Biofouling最新文献_第2页

Bioprospecting seaweed derived bio-oil as a marine biofouling mitigating agent. 海藻生物油作为海洋生物污染缓蚀剂的生物勘探。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2527774

Sainath Gopinathan, Srividhya Krishnan, Sowndarya Jothipandiyan, Subramaniyasharma Sivaraman, Lakkakula Satish, Ponnusami Venkatachalam, Saravanan Ramiah Shanmugam, Nithyanand Paramasivam

{"title":"Bioprospecting seaweed derived bio-oil as a marine biofouling mitigating agent.","authors":"Sainath Gopinathan, Srividhya Krishnan, Sowndarya Jothipandiyan, Subramaniyasharma Sivaraman, Lakkakula Satish, Ponnusami Venkatachalam, Saravanan Ramiah Shanmugam, Nithyanand Paramasivam","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2527774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2025.2527774","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigating marine biofouling using marine resources has become a research hotspot as it is considered an environmentally friendly approach. Hence, this study investigated the biofilm mitigating property and antifouling activity of bio-oil extracted from the pyrolysis of seaweed biomass. The bio-oil inhibited up to 73-80% of biofilm and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) formation of the predominant marine microfoulers Nitratireductor kimnyeongensis, Nitratireductor aquibiodomus and Stutzerimonas stutzeri. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the bio-oil identified that 13-Docosenamide (Z) is a prominent compound that accounts for about 27.42% of the total bio-oil composition which might be responsible for its antibiofilm property. The bio-oil was further formulated into antifouling paint equivalent to the consistency of traditional antifouling paints and coated on titanium plates. The water contact angle results showed that bio-oil and antifouling paint exhibit hydrophilic surfaces, effectively reducing bacterial attachment. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that the anti-fouling paint coated on titanium plates against mixed species of microfoulers significantly reduced biofilms. Molecular docking of 13-Docosenamide (Z) against the mussel adhesive foot protein of Perna viridis (Pvfp-5b) exhibited favorable binding scores, indicating that it may reduce the bio-adhesion of macrofoulers to the substrate.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144673891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficacy of natamycin to reduce adhesion and biofilm formation of multispecies yeast biofilms on variable flow conditions. 纳他霉素在变流量条件下减少多菌种酵母生物膜粘附和生物膜形成的效果。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2511009

María Del Rosario Agustín, Diego Bautista Genovese, Manuel Alejandro Palencia Díaz, Lorena Inés Brugnoni

引用次数: 0

Biofilm characterisation of the maize rot-causing pathogen, Fusarium verticillioides. 玉米腐烂病原菌黄萎病镰刀菌的生物膜特性研究。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2512097

Chizné Peremore, Cairin van 't Hof, Cebo-LeNkosi Nkosi, Kadima Tshiyoyo, Francinah M Ratsoma, Wisely Kola, Samkelo Malgas, Quentin Santana, Brenda Wingfield, Emma T Steenkamp, Thabiso E Motaung

引用次数: 0

Quantifying biofilm matrix components: effects of chlorhexidine and orthophthalaldehyde on Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus aureus. 定量生物膜基质成分：氯己定和邻苯二醛对假丝酵母菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的影响。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2511001

Jaqueline Stabile Gouveia, Vitor de Paula Castro, Flavia Rossi, Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio, Gil Benard, Regina Helena Pires

