Yuefeng Huang, Eduardo R Butelman, Ahmet O Ceceli, Greg Kronberg, Sarah G King, Natalie E McClain, Yui Ying Wong, Maggie Boros, K Rachel Drury, Rajita Sinha, Nelly Alia-Klein, Rita Z Goldstein
{"title":"Sex and hormonal effects on drug cue-reactivity and its regulation in human addiction.","authors":"Yuefeng Huang, Eduardo R Butelman, Ahmet O Ceceli, Greg Kronberg, Sarah G King, Natalie E McClain, Yui Ying Wong, Maggie Boros, K Rachel Drury, Rajita Sinha, Nelly Alia-Klein, Rita Z Goldstein","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The underlying cortico-striatal mechanisms of sex and hormonal effects in addiction are unknown, limiting the development of personalized treatments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-two women (age=38.85±9.84) with heroin or cocaine use disorder (HUD=16; CUD=16) and 49 age-matched men (age=41.96±9.71) with HUD were scanned using functional MRI, with a subgroup of women (HUD=3; CUD=13) scanned twice, during the late-follicular and mid-luteal phases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women showed higher medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) drug cue-reactivity while men showed higher frontal eye field (FEF)/dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) drug reappraisal as associated with lower cue-induced drug craving. In the women, drug cue-reactivity was higher during the follicular phase in the FEF/dlPFC, whereas drug reappraisal was higher during the luteal phase in the anterior PFC/orbitofrontal cortex. The more the estradiol during the follicular vs. luteal phase (Δ), the higher the Δdrug cue-reactivity in the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC), which also correlated with higher Δdrug craving (observed also in the inferior frontal gyrus). The more this Δestradiol, the lower the Δdrug reappraisal in the vmPFC, anterior PFC and striatum. Conversely, during the luteal vs. follicular phase, Δprogesterone/estradiol ratio was positively associated with Δdrug reappraisal in the dlPFC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Compared to men with HUD, women with HUD/CUD show more cortico-striatal drug cue-reactivity and less PFC drug reappraisal activity, driven by the follicular compared to luteal phase and directly related to craving and fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone with the former constituting a vulnerability and the latter a protective factor; providing insights for developing precisely timed and hormonally informed treatments for women with HUD/CUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shelby D Leverett, Olivia Poolos, Rebecca G Brady, Rebecca Tillman, Rachel E Lean, Emily D Gerstein, Berenice Anaya, Regina L Triplett, Dimitrios Alexopoulos, Barbara Warner, Joan L Luby, Christopher D Smyser, Cynthia E Rogers, Deanna M Barch
{"title":"Neonatal brain volumes and early parenting behavior as mediators in associations between prenatal social disadvantage and socioemotional problems in toddlers.","authors":"Shelby D Leverett, Olivia Poolos, Rebecca G Brady, Rebecca Tillman, Rachel E Lean, Emily D Gerstein, Berenice Anaya, Regina L Triplett, Dimitrios Alexopoulos, Barbara Warner, Joan L Luby, Christopher D Smyser, Cynthia E Rogers, Deanna M Barch","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Social disadvantage has been associated with early socioemotional difficulties. This study examined mechanisms that relate prenatal social disadvantage (PSD) to the development of early socioemotional problems by testing whether these associations were mediated by (1) neonatal brain volumes and/or (2) early parenting behaviors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Women were recruited early in their pregnancies and followed prospectively. PSD encompassed access to material (e.g., income-to-needs, health insurance, area deprivation, nutrition, education) resources during pregnancy. Shortly after birth, neonates underwent structural magnetic resonance scanning. Mother-child dyads returned at child age 1 year for parenting observations, and parents reported child socio-emotional problems (ITSEA: externalizing, dysregulation, internalizing) at age 2 years (N=267; 45% female). Simple and parallel mediation models tested hypotheses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Greater PSD was associated with increased externalizing and dysregulation symptoms at age 2 years. PSD-associated reductions in neonatal brain volumes (cortical grey matter, white matter, total brain) mediated both PSD-externalizing and PSD-dysregulation associations. The PSD-externalizing association was additionally mediated by early parenting behaviors, particularly non-supportive parenting behaviors. Thus, for externalizing symptoms, non-supportive parenting behaviors and mediating brain metrics were examined simultaneously in parallel mediation models. Non-supportive parenting remained a significant mediator, while neonatal brain volumes were no longer significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PSD-associated brain structural alterations at birth may serve as early risk factors for the development of multidimensional socioemotional difficulties in toddlerhood. However, parenting emerged as a stronger mediator for externalizing, lending support to parenting behaviors as key intervention targets for the prevention of externalizing problems in early childhood.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melvin G McInnis, Ben Coleman, Eric Hurwitz, Peter N Robinson, Andrew E Williams, Melissa A Haendel, Julie A McMurry
