Madagascar conservation and development最新文献

{"title":"The Eco-Geo-Clim model: explaining Madagascar’s endemism","authors":"J. Mercier, Lucienne Wilmé","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Pleistocene paleoclimatic oscillations have had a major influence on the hydrological balance in Madagascar, from the scale of individual sites to watersheds. Water availability is one of the major factor influencing plant and animal life. An Eco-Geo-Clim model is considered here that encompasses ecological and geomorphological features in the context of changing climate to identify areas where water remained available during the driest periods, but also how water availability increased again when climatic conditions become warmer and wetter. This model is applied to a portion of western Madagascar encompassing the Tsiribihina and Mangoky watersheds and the Central Menabe center of endemism to describe the mechanism leading to landscape-level evolution and especially the distribution patterns observed today in some of the island’s endemic animal species, comparing narrowly vs. broadly endemic taxa. Resume Les oscillations paleoclimatiques au cours du Pleistocene ont influence tous les termes du bilan d'energie stationnel (rayonnements, flux de chaleur latente, flux de chaleur dans le sol et flux de chaleur sensible). Associees aux precipitations, ces fluctuations ont controle les bilans hydriques stationnels. Les bilans hydrologiques des bassins versants sont l'integration spatiale et temporelle de ces bilans hydriques. La vegetation et plus generalement la biomasse vegetale sont dependantes de ces deux types de bilans. L'interface entre l'atmosphere et la vegetation est occupee par les sols et les formations superficielles, celles-ci sont le resultat de la degradation des roches et de l'erosion des versants. Lorsqu'ils existent, ces sols ou geosols sont herites de periodes humides anterieures. La disponibilite en eau est l'element majeur de la vie vegetale et animale, or celle-ci a fluctue au cours du Pleistocene ; lors de periodes seches, les bilans sont deficitaires, la biomasse diminue, l'erosion hydrique domine l'alteration, le paysage entier evolue d'amont en aval. Lors des bilans hydriques humides le retour vers un etat voisin de l'actuel n'a pas ete immediat car chaque composante du milieu naturel possede une resilience temporelle propre. La proximite d'un bilan hydrique stationnel positif est indispensable a la survie de la faune et de la flore sylvicoles. Dans le cas de l'endemisme a Madagascar, cette difficulte a ete resolue de deux manieres opposees et a produit deux types d'endemisme. D'une part par l'existence de cours d'eau prenant leurs sources a haute altitude, d'autre part par certains reliefs residuels dans lesquels l'eau libre existe exceptionnellement. 1) Au cours du Pleistocene, les hauts reliefs ont eu une alimentation permanente en precipitations, les sources et les cours d'eaux ont ete alimentes, les ripisylves sont restees humides. A l'oppose, lors des periodes seches, l'aval des bassins versants a ete sec, les ecoulements discontinus, les forets ont recule, les animaux associes ont disparu. Ce n'est pas le cas de sous b","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"14 1","pages":"63-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmer preferences and the production strategies of agroforestry nurseries in southeastern Madagascar","authors":"M. Downey, D. Richter","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry projects in Madagascar that promote fruit trees address social and environmental threats to rainforests by reducing farmers’ reliance on rice cultivation as long as fruit production is a more economically efficient option. This study aims to understand farmer planting preferences for fruit trees around Ranomafana National Park, specifically related to their ability to transport produce to wider markets. A large social survey assessed current fruit tree cultivation and the fruit planting preferences of farmers, and evaluated differences in farmer preferences based on distance to roads and markets. Survey results from 21 villages and 200 households indicate current fruit cultivation does not correspond well with planting preferences. Households near and far from roads share similar cultivation patterns and planting preferences with one exception: farmers living far from roads prefer to plant coffee significantly more than do those living near roads. This preference for coffee cultivation far from roads is attributed to coffee’s relatively high sales price and ease of transport to buyers. This study also assesses current production in two local agroforestry nurseries and suggests new production priorities, notably focusing on coffee and lychee above the currently emphasized citrus fruits. RESUME A Madagascar, les projets agroforestiers avec des arbres fruitiers peuvent representer une reponse aux menaces sociales et environnementales qui pesent sur les forets naturelles en reduisant la dependance des agriculteurs vis - a - vis de la riziculture pluviale a condition que la production de fruits constitue une option plus rentable. Les principaux obstacles a la production de fruits sur la peripherie du Parc National de Ranomafana sont le manque de connaissances des agriculteurs quant aux techniques de propagation, la rarete des especes, varietes et cultivars d’arbres fruitiers qu’il conviendrait de planter ainsi que l’acces limite aux marches avec des reseaux de transport fiables. Les organisations de developpement de la region travaillent a la formation des agriculteurs et leur apportent les moyens initiaux requis pour demarrer des systemes agroforestiers avec des arbres fruitiers. Cette etude vise a comprendre les preferences des agriculteurs lorsqu’ils plantent des arbres fruitiers a la peripherie du Parc National de Ranomafana et plus particulierement par rapport a leurs moyens pour transporter leurs produits vers les plus grands marches. Une importante enquete sociale a evalue l’etat actuel de la culture des arbres fruitiers, les preferences des agriculteurs en matiere de plantation pour les fruits a produire ainsi que les differences dans les preferences des agriculteurs en fonction de la distance aux routes et aux marches. Le sondage realise aupres de 200 menages dans 21 villages indique que la culture fruitiere