{"title":"Quantifying biofilm matrix components: effects of chlorhexidine and orthophthalaldehyde on Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus aureus.","authors":"Jaqueline Stabile Gouveia, Vitor de Paula Castro, Flavia Rossi, Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio, Gil Benard, Regina Helena Pires","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2511001","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2511001","url":null,"abstract":"Candida and Staphylococcus species are responsible for hospital-acquired infections, forming resilient biofilms. This study evaluated the impact of biocides on the biofilm matrix components of Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus aureus in monospecies and mixed biofilms. Proteins, carbohydrates, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were quantified using the Bradford reagent, phenol-sulfuric acid, and silica column extraction with spectrophotometric readings at 260 and 280 nm. Biofilms were treated with 0.5% chlorhexidine (CLX) and 0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) for 3 and 10 min, respectively. Results showed a significant protein increase (8.6 ± 4.94 µg/mL for C. parapsilosis and 17.25 ± 1.86 µg/mL for S. aureus) after CLX and OPA exposure, especially in isolates 935 M, 936 C, and S. aureus biofilms (p < 0.01). Carbohydrates significantly decreased (p < 0.0001), with CLX generally more effective than OPA. eDNA levels increased across all samples. These findings suggest that CLX and OPA alter biofilm matrix composition, facilitating antimicrobial efficacy.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"551-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Combined enzymes and Aleppo pine essential oil to control Cronobacter sakazakii biofilms on stainless steel and plastic surfaces. 结合酶和阿勒颇松树精油控制不锈钢和塑料表面的阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物膜。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2511002

Ahmad Mohammad Ababneh, Amin N Olaimat, Murad Al-Holy, Anas Al-Nabulsi, Narmeen Al-Awwad, Saja Hamaideh, Ziad W Jaradat, Borhan Aldeen Albiss, Tareq Osaili, Richard A Holley

{"title":"Combined enzymes and Aleppo pine essential oil to control Cronobacter sakazakii biofilms on stainless steel and plastic surfaces.","authors":"Ahmad Mohammad Ababneh, Amin N Olaimat, Murad Al-Holy, Anas Al-Nabulsi, Narmeen Al-Awwad, Saja Hamaideh, Ziad W Jaradat, Borhan Aldeen Albiss, Tareq Osaili, Richard A Holley","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2511002","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2511002","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm activity of Aleppo pine essential oil (APEO); hydrolytic enzyme mixtures or their combination in two sequential washing steps against C. sakazakii on plastic and stainless steel surfaces. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of APEO against C. sakazakii strains were 500-1,000 µg/ml, and 1,000-4,000 µg/ml, respectively. Further, APEO showed antibiofilm activity where 4 × MIC APEO at 25 °C for 30 min reduced C. sakazakii cells by 1.8 and 1.6 log CFU/coupon on plastic and stainless steel, respectively. Similarly, both enzyme mixtures reduced the C. sakazakii cells attached to both surfaces by 1.7-2.2 log CFU/coupon. However, the two-step sequential cleaning regime with enzyme mixture of 10% protease, 5% α-amylase, and 1% lipase at 50 °C for 30 min followed by 4 × MIC APEO for 30 min reduced C. sakazakii biofilm on both surfaces by 4.4-4.5 log CFU/coupon compared to the control.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"561-572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antibiofilm effect of caffeine against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in grape and apple fruit juices. 咖啡因对葡萄和苹果果汁中单核增生李斯特菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌作用。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2515923

André Ricardo Peron Dos Santos, Bruna Camila Souza Lima, Gabriel José Couto, Luana de Carvalho, Lucília Rocha Magna, Matheus Henrique Nogueira, Mariana Lima Braga, Milena Matesco Carreteiro, Márcia Cristina Furlaneto, Luciana Furlaneto Maia

{"title":"Antibiofilm effect of caffeine against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in grape and apple fruit juices.","authors":"André Ricardo Peron Dos Santos, Bruna Camila Souza Lima, Gabriel José Couto, Luana de Carvalho, Lucília Rocha Magna, Matheus Henrique Nogueira, Mariana Lima Braga, Milena Matesco Carreteiro, Márcia Cristina Furlaneto, Luciana Furlaneto Maia","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2515923","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2515923","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the antibiofilm activity of caffeine against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli within grape and apple juice matrices. Caffeine, a purine alkaloid recognized for its antimicrobial properties, was tested at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against planktonic and sessile cells. MIC values were established at 9.37 mM for E. coli and 37.5 mM for L. monocytogenes. Biofilm formation was evaluated through crystal violet staining, both when bacterial cells were exposed to caffeine during the initial stages of biofilm development (co-treatment) and after the biofilm had been established (post-treatment). The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced within the biofilms were quantitatively measured. Bacterial viability was assessed by time-kill kinetics assays and further visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Caffeine treatment significantly inhibited biofilm formation by 98.1% for E. coli and 98.7% for L. monocytogenes, and by 98.8 and 99.0%, in co-treatment and post-treatment, respectively. No consistent correlation was observed between EPS quantity and biofilm inhibition. SEM analysis confirmed caffeine-induced structural disruption of the biofilm matrix and damage to bacterial cell integrity. This investigation introduces a novel application of caffeine as an anti-biofilm agent in unpreserved fruit juice systems and demonstrates, for the first time, its efficacy against foodborne pathogens.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"606-618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144301047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of biofilm-associated genes and biofilm formation in Non-aureus Staphylococcus (NAS) isolated from cow's milk. 从牛奶中分离的非金黄色葡萄球菌（NAS）生物膜相关基因及生物膜形成的研究。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2516792