{"title":"Integrating Knowledge: The Power of Ontologies in Psychiatric Research and Clinical Informatics.","authors":"Melvin G McInnis, Ben Coleman, Eric Hurwitz, Peter N Robinson, Andrew E Williams, Melissa A Haendel, Julie A McMurry","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ontologies are structured frameworks for representing knowledge by systematically defining concepts, categories, and their relationships. While widely adopted in biomedicine, ontologies remain largely absent in mental health research and clinical care, where the field continues to rely heavily on existing classification systems (DSM). Although useful for clinical communication and administrative purposes, they lack the semantic structure, computational, and reasoning properties needed to integrate diverse data sources or support artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled analysis. This reliance on classification systems limits efforts to analyze and interpret complex, heterogeneous psychiatric data. In mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, the lack of formalized semantic models contributes to diagnostic inconsistencies, fragmented data structures, and barriers to precision medicine. Ontologies, by contrast, provide a standardized, machine-readable foundation for linking multimodal data sources, such as electronic health records (EHRs), genetic and neuroimaging data, and social determinants of health, while enabling secure, de-identified computation. This review surveys the current landscape of mental health ontologies and highlights the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) as a promising framework for bridging psychiatric and medical phenotypes. We describe ongoing efforts to enhance HPO through curated psychiatric terms, refined definitions, and structured mappings of observed phenomena. The Global Bipolar Cohort (GBC), an international collaboration, exemplifies this approach through the development of a consensus-driven ontology tailored to bipolar disorder. By supporting semantic interoperability, reproducible research, and individualized care, ontology-based approaches provide essential infrastructure for overcoming the limitations of classification systems and advancing data-driven precision psychiatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasmin Zakiniaeiz, Ansel T Hillmer, Hannah Shi, Brian Pittman, Nabeel Nabulsi, Yiyun Huang, Robin Bonomi, David Matuskey, Gustavo A Angarita, Sherry A McKee, Kelly P Cosgrove
{"title":"Greater neuroimmune system deficit in women than men with alcohol use disorder.","authors":"Yasmin Zakiniaeiz, Ansel T Hillmer, Hannah Shi, Brian Pittman, Nabeel Nabulsi, Yiyun Huang, Robin Bonomi, David Matuskey, Gustavo A Angarita, Sherry A McKee, Kelly P Cosgrove","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women who drink are more vulnerable than men to many of the consequences of alcohol use, including alcohol-related cancers, cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, and immune system dysfunction. Acute alcohol triggers neuroimmune cells including microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. Excessive activation can contribute to neuronal dysfunction and alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Women have a greater vulnerability to alcohol-induced neurodegeneration, thus, there is a critical need to examine sex differences in neuroimmune mechanisms underlying AUD to inform novel treatment strategies for women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-one individuals with mild-to-moderate AUD (20 women) and 37 sex-matched controls completed one positron emission tomography brain imaging scan with the radiotracer [<sup>11</sup>C]PBR28, which binds to 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a microglial marker. Volume of distribution was estimated regionally in the cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, and frontal cortex as a measure of TSPO availability. Neurocognitive function was also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>People with versus without AUD had significant lower TSPO availability in all brain regions. Women (but not men) with AUD had significantly lower TSPO availability (average of 21%) in all four regions (p=0.022) compared to sex-matched controls. Women with vs. without AUD performed worse on executive function (p=0.020). Lower hippocampal (p=0.059) and cerebellar (p=0.097) TSPO availability were trendingly related to more errors on the executive function task in women with AUD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed lower TSPO levels in people with mild-to-moderate AUD versus controls, and demonstrated that the deficit is significantly greater in women than men with AUD. This suggests that women with AUD may particularly benefit from novel neuroimmune-modulating