actuelle ne correspond guere aux preferences en matiere de plantation. Les menages residant a proximite ou loin des routes ","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"55-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70566166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limestone cliff - face and cave use by wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in southwestern Madagascar","authors":"M. Sauther, F. Cuozzo, Krista D. Fish, M. LaFleur, Jean F. Ravoavy","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Ring - tailed lemurs live in a range of habitats in southwestern Madagascar. To date, much of the knowledge of ring - tailed lemur ecology, biology and behavior come from riverine gallery forests sites. Recent years have seen an expansion of comprehensive research on this resilient species, including areas of limestone spiny forest along Madagascar’s southwestern coast. This work is documenting newly discovered behaviors by this species. The regular use of cliff - faces and embedded crevices and caves by ring - tailed lemurs in southwestern Madagascar are reported here. Cave use by several anthropoid primates has been explained as a thermoregulatory behavior. It is suggested that cliff - face and cave use by these ring-tailed lemurs serves several purposes, including resource acquisition, thermoregulation, and as an anti - predator avoidance strategy in the absence of suitable large sleeping trees. Observations indicate that the limestone boundaries of the Mahafaly Plateau and their associated xerophytic scrub forests warrant further conservation attention, given the presence of behavioral variation and increasing threats to this endangered primate species.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"121 1","pages":"73-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I2.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fitoaty: an unidentified carnivoran species from the Masoala peninsula of Madagascar","authors":"C. Borgerson","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about carnivoran ecology and population dynamics in northeastern Madagascar, especially on the little studied Masoala peninsula. This leaves the status of threatened carnivores on the Masoala peninsula poorly understood. Even less is known about the relative taxonomic position and role of domestic, feral, and possible wild cats in Madagascar. Adequate conservation of the Masoala peninsula will remain limited until the status, threats, and roles of felines and native carnivorans in regional system dynamics are documented. Six of the ten carnivoran species belonging to the endemic family Eupleridae, as well as introduced civets, domestic dogs, and cats are known to exist on the peninsula. This paper reports an animal of unknown identity in the Masoala carnivoran assemblage, the fitoaty . Specifically it, (i) reports preliminary observations on the fitoaty collected on the Masoala peninsula, and (ii) describes fitoaty distribution and habits based on local knowledge. Fitoaty appear to have a broad geographic range on the peninsula and to prefer contiguous forests near and within the Masoala National Park. The author tentatively identifies the fitoaty as Felis sp. but extensive carnivoran trapping and genetic testing of the fitoaty are needed to adequately assess the range and identity of this carnivoran and its potential impact on local ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I2.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Étude de la sociologie des exploitants de bois de rose malgaches","authors":"Hery Randriamalala","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"At the start of 2009, there were 13 rosewood traders in Madagascar. By early 2012 their number had increased to 103 traders in the SAVA region alone. It has been in Antalaha that the growth of these traders has been the most explosive: the ‘original’ traders were joined by family members and also by their former wood collectors. These people were followed by newcomers, the result of which is a current total of 63 traders residing in just this urban centre. Notably, this is despite a ban on the exploiting of rosewood having been implemented in March 2010. Because of the rosewood trading community’s ongoing and concentrated activities in Antalaha, this small port could be cited as an urban centre where a faction of the community is actively challenging the State. The State dare not apply the laws implemented towards prohibiting trading of rosewood, but of course, there is a are common interests between the State and the operators. The current situation described here is not unique: it has recurred through various periods: pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence. RESUME Les exploitants de bois de rose etaient officiellement 13 au debut de 2009. Leur nombre est passe a 103 pour la seule region SAVA au debut 2012. Mais c’est a Antalaha que leur croissance a ete la plus remarquable : les operateurs historiques ont ete rejoints par les membres de leurs familles et leurs anciens collecteurs, puis par des nouveaux venus, pour atteindre le chiffre record de 63 operateurs dans cette seule ville, malgre l’interdiction d’exploiter le bois de rose depuis mars 2010. Cette communaute a fait d’Antalaha une ville a part a Madagascar car elle y fait jeu egal avec l’Etat qui n’ose lui appliquer les lois de la Republique, a moins qu’il n’ait conclu avec elle un mariage d’interet. Cette situation s’avere en outre etre un invariant historique qui a remarquablement traverse les epoques precoloniale, coloniale et postindependance.