Ann E Elsner, Vamsi Parimi, Christopher A Clark, Brittany R Walker, Brett J King, Amani Fawzi
{"title":"Visual acuity measured with a 3 mm pupil and Maxwellian view for subjective vs. objective focus in patients with exudative retinal disease.","authors":"Ann E Elsner, Vamsi Parimi, Christopher A Clark, Brittany R Walker, Brett J King, Amani Fawzi","doi":"10.1364/BOE.603037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.603037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate a potential vision tester (PVT), designed to improve the accuracy of visual acuity (VA) measurements in older eyes with exudative retinal disease quantified by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Key features include a high-resolution visual display presented in Maxwellian view, a 3 mm pupil to limit wavefront (WF) aberrations, a selected fixed cylinder lens to correct astigmatism, and a tunable lens to correct sphere. An external Hartmann-Shack-based autorefractor provided objective sphere and cylinder corrections. Subjective values of the sphere were obtained by the patient adjusting the tunable lens. VA was measured using four alternative forced choice for a single black-on-white E stimulus. In patients with exudative retinal disease, VAs did not differ when using the objective vs. subjective sphere values. The significant difference in the myopic direction for two subjective settings (-0.093, -0.28 D) vs. one objective setting (0.0 D) was too small to cause a difference in VA for this patient group, supporting the use of an autorefractor for VA measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4296-4316"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaying Lu, Brandon Buscaino, Michael A Reimer, Mohammad E Mousa Pasandi, Kim Roberts
{"title":"Coherent modem-enabled spread-spectrum time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy.","authors":"Jiaying Lu, Brandon Buscaino, Michael A Reimer, Mohammad E Mousa Pasandi, Kim Roberts","doi":"10.1364/BOE.601122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.601122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a spread-spectrum time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (TD DOS) system utilizing a commercially available dual-polarization coherent optical modem operating at a wavelength of 1547.7 nm. The modem features a sampling rate of 114.6 GSa/s, enabling a temporal resolution of 17.5 ps. Our findings demonstrate that for low received optical powers (< -72 dBm), the scattering and absorption parameters of two studied tissue phantoms can be estimated with less than 12% fitting error within an exposure time of under 6 ms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4317-4327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bingxi Liu, Yang Liu, Carly Duffy, James D Lauderdale, Peter Kner
{"title":"Fast volumetric imaging of a zebrafish seizure model with adaptive optics light sheet microscopy.","authors":"Bingxi Liu, Yang Liu, Carly Duffy, James D Lauderdale, Peter Kner","doi":"10.1364/BOE.596096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.596096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light sheet microscopy is a powerful tool for imaging live organisms. To enable high-speed volumetric imaging, we have developed a light sheet system incorporating an electrically tunable lens (ETL) capable of capturing volumes up to 499 × 499 × 150 <i>μ</i>m<sup>3</sup> at 4 volumes per second with near diffraction-limited resolution. The system employs sensorless adaptive optics to correct ETL induced system aberrations, extending the usable field of view by fivefold. We apply this system to image the propagation of seizures in zebrafish larvae and observe that seizures originate in the posterior brain, propagate anteriorly toward the optic tectum and gradually subside over tens of seconds.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4216-4230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guixuan Gong, Xin Liu, Xueyan Jia, Ben Long, Siqi Chen, Tao Jiang, Yue Luo, Zhao Feng, Xiangning Li, Qingming Luo, Hui Gong, Anan Li
{"title":"Generalized plaque digitization framework for multi-dimensional mesoscopic images.","authors":"Guixuan Gong, Xin Liu, Xueyan Jia, Ben Long, Siqi Chen, Tao Jiang, Yue Luo, Zhao Feng, Xiangning Li, Qingming Luo, Hui Gong, Anan Li","doi":"10.1364/BOE.605322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.605322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fine analysis of the spatial distribution and morphology of Aβ plaques is crucial for understanding the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, at the whole-brain scale, the enormous number of plaques, wide size range, diffuse morphologies, and complex imaging background pose challenges that existing digitization methods often fail to address comprehensively. To this end, this study developed a Generalized Plaque Digitization Framework (GPDigit). The framework adopts a two-step strategy of detection followed by segmentation: first, a customized object detection network achieves precise spatial localization of plaques; second, adaptive foreground signal segmentation is performed within local regions. This design circumvents the difficulty of global threshold selection and the high annotation cost of segmentation networks. GPDigit supports both 2D and 3D data scenarios, ensures detection accuracy through targeted feature extraction mechanisms, and significantly improves training data preparation efficiency with a self-developed annotation tool