub together with its source code.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4390-4403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gareth D Hastings, Pavan Tiruveedhula, Austin Roorda
{"title":"Optical isoplanatic patch size across the visual field as a function of wavelength, pupil size, and accommodation in emmetropic and myopic eyes.","authors":"Gareth D Hastings, Pavan Tiruveedhula, Austin Roorda","doi":"10.1364/BOE.598839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.598839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Changes in ocular aberrations over the visual field are relevant to ophthalmic imaging, peripheral laser therapies, the design of ophthalmic products, and the pathophysiology of ametropias. Cohorts of emmetropic and myopic eye models were used to quantify the isoplanatic patch - an angular field region of constant optical quality - as a function of visual field position, wavelength, pupil size, accommodation, and ophthalmic correction modality. At any visual field point, isoplanatic patches are larger for longer wavelengths and/or smaller pupil diameters than for shorter wavelengths and/or larger pupils. Average cohort patches are largest near fixation and decrease monotonically and roughly equivalently in all directions away from the fovea in a manner best fit by a double Gaussian, reflecting faster changes in patch size over the more central field. Approximately a 150 nm step in wavelength caused a statistically significant change in patch size, as did a 1 mm diameter change in pupil size, and a 4 D change in accommodative response. The myopic cohort had smaller isoplanatic patches (more rapid change in aberration structure) than the emmetropic cohort; significance depended on specific pupil sizes and wavelengths. Patch shape definitions, isoplanatic thresholds, optical metrics, and field sampling increments are compared; and differences between relative peripheral refraction and isoplanatic patch size are discussed. The results describe the trade-off of system- and eye-variables when optimizing retinal imaging. The relative change in the isoplanatic patch size relates to refractive cohort differences and the impact of ophthalmic products on the rate-of-change of peripheral aberrations and local retinal contrast.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4276-4295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E Russomanno, D Yacheur, X Yang, S Spinthaki, D Gaiki, M Ackermann, L Lanini, J Jiang, M Wolf, A Kalyanov
{"title":"Inline dissolved-gas-derived oxygen saturation reference for dynamic blood phantoms at adult-head optical properties.","authors":"E Russomanno, D Yacheur, X Yang, S Spinthaki, D Gaiki, M Ackermann, L Lanini, J Jiang, M Wolf, A Kalyanov","doi":"10.1364/BOE.601353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.601353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dynamic liquid blood phantoms are often used to evaluate performance of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) oximeters, but require a continuous and independent method to determine the \"true\" oxygenation (SO<sub>2</sub>), which serves as a reference. We developed IPCR (Inline PhysicoChemical Reference), which derives continuous SO<sub>2</sub> from the inline partial pressure of oxygen (pO<sub>2</sub>), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO<sub>2</sub>), pH, and temperature sensors using the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. We achieved a median propagated uncertainty of 2.1%. We tested IPCR in blood phantom experiments. IPCR agreed well with the ISS OxiplexTS (FD-NIRS) at low optical load (RMSE 3.5-4.2%, CCC > 0.99). During eight deoxygenation runs (reduced scattering coefficient between 6.0-23.0 cm<sup>-1</sup>, total hemoglobin concentration between 35-230 μM), both OxiplexTS and Masimo O3 (CW-NIRS) agreed well with IPCR at high SO<sub>2</sub>, where they provided reliable outputs. The signal quality of both NIRS devices degraded at higher optical loads, while IPCR maintained a measurement range of ∼0-100%. We conclude that IPCR provides a continuous, optically independent physicochemical reference for dynamic blood-phantom experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4262-4275"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Matteson, Maya Helms, Luke Fraley, Alexander Hurt, Anna Andrews, Elizabeth White, Paul Yang, Lesley Everett, Siyu Chen
