Madagascar conservation and development最新文献

{"title":"The freedom to choose: integrating community-based reproductive health services with locally led marine conservation initiatives in southwest Madagascar","authors":"L. Robson, Fanjavola Rakotozafy","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V10I1.S2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V10I1.S2","url":null,"abstract":"Madagascar’s diverse marine ecosystems serve as critical biodiversity habitats and are also essential to the livelihoods, food security and culture of coastal people, including semi-nomadic Vezo fishers based along the southwest coast. Commercialisation of their traditional fisheries, rapid coastal population growth related to unmet family planning needs, and lack of alternatives to fishing in this arid region are resulting in the unsustainable exploitation of coastal resources. In response to these challenges, marine conservation organisation Blue Ventures has developed an approach to community-based conservation and development that reflects the inextricable links between humans, their health and the environment. We describe how this model has evolved in the Velondriake locally managed marine area, home to approximately 10,000 people, over the last decade through strong cross-sector partnerships. It has entailed the integration of community-based reproductive health services with locally led marine conservation initiatives including temporary octopus fishery closures, permanent marine reserves and alternative coastal livelihood activities such as aquaculture. All of these programmes are underpinned by community education that engages men, women, youth and children in both health and conservation topics. The provision of voluntary family planning services in the Velondriake area is estimated to have averted more than 800 unintended pregnancies since 2007, and the temporary octopus fishery closure model has been implemented over 150 times along the southwest coast since 2004. Preliminary, anecdotal reports from community members and programme staff indicate that this integrated Population-Health-Environment approach enables couples to plan and better provide for their families, empowers women, improves food security and directly supports the sustainability of local conservation efforts. It is proving to be an easily replicable model for addressing community health needs and advancing biodiversity conservation efforts in some of Madagascar’s most remote and under-served areas. RESUME Non seulement les ecosystemes marins de Madagascar abritent-ils une biodiversite exceptionnelle mais ils sont egalement intrinsequement lies au mode de vie et a la securite alimentaire des populations cotieres, notamment des pecheurs semi-nomades qui vivent le long de la cote sud-ouest. La commercialisation des produits de la peche traditionnelle, la croissance rapide de la population qui est en partie liee a des defauts en matiere de planification familiale et l’absence d’alternatives a la peche dans cette region aride se traduisent par une exploitation non durable des ressources cotieres. Pour trouver une solution a cette situation, l'organisation de conservation marine Blue Ventures a elabore une approche holistique qui considere les liens obliges entre les Hommes, leur sante et l'environnement. L’evolution du modele elabore pour l’aire marine de Velondriake est de","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"10 1","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V10I1.S2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70562717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten years into the marshes – Hapalemur alaotrensis conservation, one step forward and two steps back?","authors":"A. Rendigs, Lena M. Reibelt, Fidimalala B. Ralainasolo, J. Ratsimbazafy, P. Waeber","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V10I1.S3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V10I1.S3","url":null,"abstract":"Natural resource management problems typically involve a multitude of stakeholders with diverse sets of needs and interests, and often conflicting worldviews in an environment with growing uncertainty. Such problems are termed “wicked” problems, where there are no right or wrong solutions, only more or less acceptable ones. In the case of Lake Alaotra, growing agricultural pressures have a negative impact on the wetland biodiversity and especially on the Alaotra gentle lemur ( Hapalemur alaotrensis ) restricted to these marshlands. The species survival is highly uncertain because of increased habitat loss caused mainly by marshland fires. The conservation work for this unique lemur is complex and complicated and requires the involvement and collaboration of decision-making institutions, NGOs, universities and riverine communities. From the inception of projects to their implementation phase, all parties need clearly defined responsibilities and transparency in communication in order to run projects successfully. This article describes the approach that Madagascar Wildlife Conservation has been implementing during the past ten years at Lake Alaotra, discussing the plan of action and challenges for environmental education, ecotourism and alternative livelihoods. RESUME Les problemes de gestion des ressources naturelles impliquent generalement une multitude d’intervenants avec divers ensembles de besoins et d’interets, et souvent, les visions du monde contradictoires dans un environnement avec une incertitude croissante. Ces problemes sont appeles problemes sournois, ‘wicked problems’ en anglais, ou il n’y a pas de bonnes ou de mauvaises solutions, seules plus ou moins acceptables. Dans le cas du lac Alaotra, la croissance des pressions agricoles a un impact negatif sur la biodiversite des zones humides, et en