and multiple data augmentation strategies. Experimental results demonstrate that GPDigit achieves satisfactory digitization performance under challenging conditions such as dense plaque distribution, severe background interference, and weak signals. Application to whole-brain plaque analysis in 5xFAD mice across multiple key ages revealed, at the fine brain-region scale, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of plaque density and load development. This study provides a systematic solution for plaque digitization in neuropathological mesoscopic high-resolution images and offers a practical tool to advance AD pathology research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4198-4215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vinh-Khanh Mai, Vishnukumar Raghu, Penaz Parveen Sultana Mohammad, Tristan Valenzuela, Ashwin B Parthasarathy
{"title":"Compact FPGA-based software correlator for real-time blood flow measurement with diffuse correlation spectroscopy.","authors":"Vinh-Khanh Mai, Vishnukumar Raghu, Penaz Parveen Sultana Mohammad, Tristan Valenzuela, Ashwin B Parthasarathy","doi":"10.1364/BOE.601793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.601793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) enables noninvasive measurement of deep tissue blood flow, but high-speed and multi-channel implementations are often constrained by data throughput. We present an FPGA-based compressed DCS architecture for fast, high-throughput real-time measurements of intensity autocorrelation functions that leverages parity-based 1-bit photon counting to exploit sparse photon arrivals. The system is validated by direct comparison with a conventional research-grade DCS instrument with experiments on solid and liquid tissue-simulating phantoms and <i>in vivo</i> forearm measurements during arm-cuff occlusion. Results demonstrate <math><mn>96.875</mn> <mrow><mi>%</mi></mrow> </math> data compression with preservation of autocorrelation fidelity and blood flow estimation performance over practical acquisition rates, enabling compact and scalable real-time DCS instrumentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4179-4197"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Jaafar, Bahaa Safaa, Maxim E Darvin, Tamás Váczi, Ahmed Al-Haddad, Valery V Tuchin, Miklós Veres
{"title":"Magnetic resonance and X-ray contrast agents in the optical clearing of dermis - insights from <i>ex vivo</i> confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy.","authors":"Ali Jaafar, Bahaa Safaa, Maxim E Darvin, Tamás Váczi, Ahmed Al-Haddad, Valery V Tuchin, Miklós Veres","doi":"10.1364/BOE.601566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.601566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM) has developed into a versatile tool that is frequently used to determine skin penetration of various compounds. Topically applied optical clearing agents decrease skin scattering, improving CRM imaging abilities. The use of magnetic resonance (MR) and X-ray contrast agents to increase transparency of biological objects has attracted more attention recently. By analysing Raman bands at 1003 and 1663 cm<sup>-1</sup> and applying Fick's second law model, we calculated the diffusion coefficients of 3.51 × 10<sup>-8</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/s for Gadovist and 3.20 × 10<sup>-7 </sup>cm<sup>2</sup>/s for Omnipaque, with a slower diffusion regime for Dotarem. These diffusion kinetics directly governed penetration depth profiles across the investigated 0-240 µm dermal region and dictated optical clearing efficiency. Gadovist yielded the strongest short-term (30 min, up to 52% signal increase), whereas Omnipaque reached the highest and most depth-uniform optical clearing (60 min), consistent with its one-order-of-magnitude higher diffusivity. In contrast, Dotarem exhibited limited penetration and negligible optical clearing. Autofluorescence enhancement scaled with diffusion-driven refractive index matching, confirming that optical clearing is mechanistically coupled to molecular transport; it may also arise from protein structural modifications, oxidative stress, or increased protein density following contrast agent interaction. Together, these findings establish a quantitative link between contrast-agent diffusivity, dermal penetration depth, optical transparency, and tissue autofluorescence, providing a framework for integrating Raman, MR, and X-ray modalities in multimodal depth-resolved skin imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4159-4178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guangru B Liang, Shuibin Ni, Tristan T Hormel, Ringo Ng, Lauren Renner, Yukun Guo, Martha Neuringer, Yifan Jian, J Peter Campbell, Yali Jia
