Wenhao Zhao, YongKang Liang, Rui Shang, Kun Yue, Wenping Guo, Min Xia
{"title":"Line-scan chromatic confocal microscopy for multi-depth imaging of skin tissue using deconvolution.","authors":"Wenhao Zhao, YongKang Liang, Rui Shang, Kun Yue, Wenping Guo, Min Xia","doi":"10.1364/BOE.562118","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.562118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we present a line-scan chromatic confocal microscopy for rapid, multi-depth imaging of non-transparent skin tissue. Leveraging spectral dispersion encoding, this system enables the simultaneous acquisition of reflectance data across a depth range exceeding 180 <math><mrow><mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </math> m in skin tissue, effectively eliminating mechanical axial scanning and minimizing associated artifacts. With a lateral effective field of view (FOV) of 13.2 mm, the system provides a wide-field perspective for comprehensive tissue analysis. Furthermore, to overcome the typical limitations of lateral resolution in line-scan systems, we employ pre-calibrated deconvolution using an empirically determined point spread function obtained with a micro-spot mirror. We demonstrate deep-tissue tomography with <i>ex vivo</i> bovine skin tissue, achieving an increase in resolution from 45.25 lp/mm to 50.79 lp/mm post-deconvolution, as quantified using a USAF 1951 target. These results highlight the potential of line-scan chromatic confocal microscopy with pre-calibrated deconvolution as a powerful platform for multi-depth biomedical imaging applications requiring enhanced lateral resolution and contrast.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2516-2527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tartrazine-enabled optical clearing for in vivo optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy.","authors":"Conger Jia, Zhiling Zhang, Yuecheng Shen, Wanli Hou, Jiayu Zhao, Jiawei Luo, Haoran Chen, Dalong Qi, Yunhua Yao, Lianzhong Deng, Hongmei Ma, Zhenrong Sun, Shian Zhang","doi":"10.1364/BOE.565643","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.565643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is a powerful imaging technique that visualizes microvascular and tissue structures with high spatial resolution, offering valuable insights into physiological and pathological processes. However, strong optical scattering in biological tissues fundamentally limits its imaging depth. Recent studies have suggested that tartrazine, a food-grade water-soluble dye, may serve as an effective optical clearing agent (OCA), yet its strong optical absorption near 532 nm raises concerns about compatibility with green-light-based OR-PAM systems. In this study, we demonstrate that by carefully controlling the concentration of tartrazine, it can effectively function as an OCA for OR-PAM at 532 nm without compromising signal quality. In vivo experiments on mouse ear and abdominal tissue showed that tartrazine significantly enhanced microvascular visibility across all tested concentrations, with the 15% weight of solute per weight of solution providing optimal clearing performance. Additionally, we evaluated 4-aminoantipyrine as another dye-based OCA, which also improved image clarity, albeit to a lesser extent. These findings highlight the promise of absorbing dye-based OCAs like tartrazine in enhancing in vivo OR-PAM by mitigating light scattering, potentially enabling deeper and clearer photoacoustic imaging in biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2504-2515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael J Simpson, David L Cooke, Maria Muzyka-Woźniak
{"title":"Vignetting and peripheral double images with intraocular lenses.","authors":"Michael J Simpson, David L Cooke, Maria Muzyka-Woźniak","doi":"10.1364/BOE.559745","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.559745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are widely used, yet raytrace evaluations show that vignetting at very large angles limits the visual field of the focused image, though this is not specifically noticed by patients. A rare patient observation of peripheral double images in both eyes was modeled to demonstrate that a second image can be formed more peripherally by light missing the IOL, with simulated images illustrating the effect. Bothersome \"dark shadows\" that are reported by a small percentage of IOL patients, called negative dysphotopsia, have a similar cause, but are never reported as double images. The eyes had average dimensions, but the iris was thinner on the temporal side, with a nasally decentered pupil, and a distinct gap between the iris and the IOL, which all permit additional light to miss the IOL to create the second image.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2495-2503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yingchao Shi, Luming Zhang, Xin Shu, Keke Zhang, Yuchao Yan, Weizheng Yuan, Yiting Yu, Yan Gong