treatments for AUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding the neurobiology and computational mechanisms of social conformity: implications for psychiatric disorders.","authors":"Yutong Li, Yafeng Pan, Di Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social conformity and psychiatric disorders share overlapping brain regions and neural pathways, arousing our interest in uncovering their potentially shared underlying neural and computational mechanisms. Critically, the dynamics of group behavior may either mitigate or exacerbate mental health conditions, highlighting the need to bridge social neuroscience and psychiatry. Our work examines how aberrant neurobiological circuits and computations influence social conformity. We propose a hierarchical computational framework, based on dynamical systems and active inference, to facilitate the interpretation of the multi-layered interplay among processes that drive social conformity. We underscore the significant implications of this hierarchical computational framework for guiding future research on psychiatry, particularly with respect to the clinical translation of interventions such as targeted pharmacotherapy and neurostimulation techniques. The interdisciplinary efforts hold the potential to propel the fields of social and clinical neuroscience forward, fostering the emergence of more efficacious and individualized therapeutic approaches tailored to psychiatric disorders characterized by aberrant social behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gavin J B Elias, Sarah A Iskin, Michelle E Beyn, Uyiosa Omere, Sakina J Rizvi, Amanda K Ceniti, Alexandre Boutet, Daphne Voineskos, Sidney H Kennedy, Andres M Lozano, Jürgen Germann
{"title":"FDG-PET as a pre-operative biomarker for predicting and optimizing response to subcallosal cingulate area deep brain stimulation.","authors":"Gavin J B Elias, Sarah A Iskin, Michelle E Beyn, Uyiosa Omere, Sakina J Rizvi, Amanda K Ceniti, Alexandre Boutet, Daphne Voineskos, Sidney H Kennedy, Andres M Lozano, Jürgen Germann","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Deep brain stimulation targeting the subcallosal cingulate area (SCC-DBS) has emerged as a promising therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, only half to two thirds of patients experience meaningful clinical response, highlighting the need for biomarkers that could help to optimize SCC-DBS outcomes. Our group previously showed that a support vector machine (SVM) incorporating pre-operative FDG-PET glucose metabolism values from frontal pole, anterior cingulate cortex, and temporal pole could retrospectively classify treatment response in 21 TRD patients with 81.0% accuracy. Here, we assessed the out-of-sample performance and wider applicability of this putative biomarker.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Baseline FDG-PET data were preprocessed and fed into an SVM classifier. This model, which employed the three aforementioned regional inputs, was trained and tuned using the familiar 21-patient cohort and tested on an unseen TRD validation set (n=35). Within the combined cohort, we also explored glucose metabolism's potential influence on previously demonstrated relationships between white matter tract stimulation and clinical outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our model classified out-of-sample response status with 77.1% accuracy (80.0% precision; 87.0% recall; 0.83 F1 score).This performance proved statistically significant in permutation testing (p<sub>permute</sub>=0.008) and exceeded that of an alternative, clinically informed SVM. In addition, we found that patients with lower temporal pole metabolism showed stronger coupling between uncinate fasciculus engagement (approximated using electrode localization and activation modelling) and clinical outcome (p=0.027).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results corroborate the validity of FDG-PET models as a tool for predicting SCC-DBS outcomes and underscore their value in refining patient selection and further personalizing DBS treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaqi Zhang, Yanyao Du, Jin Li, Wenhan Yang, Dan Cao, Na Luo, Zhengyi Yang, Kaibo Tang, Congying Chu, Xinyu Xiao, Deying Li, Wentao Jiang, Yaping Wang, Zongchang Du, Weiyang Shi, Yawei Ma, Hui Xiong, Ming Song, Jun Zhang, Jun Liu, Tianzi Jiang
{"title":"Stage-dependent Neural Mechanisms in Human Methamphetamine Abstinence: Insights from the Digital Twin Brain Model.","authors":"Jiaqi Zhang, Yanyao Du, Jin Li, Wenhan Yang, Dan Cao, Na Luo, Zhengyi Yang, Kaibo Tang, Congying Chu, Xinyu Xiao, Deying Li, Wentao Jiang, Yaping Wang, Zongchang Du, Weiyang Shi, Yawei Ma, Hui Xiong, Ming Song, Jun Zhang, Jun Liu, Tianzi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The reward circuits are crucial in treating human methamphetamine (MA) addiction, while the underlying action mechanisms may vary throughout the intervention process. This gap limits the identification of specific modulation targets and results in a \"one-size-fits-all\" approach. Demonstrating these specific neural signatures can inform tailored therapy and enhance precision medicine for MA