particulier sur l’Alaotra lemurien douce ( Hapalemur alaotrensis ) limitee a ces marais. La survie de l’espece est tres incertaine en raison de l’augmentation de la perte d’habitat causee principalement par les feux de marais. Les travaux de conservation pour ce lemurien unique sont complexes et compliques, et necessitent l’implication et la collaboration sur la prise de decision des institutions, des ONG, des universites et des communautes riveraines. Cela implique que toutes les parties, depuis la creation de projets a leur phase de mise en œuvre, partagent un terrain d’entente avec les avantages clairement definis de pouvoir de decision, les responsabilites et la transparence dans la communication. Madagascar Wildlife Conservation a travaille sur le lac depuis plus de dix ans, y compris l’education environnementale, l'ecotourisme et les moyens de subsistance alternatifs dans le plan d’action. Cet article met en evidence l’approche adoptee et examine ses defis.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"10 1","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V10I1.S3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70562764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Madagascar's open landscapes under the spotlight","authors":"J. Mantilla-Contreras, S. Carrière","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V10I3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V10I3.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"10 1","pages":"107-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V10I3.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70562755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tinker, tailor, wise man, madman, taxman - please!","authors":"P. Waeber","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V9I2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"10 1","pages":"57-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaching invasive species in Madagascar","authors":"C. Kull, J. Tassin, S. Carrière","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V9I2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.2","url":null,"abstract":"While a number of plants, animals, and insects in Madagascar have been called ’invasive’, the topic of invasive species has until recently received less attention here than in other island contexts. Some species, often alien to Madagascar and introduced by humans, have expanded their range rapidly and have had both negative and positive effects on landscapes, on native biodiversity, and on livelihoods. Examples include the prickly pear ( raketa ), the silver wattle ( mimosa ), and, recently, the Asian common toad ( radaka boka ). Building on a conceptual approach to ’invasive species’, this paper emphasizes the importance of inclusive and deliberative site- and population - specific management of invasive species. It analyses three separate concepts commonly used in definitions of invasion: the origin, behaviour, and effects of particular species. It places these concepts in their broader social and ecological context, with particular attention to local perspectives on invasive species. We illustrate these concepts with Malagasy examples and data. The examples demonstrate that while invasions can have dramatic consequences, there can be multiple, often competing, interests as well as site - specific biophysical, environmental, and cultural considerations that need to be taken into account when designing policy and management interventions. We conclude with a number of lessons learned. RESUME Contrairement a la plupart des autres iles, et en depit du quali­ficatif ‘invasif’ rattache depuis longtemps a certaines especes qui s’y sont naturalisees, les reflexions autour de l’approche des especes invasives a Madagascar demeurent recentes. L’opuntia ( Opuntia spp.) figure certes parmi les plus anciens exemples d’especes traites dans la litterature sur les invasions biologiques. Mais ce n’est vraiment qu’avec le retentissement mediatique autour de la detection en 2011 de la presence du crapaud masque ( Duttaphrynus melanostictus ) et la recherche d’une parade appropriee que s’est affirmee la necessite de traiter cette question des especes invasives en tant que telle. Une posture nativiste et uniforme qui ignorerait la specificite des contextes biophysiques et socio - economiques locaux, mais aussi la pluralite des formes d’invasion biologique et des definitions qui s’y rattachent, ne saurait etre privilegiee. L’article montre qu’il s’agit de situer les reflexions dans un contexte insulaire socio - economique dans lequel les especes allogenes tiennent depuis longtemps une large place. Il defend en outre la necessite d’envisager les especes invasives non pas selon une forme de perception unique et autoritariste, mais selon une diversite de points de vue, conforme aux conflits d’interets qui se manifestent parfois, et mettant plutot en avant le caractere exogene des especes invasives, leurs effets (negatifs, mais aussi positifs) sur le milieu, ou leur mode de fonctionnement (dispersion, dominance) dans des contextes specifiques et locaux. Il convient en pa","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"9 1","pages":"60-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio - ecological analysis of natural resource use in Betampona Strict Natural Reserve","authors":"C. Golden, Josoa G. C. Rabehatonina, Andritahina Rakotosoa, Maya Moore","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V9I2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Without an adequate understanding of the socio-political context in which a natural environment is embedded, it is impossible to prevent, mitigate and adapt to future unwanted changes in the socio - ecological system. It is advantageous for environmental managers to see the