{"title":"Development of a multispectral imaging apparatus for cost-effective fundus disease detection.","authors":"Yingchao Shi, Luming Zhang, Xin Shu, Keke Zhang, Yuchao Yan, Weizheng Yuan, Yiting Yu, Yan Gong","doi":"10.1364/BOE.563950","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.563950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fundus spectral imaging (FSI) integrates fundus photography with spectral techniques, providing both spatial and spectral information for retinal imaging. Whereas existing FSI systems have demonstrated advantages in structural and functional imaging, their widespread adoption is hindered by high costs and complex optical designs. To address these challenges, we propose a low-cost multispectral fundus camera with a simplified optical design, built from off-the-shelf optics, 3D-printed parts, and equipped with fiber-bundle-coupled multi-wavelength LED illumination source (470-740 nm). Additionally, the proposed multispectral imaging apparatus incorporates a coaxial non-separated polarization-based reflection suppression technique, using orthogonal polarizers to suppress corneal reflections without pupil-plane separation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of such an architecture in the context of FSI. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed system achieves high-quality FSI under low-cost conditions, validating its feasibility as a practical solution. Clinical validation validates its diagnostic capability for diabetic retinopathy, choroidal pigmented nevus, and, notably, the first reported spectral imaging of peripapillary atrophy. The system achieves performance comparable to conventional color fundus photography while enabling superior diagnosis of deep fundus conditions such as choroidal lesions, offering a cost-effective and practical FSI solution for broader deployment in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2482-2494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SAFFusion: a saliency-aware frequency fusion network for multimodal medical image fusion.","authors":"Renhe Liu, Yu Liu, Han Wang, Junxian Li, Kai Hu","doi":"10.1364/BOE.555458","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.555458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical image fusion integrates complementary information from multimodal medical images to provide comprehensive references for clinical decision-making, such as the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and the detection and segmentation of brain tumors. Although traditional and deep learning-based fusion methods have been extensively studied, they often fail to devise targeted strategies that fully utilize distinct regional or feature-specific information. This paper proposes SAFFusion, a saliency-aware frequency fusion network that integrates intensity and texture cues from multimodal medical images. We first introduce Mamba-UNet, a multiscale encoder-decoder architecture enhanced by the Mamba design, to improve global modeling in feature extraction and image reconstruction. By employing the contourlet transform in Mamba-UNet, we replace conventional pooling with multiscale representations and decompose spatial features into high- and low-frequency subbands. A dual-branch frequency feature fusion module then fuses cross-modality information according to the distinct characteristics of these frequency subbands. Furthermore, we apply latent low-rank representation (LatLRR) to assess image saliency and implement adaptive loss constraints to preserve information in salient and non-salient regions. Quantitative results on CT/MRI, SPECT/MRI, and PET/MRI fusion tasks show that SAFFusion outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Qualitative evaluations confirm that SAFFusion effectively merges prominent intensity features and rich textures from multiple sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2459-2481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic presbyopia correction in the macular field of view by using a liquid crystal lens.","authors":"Louis Bégel, Tigran Galstian","doi":"10.1364/BOE.557747","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.557747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A large aperture matrix of tunable liquid crystal lenses (MTLCL) is used for dynamic presbyopia correction. The special electrode design and driving method allow the activation of local lenses at arbitrary lateral positions of the MTLCL. First, the study of tunable wavefronts, which can be generated by such a device, is presented. Then, the image quality at different viewing angles and distances is quantified. A driving algorithm has also been developed to increase the speed of focusing. It is shown that this device may provide continuous focus tunability (from 0 to 2.5 diopters), react within 0.5 s, operate with relatively low voltages (<5 V), and enable diffraction-limited on-axis aberrations. Finally, the results of a comprehensive evaluation of its performance with human subjects are reported, comparing the visual acuity (VA) achieved by using the approach proposed in this project against the natural human VA for objects in the near field.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2440-2458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on an all-medium two-parameter metasurface sensor based on Fano resonance.","authors":"Xin Zhang, Jiguo Li, Chao Liu, Huansong Huang, Minghui Gu, Sijia Jiang, Qingbin Jiao, Ding Ma, Mingyu Yang, Liang Xu, Xin Tan","doi":"10.1364/BOE.562157","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.562157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared to metallic metasurfaces, all-dielectric metasurfaces exhibit significantly lower losses and offer superior sensing performance. However, most existing metasurfaces are limited to single-parameter sensing and exhibit sensitivity to the incident angle of the light source. In this paper, we design and analyze an all-dielectric dual-parameter sensor that leverages structural asymmetry. The sensor consists of an array of silicon elements arranged on a quartz substrate. This metasurface excites two distinct Fano resonance peaks within the near-infrared spectrum, both corresponding to magnetic dipole modes. These resonance peaks demonstrate excellent polarization insensitivity and enhanced stability under oblique incidence. The study demonstrates that this design achieves outstanding performance in biosolution sensing, with a maximum refractive index sensitivity of 404.43 nm/RIU and a maximum temperature sensitivity of 51.76pm/°C.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2415-2429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siyu Song, Guangru Ben Liang, Tristan T Hormel, Yukun Guo, Min Gao, Benjamin Sivyer, J Peter Campbell, Siyu Chen, Yifan Jian, Yali Jia