{"title":"Split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation optoretinography for functional imaging of mouse photoreceptors.","authors":"Alexander Matteson, Maya Helms, Luke Fraley, Alexander Hurt, Anna Andrews, Elizabeth White, Paul Yang, Lesley Everett, Siyu Chen","doi":"10.1364/BOE.603253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.603253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optoretinography (ORG) encompasses a diverse group of innovative ophthalmic imaging techniques that can detect and quantify light-evoked morphological and optical property changes within the photoreceptors, the light-sensing cells on the back of the eye. It promises noninvasive and objective measures of photoreceptor-mediated visual function. However, many current ORG approaches rely on complex optical configurations or have small measurement fields, which have limited applications to research settings and small-scale validations. In this work, we present optical coherence tomography (OCT) based split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation optoretinography (SSADOR), which can detect and quantify photoreceptor responses to light without resolving and tracking single photoreceptor cells. Therefore, it allows rapid mapping of photoreceptor functions over a relatively large retinal area, with high spatial resolution and using an OCT instrument comparable to existing clinical and commercial devices. SSADOR was used to measure photoreceptor light responses in the living mouse retina following a green flash. Significantly greater SSADOR decorrelation was observed in the photoreceptor inner and outer segments than in the inner retina or retinal pigment epithelium, confirming the origin of the observed contrast. The SSADOR response size correlated with the intensity of the light stimulus. Furthermore, we showed that retinas of a mouse model of retinal degeneration had significantly lower SSADOR responses than age-matched wild-type controls. The results demonstrate the utility of SSADOR for characterizing photoreceptor-dependent responses to light stimuli in the mouse retina and may offer researchers an accessible and reliable new method to study retinal dynamics in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4246-4261"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xingnan Zhang, Xuanzhi Luo, Hao Wu, Yang Cheng, Runbo Jiang, Zhensheng Zhong, Shu Fang, Miaomiao Yang, Jiong Wang, Jinhua Zhou
{"title":"Fast full-color pathological imaging via an optimized illumination pattern with color transfer in Fourier ptychographic microscopy (OIP-CTFPM).","authors":"Xingnan Zhang, Xuanzhi Luo, Hao Wu, Yang Cheng, Runbo Jiang, Zhensheng Zhong, Shu Fang, Miaomiao Yang, Jiong Wang, Jinhua Zhou","doi":"10.1364/BOE.608075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.608075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whole slide imaging (WSI) has become the core of digital pathology, yet its inherent drawbacks, such as stitching artifacts and high costs, have motivated the pursuit of stitching-free and cost-effective imaging solutions. Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) represents a promising stitching-free technology for next-generation digital pathology. Traditional full-color high-resolution (HR) imaging needs to synthesize the independent reconstruction of HR images from three channels (red, green, and blue), which leads to excessively long overall processing time. To reduce imaging time, this study proposes sparse illumination patterns combined with color transfer to accelerate full-color HR images without significantly compromising image quality. According to theoretical simulations of wavelet-transform FPM, two kinds of sparse illumination patterns (45-LED pattern and 57-LED pattern 1) demonstrate better performances than the other five kinds of illumination patterns in the metrics of PSNR and SSIM. In the resolution validation of the phase plate, the 57-LED pattern 1 outperforms the other patterns, which have the same resolution (435 nm) as the full sampling pattern under a 4X objective with NA 0.1. Based on the 57-LED pattern 1 combined with color transfer, the overall scheme saves four-fifths of the imaging time while maintaining a resolution comparable to the ground truth (full sampling). This method can be applied in the WSI of the pathological slide of lung cancer for cancer diagnosis. The joint approach of sparse illumination and color transfer effectively reduces imaging time and yields favorable performance of whole slide pathological imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4231-4245"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J B Majeski, R M Forti, K Abramson, H Zhao, W B Baker, A G Yodh
{"title":"Global reset-speckle contrast optical spectroscopy.","authors":"J B Majeski, R M Forti, K Abramson, H Zhao, W B Baker, A G Yodh","doi":"10.1364/BOE.601930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.601930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce and validate a novel variant of speckle contrast optical spectroscopy that leverages the global reset shutter function of a camera and lookup table-based noise corrections. This new approach enables recovery of speckle contrast at multiple exposure times from a single frame acquisition. It also facilitates noise suppression required for operation at the shorter, more sensitive exposure times. We demonstrate the resulting improved noise corrections and increased information content in benchtop and in vivo experiments, which facilitate robust estimation of both the absolute flow index and the often-overlooked coherence coefficient, β.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4328-4341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}