social aspects of the socio-ecological system so that they can understand not only the effects but also the motivations of natural resource use. In Madagascar, lemurs and other mammalian wildlife are hotly contested resources because they are threatened and endemic biodiversity and yet are hunted for food throughout the island. Using semi - structured interviews in nearly 300 households in 19 communities surrounding the Betampona Strict Natural Reserve, our team found that more than 60 % of households had consumed wildlife within the past year, with approximately a quarter of wildlife harvest being illegal and nearly 95 % of wildlife harvest being directed to subsistence consumption and not for sale. Although rates of wildlife consumption were quite low throughout the region, we found a strong effect of the presence of the Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group research station. We found that the rates of wildlife consumption increased by 1.3 times for each kilometer distance from the station. Due to the low rates of wildlife consumption, we did not find a significant impact on human health and anemia (as measured through hemoglobin levels), and very low prevalence of anemia generally compared to other regions of Madagascar. Wildlife consumption does not appear to play a tremendous economic or health role in the communities surrounding this particular protected area, and thus increased enforcement of seasonal infractions of legal species and of all illegal species would be warranted. To improve current levels of nutrition, targeted interventions could focus on domesticated livestock diseases that plague the region. RESUME Lorsque des changements inopines surviennent dans un systeme socio-ecologique, il est impossible de prevenir, d’attenuer et d’adapter si le contexte socio-politique dans lequel un environnement naturel evolue n’est pas bien compris. Les gestionnaires de l’environnement ont tout interet a considerer les aspects sociaux du systeme socio-ecologique de maniere a comprendre non seulement les effets de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles mais aussi ce qui motive cette utilisation. A Madagascar, les lemuriens et d’autres mammiferes sont des ressources vivement contestees car ces especes sont menacees et tout en representant la biodiversite endemique, elles sont cependant chassees pour leur viande sur l’ensemble de l’ile. En utilisant des entretiens semi-structures aupres de 300 menages dans 19 communautes villageoises de la peripherie de la Reserve Naturelle Integrale de Betampona, la presente etude a montre que plus de 60 % des menages avaient consomme du gibier au cours de l’annee ecoulee dont environ un quart de maniere illegale et pres de 95 % pour repondre a des ","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"9 1","pages":"83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental education in its infancy at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar","authors":"Lena M. Reibelt, T. Richter, P. Waeber, S. Rakotoarimanana, J. Mantilla-Contreras","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V9I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Madagascar is renowned for its unique biodiversity but also for the continuous degradation of its natural environment and its high poverty rate. In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental education has been assigned a key role. In the lake Alaotra region, Madagascar’s most important rice and inland fish production area, primary schools are the sole formal education for the majority of the population. In order to gain an overview on the education of ‘tomorrow’s’ resource users, this study assessed the general state of the school system and of environmental education in particular. The focus was on understanding local definitions of environmental education, its application and local perceptions of environmental problems. Over 50 in - depth interviews were conducted using the Funnel approach with teachers from 18 public primary schools. The interviews were supplemented with focus groups and a participatory problem analysis workshop. Teachers in the Alaotra region provided a different definition of environmental education than the United Nations. Their focus is on social aspects rather than the actual problems of the natural environment, which represents a different point of view than non - governmental organizations (NGOs) from abroad, who are the main promoters of environmental education in the area. This indicates that education for sustainable development might be more suitable in the region than the currently promoted environmental education. When developing educational programs, it is important to include the teachers in the development processes to ensure inclusion of local views and needs. This will increase the probability that such programs are locally meaningful and useful. RESUME Si Madagascar est reputee pour sa biodiversite unique, elle l’est aussi pour la degradation de son environnement naturel et son taux de pauvrete eleve. L’education a l’environnement est un element important dans l’acces au developpement durable. Dans la region Alaotra qui est le principal producteur de riz et de poissons d’eau douce de Madagascar, l’education est dispensee presqu’exclusivement par les ecoles primaires pour la majorite de la population limitrophe du lac Alaotra. Pour comprendre globalement l’education des futurs utilisateurs des ressources, l’etude a evalue la situation qui prevaut dans le systeme scolaire en general et celui de l’education environnementale en particulier. Les travaux se sont concentres sur les definitions locales de l’education environnementale, sa mise en oeuvre et les perceptions locales des problemes environnementaux. Plus de 50 interviews detaillees ont ete