{"title":"High-resolution multimodal visible light optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for <i>in vivo</i> neuronal and vascular retinal imaging in mice.","authors":"Siyu Song, Guangru Ben Liang, Tristan T Hormel, Yukun Guo, Min Gao, Benjamin Sivyer, J Peter Campbell, Siyu Chen, Yifan Jian, Yali Jia","doi":"10.1364/BOE.560539","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.560539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microglial cells play a crucial role in retinal vascular and brain diseases through complex interactions with blood vessels and neurons. To image retinal structures, vasculature, and microglia, we developed a multimodal system integrating visible light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO). Both subsystems achieve micron-scale resolutions and operate within the diffraction limit across a 34-degree field of view: theoretically, the OCT system offers an axial resolution of 2.12 μm and a transverse resolution of 8.78 μm, while the SLO system provides a transverse resolution of 7.1 μm. We validated the system performance using transgenic mice with fluorescent protein-labeled microglia, revealing detailed retinal microstructures, microvasculature, and individual microglia with distinguishable branches, confirmed by <i>ex vivo</i> microscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2365-2375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Power spectrum curve compensation method for image quality enhancement in high-throughput gene sequencing.","authors":"Jianglan Wang, Siyuan Yao, Suocheng Duan, Yu Jiao, Xin Zhang, Xindong Chen","doi":"10.1364/BOE.562958","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.562958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In high-throughput gene sequencing, the quality of sequencing images is critical for the accuracy of subsequent base calling. However, during practical sequencing processes, the time delay integration (TDI) camera's push-scan imaging often leads to significant degradation of image quality along the push-scan direction. Addressing the current limitations in TDI image restoration research for gene sequencing, this study establishes an imaging spectrum model of sequencing images based on MGI's ultra-high-throughput sequencer. We systematically analyze the causes and intrinsic mechanisms of image quality degradation, with a focus on elucidating the specific impacts of TDI push-scanning on image quality. To enhance TDI sequencing image quality, we compare the differences in power spectral projection curves between stare-mode imaging and TDI push-scan imaging and propose a power spectrum curve compensation (PSCC)-based quality optimization method alongside a novel evaluation framework for sequencing image quality. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to original H-channel images from cycle 1 to 50, the energy concentration (1/<i>σ</i>) of the optimized images increases by 9.13% in the TDI direction and 4.64% in the direction perpendicular to TDI. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases by 6.90% for base A and 4.99% for base C, while base calling accuracy (Q30) improves by 1.67%.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2351-2364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bartosz Krawczyk, Alexandre Kudlinski, Robert T Murray, Simon R Schultz, Amanda J Foust, Timothy H Runcorn
{"title":"Two-photon microscopy using picosecond pulses from four-wave mixing in a Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber.","authors":"Bartosz Krawczyk, Alexandre Kudlinski, Robert T Murray, Simon R Schultz, Amanda J Foust, Timothy H Runcorn","doi":"10.1364/BOE.563581","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.563581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two-photon microscopy (TPM) enables deep tissue imaging but requires excitation pulses that have a large product of average and peak power, typically supplied by femtosecond solid-state lasers. However, these lasers are bulky, and femtosecond pulses require careful dispersion management to avoid pulse broadening, particularly when delivery fibers are used. Here we present a compact, fiber-based picosecond laser source operating at 790 nm for TPM using an ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber (Yb-doped PCF). The Yb-doped PCF simultaneously amplifies 1064 nm input pulses and efficiently converts them to 790 nm via four-wave mixing, generating pulses with a peak power of up to ∼3.8 kW. The source has a variable repetition rate (1.48 MHz-14.78 MHz), enabling the two-photon excitation fluorescence signal to be maximized in the presence of excitation saturation. We benchmark our picosecond laser source against a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser for TPM of stained <i>Convallaria majalis</i> samples and demonstrate comparable fluorescence signal when the two-photon excitation conditions are matched.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"16 6","pages":"2327-2336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}