Bruna Lourenço Crippa, Pilar Lopes Mota Valente, Esther Leandra Palmeira Barros, Maria Eugênia Betim, Jaqueline Milagres de Almeida, Mirian Yuliza Rubio Cieza, Erik da Silva Pereira, Daniel Lucino Silva Dos Santos, Nathalia Cristina Cirone Silva

{"title":"Investigation of biofilm-associated genes and biofilm formation in Non-aureus Staphylococcus (NAS) isolated from cow's milk.","authors":"Bruna Lourenço Crippa, Pilar Lopes Mota Valente, Esther Leandra Palmeira Barros, Maria Eugênia Betim, Jaqueline Milagres de Almeida, Mirian Yuliza Rubio Cieza, Erik da Silva Pereira, Daniel Lucino Silva Dos Santos, Nathalia Cristina Cirone Silva","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2516792","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2516792","url":null,"abstract":"The isolation of non-aureus Staphylococcus (NAS) from the milk of both healthy cows and cows with mastitis has been frequently reported. However, there are few in-depth studies regarding their virulence profile and the ability of these microorganisms to form biofilms. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the biofilm formation capacity of NAS isolates from Brazilian milk. In this work, 309 NAS isolates were subjected to the Congo Red Agar (CRA) phenotypic test. Next, genotypic characterization was carried out by screening the bap, icaA, icaD, and MSCRAMMs genes: bbp, cna, ebps, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, clfA and clfB. Finally, ten isolates that presented the highest frequency of the genes analysed were selected to evaluate their ability to form biofilm on stainless-steel discs. t The number of cells (log10 CFU/cm2) in the biofilms was assessed at three time periods (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) at a temperature of 25 °C. 35 NAS (11.32%) produced biofilms in the CRA test. Genotypic analysis showed the eno (38.5%) and bap (27.5%) genes were the most prevalent. In the analysis of biofilm formation on stainless steel, the factor 'growth time' had no significant effect on cell numbers. All selected isolates formed biofilm on stainless steel, and cell numbers were estimated to be in the 5.94 to 9.10 log10 CFU/m2 range. These results provide evidence that NAS isolated from milk may represent a risk to human and animal health since they carry several virulence genes and demonstrate the ability to form biofilms.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"619-633"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144301057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aggregation and biofilm formation of mono- and co-culture Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus are affected by nutrients in growth media. 单一和共培养念珠菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的聚集和生物膜形成受到生长介质中营养物质的影响。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2518281

Wan NurHazirah Wan Ahmad Kamil, Mukarramah Zainal, Munirah Mokhtar, H M H N Bandara, Stuart G Dashper, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi