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) and ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) endoparasitism at the Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve","authors":"James E. Loudon, M. Sauther","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"As hosts, primate behavior is responsible for parasite avoidance and elimination as well as parasite acquisition and transmission among conspecifics. Thus, host behavior is largely responsible for the distribution of parasites in free - ranging populations. We examined the importance of host behavior in acquiring and avoiding parasites that use oral routes by comparing the behavior of sympatric Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) and ring - tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) inhabiting the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR) in Madagascar. For each species, two groups lived in a protected parcel and two groups lived in anthropogenically - disturbed forests. Analysis of 585 fecal samples revealed that the BMSR ring - tailed lemurs harbored six species of nematode worms and three species of protistan parasites. The sifaka harbored only two nematodes. Differences in richness and prevalence appear to be linked to host behavior and the ecological distribution of their parasites. To understand the interplay between behavioral mechanisms to avoid or transmit parasites, we analyzed 683 hours of behavioral observations. BMSR ring - tailed lemurs were observed on the ground significantly more than sifaka and this terrestrial substrate use provides greater opportunities for soil - transmitted parasites to acquire a host. Ring - tailed lemurs using the anthropogenically - disturbed forests harbored parasites not found in the groups inhabiting the protected parcel which they may be acquiring via coprophagy or contact with feces. The arboreality of sifaka allows them to evade most soil-transmitted endoparasites and the patterns of parasitism exhibited by sifaka living in the anthropogenically - disturbed forests did not deviate from the patterns observed among the sifaka living in the protected parcel.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non - flying mammalian fauna of Ampijoroa, Ankarafantsika National Park","authors":"R. Ito, F. Rakotondraparany, H. Sato","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"There is no list of the mammalian fauna of Ampijoroa Forest Station, a dry deciduous forest within Ankarafantsika National Park. We set Sherman traps and pitfall traps and carried out transect surveys to survey the non - flying mammalian fauna of Ampijoroa. In total, 19 species of mammals were recorded, comprising 10 families. Records include three species of Tenrecidae, two species of Soricidae, one species of Muridae, three species of Nesomyidae, three species of Cheirogaleidae, one species of Lepilemuridae, two species of Lemuridae, two species of Indriidae, one species of Eupleridae, and one species of Suidae.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"45-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shining a light on Madagascar's mangroves","authors":"T. G. Jones","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"4-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partnership in practice: making conservation work at Bezà Mahafaly, southwest Madagascar","authors":"A. Richard","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Beza Mahafaly has been the site of a partnership for conservation since 1975, long before the idea of community - based conservation became widely accepted in Madagascar or elsewhere in the world. Today, the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve protects 4,600 ha of riverine, transitional and spiny forest with a rich endemic fauna. This paper provides a summary of the thirty - seven year history of the initiative, focusing on three issues: our evolving interpretation of the term ‘community’, the integral role of politics and economics in developing the partnership, and the linkage between local, regional and national influences that were experienced in some contexts as constraints and in others as opportunities. We draw five conclusions that we hope will be of interest to those engaged in similar activities in Madagascar and elsewhere: (i) the importance of relationships and trust, and the length of time it takes to build both; (ii) the inherent fragility of community - based collaborations, which depend heavily on particular individuals and the pressures on people’s lives; (iii) the importance of sustained financial inputs and challenge of diversifying these inputs; (iv) the need for mechanisms to distribute costs and benefits that are accepted as fair, and for methods to track that distribution; and (v) the central roles of improvisation and opportunism in the face of high levels of uncertainty, and the unanticipated key role played by a village-based environmental monitoring team.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding species - level primate diversity in Madagascar","authors":"I. Tattersall","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V8I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past couple of decades Madagascar has witnessed an explosion in the number of primate species generally recognized. Much of this proliferation can be traced less to increasing knowledge of the lemur fauna than to the complete replacement of biological notions of the species by the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC), which views species as irreducible diagnosable units. The consequent focus on autapomorphy (unique possession of morphological and molecular derived features) as ‘the’ criterion for species recognition has led to the almost complete disappearance of lemur subspecies from Madagascar faunal lists; yet subspecies are an expected result of the evolutionary forces that gave rise to the island’s current pattern of biodiversity. Thanks in part to the perspective introduced by the PSC, it has become clear both that there is much more species - level diversity among Madagascar’s lemurs than was evident only a couple of decades ago, and that this diversity is much more complexly structured than we had thought. But it does not appear to be aptly reflected in the hard - line procedural adoption of the PSC across the board, a move that typically results in fifty-percent inflation in species numbers relative to those yielded by biological concepts. I argue here that the reflexive wholesale application of the PSC to Madagascar’s lemurs is inappropriate from both systematic and conservation standpoints, and that a return to biological species concepts, and to the corresponding criteria for species recognition, will allow us to attain a much fuller and more nuanced appreciation of lemur diversity at low taxonomic levels.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"8 1","pages":"7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V8I1.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70565820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}