{"title":"Adaptive scan intervals in ultrawide-field OCT angiography achieved by a bidirectional interleaved approach.","authors":"Guangru B Liang, Shuibin Ni, Tristan T Hormel, Ringo Ng, Lauren Renner, Yukun Guo, Martha Neuringer, Yifan Jian, J Peter Campbell, Yali Jia","doi":"10.1364/BOE.606139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.606139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional unidirectional scanning rigidly couples the scan interval (<i>t</i> <sub>inter</sub>) to sampling density in ultra-wide field optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF-OCTA), which impedes optimal imaging of different blood flow velocities. In this study, we implement an adaptive bidirectional interleaved scanning pattern for UWF-OCTA that enables the adjustment of <i>t</i> <sub>inter</sub> while keeping the scan area, sampling density, and total acquisition time constant or optimally tuned. We implemented this pattern on our high-speed (800 kHz/1 MHz) swept-source UWF-OCTA prototypes and assessed image quality across several use cases, including pediatric patients, non-human primates, and rodents. This protocol successfully captured detailed UWF-OCTA images with well-defined microvascular patterns. We observed that, while keeping sampling density and total scan acquisition time constant, a longer <i>t</i> <sub>inter</sub> enhances sensitivity to slower retinal blood flow, whereas a shorter <i>t</i> <sub>inter</sub> yields more robust, motion-resistant images with clearer choroidal vasculature, as supported by quantitative contrast-to-noise ratio analysis. These findings illustrate that the optimal <i>t</i> <sub>inter</sub> is dependent on the specific application and pathology, and validate the adaptive scanning pattern as a useful approach for tailoring UWF-OCTA to diverse clinical needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4145-4158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wavelength-tunable depletion expands fluorophore compatibility in two-photon STED nanoscopy.","authors":"Joe Sakamoto, Hirokazu Ishii, Kohei Otomo, Yuichi Kozawa, Shunichi Sato, Hiroyuki Yokoyama, Tomomi Nemoto","doi":"10.1364/BOE.603553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.603553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the development of a novel two-photon excitation stimulated emission depletion microscopy system, namely 2PE-scSTED, featuring a custom light source setup that integrates a supercontinuum (SC) laser light source with our proprietary 1064 nm pulsed semiconductor excitation laser. This SC source provides the capability of emitting a broadband spectral range, enabling highly reliable selection of depletion wavelength. Utilizing 2PE-scSTED, we investigated the depletion characteristics of several fluorophores. By employing a tunable filter to precisely select depletion wavelength from 640 to 800 nm, we systematically measured the depletion efficiency and identified the optimal wavelengths that maximize fluorescence depletion efficiency for four distinct fluorescent probes. This approach yielded super-resolution images with a lateral spatial resolution as fine as 45 nm (approximately <i>λ</i> <sub>2<i>PE</i></sub> /24) with a relatively lower depletion power than our previous reports, and can be principally applicable to all fluorescent probes. Our results demonstrate that the integration of a broadband SC source removes the spectral constraint of fluorescence depletion, enabling tailored 2PE-STED microscopy for individual fluorophores. This enhances the versatility and applicability of 2PE-STED microscopy for super-resolution imaging of biological specimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4131-4144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum: Physiological chromatic model eyes for IOL characterization: erratum.","authors":"Miguel Faria-Ribeiro, Noé Villemagne, Luc Joannes","doi":"10.1364/BOE.609207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.609207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. 2512 in vol. 17, PMID: 42145707.].</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing artifacts due to reflectivity variations across thick layered samples using the discrete Fourier transform.","authors":"Paresh Kumar Sahoo, Arjun Raj M R, Vyas Akondi","doi":"10.1364/BOE.596303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.596303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple wavefronts originating from axially and/or transversely displaced light sources are known to introduce artifactual aberrations in Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors (SHWSs). These aberrations are primarily dominated by defocus, followed by spherical aberration and coma, depending on whether an on-axis or off-axis binary transmission pupil mask is used in the illumination path. In an earlier study, such artifactual aberrations-caused by multiple reflections from displaced sources-were predicted using rigorous diffraction-theory-based integral calculations. However, such calculations are computationally intensive, and were therefore limited to modeling only two reflecting layers. Moreover, the low Fresnel number associated with SHWS lenslets introduces a focal shift, complicating the application of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Here, we showed that, with an appropriate coordinate transformation, the diffraction integrals that account for focal shift can be expressed as Fourier transform integrals. Using this approach to model human retinal reflectivity from 75 axially separated layers, we demonstrate a computational speed-up of over three orders of magnitude. Our results reveal that wavefront error in multilayered structures is fundamentally sensitive to both retinal architecture and centroiding strategy. While dynamic beacon positioning remains a primary mitigation strategy, small on-axis illumination paired with polarizers offers a robust alternative for substantially minimizing these artifactual aberrations. These findings have broad implications for optical systems requiring precise wavefront sensing in volumetric samples, including microscopy, retinal imaging, and astronomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 8","pages":"4115-4130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}