{"title":"Aggregation and biofilm formation of mono- and co-culture Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus are affected by nutrients in growth media.","authors":"Wan NurHazirah Wan Ahmad Kamil, Mukarramah Zainal, Munirah Mokhtar, H M H N Bandara, Stuart G Dashper, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2518281","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2518281","url":null,"abstract":"Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus coexist in nosocomial infections. These interkingdom interactions are associated with oral biofilm formation, leading to various oral diseases. This study elucidated the interkingdom interactions of these microorganisms, particularly their aggregation and biofilm formation, in three different media. Candida auris, Candida albicans, Candida lusitaniae, Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata and S. aureus were used in this study. Aggregation assays were conducted to determine planktonic interaction, and biofilm assays were performed to investigate intra- and interkingdom interactions in a static biofilm environment. Most Candida spp. exhibited a high auto-aggregation percentage in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with yeast extract (BHIYE). In addition, co-culture biofilm with S. aureus significantly reduced the total cell counts of Candida spp. compared to mono-culture (p < 0.05). In conclusion, co-aggregation, biofilm biomass and total cell count were species- and growth medium-dependent, and S. aureus interacted antagonistically with Candida spp.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"634-648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cyanobacteria fouling in photobioreactors: current status and future perspectives for prevention. 光生物反应器中蓝藻污染：现状及未来预防展望。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2499107

Suvarna N L Talluri, Daniel Rittschof, Robb M Winter, David R Salem

{"title":"Cyanobacteria fouling in photobioreactors: current status and future perspectives for prevention.","authors":"Suvarna N L Talluri, Daniel Rittschof, Robb M Winter, David R Salem","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2499107","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2499107","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacteria biomass sources have the potential to contribute to the replacement of fossil fuels and to the reduction in global warming by sustainable conversion of atmospheric CO2 into biofuels and high-value chemicals. Cyanobacteria cultivation in photobioreactors (PBRs) results in biofouling on their transparent inner walls, which reduces photosynthetic efficiency and productivity. While cyanobacteria biofouling in PBRs is recognized as a significant operating challenge, this review draws attention to the lack of studies on antifouling strategies for PBRs involving cyanobacteria and discusses several areas related to cyanobacteria fouling mechanisms on PBR materials, which require further investigation. These include an in-depth analysis of conditioning films, the role of pili and EPS in gliding and adhesion, potential revisions to existing theoretical models for predicting adhesion, and material properties that affect cyanobacteria adhesion. We use knowledge from marine, medical, and industrial biofouling management to help identify strategies to combat cyanobacteria fouling in PBRs, and we review the applicability of various bioinspired physical and chemical strategies, as well as genetic engineering approaches to prevent cyanobacteria biofilm formation in PBRs.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"443-469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143961551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-drug-resistant bacteria on household textiles: characteristics, transmission and low-temperature washing. 家用纺织品上的多重耐药细菌：特性、传播和低温洗涤。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2025.2497295

Nina Čuk, Manca Lunder, Brigita Tomšič, Rok Fink

{"title":"Multi-drug-resistant bacteria on household textiles: characteristics, transmission and low-temperature washing.","authors":"Nina Čuk, Manca Lunder, Brigita Tomšič, Rok Fink","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2497295","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2025.2497295","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to analyse how the properties of reference-resistant bacterial strains and textiles affect the transmission of bacteria, the antibacterial potential of detergents and disinfectants and how this can be implemented in low-temperature washing. Bacterial cells were characterised by a hydrophobicity test, and textiles were characterised by roughness and surface energy. Transmission and suspension tests were then carried out, followed by an evaluation of the wash. The results show that cotton has the highest roughness, polyester is the most hydrophobic and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is the most hydrophobic bacterium. It was observed that resistant bacteria can be transmitted to a considerable extent via household textiles. The suspension test showed that the 0.5% European Colourfastness Establishment (ECE) reference detergent did not achieve a sufficient reduction (>5 log colony forming units - CFU) for any of the strains tested, whereas the addition of 3% hydrogen peroxide or 4% quaternary ammonium silicone compound did so for all of them. Washing at 60 °C reduced the textile contamination sufficiently (>4 log CFU) for all strains tested, while the criteria for cross-contamination and wash water were not met (<1.1 CFU/mL). However, the addition of disinfectants to the detergent at 30 °C met all hygiene requirements with the complete elimination of all tested bacteria on all textiles. Washing home textiles contaminated with resistant bacteria at low temperatures was only possible if a disinfectant was added. Otherwise, textiles can be an important vehicle for the transmission of resistant bacteria in domestic facilities.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"470-484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0