addiction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 62 MA addicts (21 females) and 57 healthy controls (16 females) were recruited. Longitudinal data were collected at the early and later stages of MA abstinence. We used probabilistic metastable substates to investigate macro-scale functional changes and established the digital twin brain model to determine key regions in abstinence from a causal, quantitative perspective. Molecular imaging, gene set, and cell-type enrichment analyses were conducted to provide a multi-scale neurobiological explanation. Computational drug repurposing analysis was performed to identify drug candidates with the potential to treat MA addiction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that brain regions within the reward circuits were crucial throughout the entire abstinence process. Molecular imaging, transcriptomic data, and cell-type analysis independently revealed that metabolic activities may play a more prominent role in early abstinence, while neuroplasticity is essential in both early and later abstinence. Identified putative drugs included approved medications for psychiatric symptoms, AIDS, and cancer.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our work provides an integrative perspective on understanding the neural underpinnings of human MA abstinence and may inform future tailored therapies. Particularly, these findings support the stage-dependent nature of in-vivo human MA abstinence.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marie Barbier, Yvan Peterschmitt, Matthieu Béreau, Pierre-Yves Risold
{"title":"Is the medial subthalamic region in humans homologous to that in rodents? Relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders and their treatment with DBS.","authors":"Marie Barbier, Yvan Peterschmitt, Matthieu Béreau, Pierre-Yves Risold","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for patients with refractory neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The mechanisms of DBS are not well understood and may involve adjacent structures. They are also associated with many side effects. The medial subthalamic region (MSR) has been characterized in humans as an anatomical target of the hyperdirect pathway originating in limbic cortical areas. However, no clearly identified cell clusters or nuclei have been described. In contrast, the rodent MSR receives inputs from the limbic cortex, but contains well-defined nuclei, including the so-called parasubthalamic nucleus. Comparison of neurochemical and hodological data suggests that the MSR is homologous in rodents and humans. In addition, nuclei of the rodent MSR are involved in functions that are compatible with many of the side effects associated with DBS of the STN in humans. These observations underscore the need for further investigation of this region in both humans and rodents, which should prove beneficial in the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144092562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chronobiology of Mood Disorders: The Role of the biological clock in Depression and Bipolar Disorder.","authors":"Pierre A Geoffroy, Julia Maruani","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), exhibit significant heterogeneity, with disturbances in biological rhythms playing a central role. These disturbances not only contribute to the onset and progression of mood disorders but also serve as important predictors of relapse (Chronos syndrome) and treatment response. Circadian disruptions, influenced by factors such as seasonality, jet lag, shift work, and childbirth, are hallmarks of mood episodes and pivotal in transitions between mood states. Longitudinal studies reveal a bidirectional relationship between circadian dysregulation and mood disorders, suggesting that biological clock abnormalities may both signal and predispose individuals to mood episodes. Despite their significance, no single circadian biomarker has demonstrated sufficient specificity or sensitivity for diagnostic precision. This underscores the urgent need for multimodal approaches that integrate circadian markers with other physiological and behavioral dimensions. Advancing mood disorder care requires biomarkers that capture individualized biological signatures, revealing circadian dysregulation and its interactions with multiple other physiological systems to enable precise subtyping and improved interventions. This review emphasizes the potential of integrating biological rhythms into a dimensional framework, leveraging advanced digital tools and mathematical models to provide ecologically valid insights into mood disorder mechanisms. Such approaches aim to bridge the gap between clinical observations and biological underpinnings, paving the way for biologically informed classifications and personalized treatment strategies. By addressing the complexity of circadian disruptions and their interplay with other systems, this paradigm shift offers a promising path to enhancing mood disorder diagnostics and therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":8918,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144092658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}