realisees avec des enseignants de 18 ecoles primaires sous methode Funnel. Les interviews ont ete completees par des groupes de discussion et un atelier participatif portant sur l’analyse du probleme. Les enseignants de la region de l’Alaotra ont enonce une definition differente de l’education environnementale que celle proposee par les Nations Unies. Leur ","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"9 1","pages":"71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed dispersal by vertebrates in Madagascar’s forests: review and future directions","authors":"O. Razafindratsima","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V9I2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Madagascar’s highly diverse forests are critically threatened because of increasing deforestation, and those that remain are facing declines of vertebrate frugivores that disperse their seeds. Thus, understanding plant - frugivore interactions is of critical importance for the conservation and maintenance of plant diversity in Madagascar. This paper reviews observational and experimental studies of the multifaceted aspects of seed dispersal by vertebrates across Madagascar including the relative importance of different seed vectors, the patterns of seed deposition, and the post - dispersal fate of dispersed seeds. This also aims to lay a foundation for future studies by discussing understudied aspects that are crucial for the understanding of the role of frugivores on plant populations and communities in Malagasy forests. Such perspectives are important given the increasing threats to seed dispersers, the low richness of frugivore assemblages in Malagasy forests and the strong reliance of many plant species on frugivores for their dispersal. Understanding this ecosystem service can provide us insights on plant colonization, community structure, demography and invasion, as well as forest restoration and regeneration.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"9 1","pages":"90-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extension of gray-brown mouse lemur (Microcebus griseorufus) activity period in a disturbed forest in southwestern Madagascar","authors":"Krista D. Fish","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V9I2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Habitat disturbances may impact behaviors of animals, including their activity patterns. In southwestern Madagascar, timing of gray - brown mouse lemur activities was investigated in adjacent forests with different levels of human disturbance. Mouse lemurs were encountered more frequently during the second part of the night in the unfenced, more disturbed forest than in the fenced, less - disturbed forest. The extension of mouse lemur activity period in the unfenced forest may be due to differences in forest composition resulting in higher travel costs or a loss of canopy cover which may limit their use of torpor.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"9 1","pages":"98-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V9I2.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Les baobabs de Madagascar : quel cadre réglementaire pour leur conservation ?","authors":"Cynthia Onjanantenaina Raveloson, Daudet Andriafidison, Julie H. Razafimanahaka, Sahondra Rabesihanaka, Richard K. B. Jenkins","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V9I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V9I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"With lemurs, baobabs are the most emblematic species of Madagascar internationally. Seven species of the nine existing in the world are Madagascan endemic. This fact testifies the high rate of the biodiversity of the island. Having signed a number of international conventions, Madagascar intends to underline its commitment to the management and conservation of its natural resources. The international system of conservation framing is used for the implementation of national strategy. Thus, in addition to the international system of conservation systems such as the CBD, IUCN or CITES, baobabs of Madagascar are considered as non - timber forest products according to Decree N. 2915/87 of 7 September 1987 related to products accessories forest even if no term is clearly stipulated in this text. Moreover, there is no regulatory framework or specific text about conservation or exploitation of baobabs in Madagascar. Protected areas are then the only protection structures for baobabs. All species of Malagasy baobabs are represented in protected areas but their representation differs depending on the distribution of each species. Except for two protected areas, the baobab is not yet among the specific targets of conservation of protected areas in Madagascar. Adansonia grandidieri is an exception. It benefits indeed from two regional frameworks that specify measures to protect the species and priority activities to be undertaken for the species with the Dinan'ny Menabe and the regional conservation strategy for the species validated in 2013. At the local level, tools and instruments governing the management transfer could constitute framing elements for the management of baobabs. Some species have in fact nonnegligible economic values without forgetting the cultural and religious values of some baobab trees. The implementation of the strategy for the conservation of each species is necessary at all levels especially in protected areas as three species are classified as ‘Endangered’ by IUCN. The conservation is necessary to ensure both sustainability of the species and integrity of all uses of baobabs.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"9 1","pages":"31-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V9I1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}