Biochemistry Research International最新文献

{"title":"Extraction, Profiling, and Characterization of Phytosterols and Triterpenoids from Pili (<i>Canarium ovatum</i> Engl.) Pulp Oil Exhibiting Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties.","authors":"Nico G Dumandan, Annie Cita T Kagaoan, Ranelle D P Acda, Caren R Tumambing, Laura J Pham","doi":"10.1155/2022/6604984","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/6604984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pili (<i>Canarium ovatum</i> Engl.), an indigenous tree found in the Philippines, is highly regarded for its fruit due to its high economic value. During processing, the pulp is often discarded as waste but contains considerable amounts of oil and bioactive minor lipid components. The present study explored the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of saponified diethyl ether extract of pili pulp oil and related this activity to the nature of compounds present in the extract through GCMS. The extract indicated the elution of 18 major compounds which are mostly cyclic triterpenic (<i>α</i>-and <i>β</i>-amyrin, lupenone, and <i>β</i>-amyrone) and phytosterol (<i>β</i>-sitosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol) class of compounds. Characterization of the bioactivity of the extract showed high antioxidant activities measured by DPPH radical scavenging (EC₅₀: 74.45 ± 1.29 <i>μ</i>g/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibition (EC₅₀: 3.02 ± 0.06 <i>μ</i>g/mL) activities that were comparable with that of <i>α</i>-tocopherol. Moreover, an observed bactericidal activity was demonstrated by the extract against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. typhi</i> with MIC values of 40 and 35 <i>μ</i>g/mL, respectively. The observed bioactivity of the pili pulp oil extract can be attributed to these compounds which may provide desirable health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":"2022 ","pages":"6604984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9810395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10489067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Combined Study on Optimization, <i>In Silico</i> Modeling, and Genetic Modification of Large Scale Microbial Cellulase Production.","authors":"Md Raisul Islam Rabby, Zabed Bin Ahmed, Gobindo Kumar Paul, Nafisa Nusrat Chowdhury, Fatema Akter, Mamudul Hasan Razu, Pranab Karmaker, Mala Khan","doi":"10.1155/2022/4598937","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/4598937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellulase is a biocatalyst that hydrolyzes cellulosic biomass and is considered a major group of industrial enzymes for its applications. Extensive work has been done on microbial cellulase but fungi are considered a novel strain for their maximum cellulase production. Production cost and novel microbial strains are major challenges for its improvement where cheap agro wastes can be essential sources of cellulose as substrates. The researcher searches for more cellulolytic microbes from natural sources but the production level of isolated strains is comparatively low. So genetic modification or mutation can be employed for large-scale cellulase production before optimization. After genetic modification than <i>in silico</i> molecular modeling can be evaluated for substrate molecule's binding affinity. In this review, we focus not only on the conventional methods of cellulase production but also on modern biotechnological approaches applied to cellulase production by a sequential study on common cellulase-producing microbes, modified microbes, culture media, carbon sources, substrate pretreatment process, and the importance of optimum pH and temperature on fermentation. In this review, we also compare different cellulase activity determination methods. As a result, this review provides insights into the interrelationship between the characteristics of optimizing different culture conditions, genetic modification, and <i>in silico</i> enzyme modeling for the production of cellulase enzymes, which may aid in the advancement of large-scale integrated enzyme manufacturing of substrate-specific enzymes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":"2022 ","pages":"4598937"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9797302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10816925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Aqueous Extract of Persea americana Seeds for Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors","authors":"T. A. Lawal","doi":"10.1155/2022/3492203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3492203","url":null,"abstract":"Activity of α-glucosidase enzyme in the gastrointestinal tract has been implicated in postprandial hyperglycaemia. If not properly controlled, postprandial hyperglycaemia might progress to diabetes mellitus, a metabolic syndrome. Diabetes is associated with many complications such as retinopathy, heart attack, nephropathy, neuropathy, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Antidiabetic medications presently in use have little effect on postprandial glycaemic excursion and hence do not bring down the blood glucose level to baseline. This study extracted, fractionated, and screened the aqueous extract of Persea americana seeds for hypoglycaemic potential. Inhibitory effects of the fractions and subfractions of the extract on α-glucosidase activity were investigated. The most active subfraction was subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis to elucidate the active components. The active subfraction showed a significant inhibition (p < 0.05) on α-glucosidase. The subfraction competitively inhibits α-glucosidase (with IC50 = 09.48 ± 0.58 μg/mL), though less potent than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 06.45 ± 0.47 μg/mL). FTIR analysis of the subfraction showed the presence of carbonyl group, hydroxy group, carboxyl group, double bonds, methylene, and methyl groups. GC-MS analysis suggests the presence of cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid, catechin, and chlorogenic acid as the active components. In conclusion, the components obtained from this study can be synthesised in the laboratory to further confirm their hypoglycaemic activity. The most active subfraction can be explored further to confirm its inhibitory activity against the enzyme and to determine its extent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in vivo.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48390258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-21 Regulates Immune Balance Mediated by Th17/Treg in Peripheral Blood of Septic Rats during the Early Phase through Apoptosis Pathway","authors":"Cheng Liu, Qi Zou","doi":"10.1155/2022/9948229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9948229","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To study the mechanism by which miR-21 regulates the differentiation and function of Th17/Treg cells in sepsis. Methods A rat model with sepsis was made by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Then, some of the septic rats were transfected with miR-21 mimic or inhibitor by liposome. At 48 hours, lymphocytes and plasma from septic rats were isolated for further experimental detection. The expression of miR-21 in lymphocytes was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); the differentiation of Th17/Treg cells was counted by flow cytometry; lymphocyte apoptosis was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The caspase-3/9 proteins were tested by Western blot; IL-10 and IL-17 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with the sepsis group (SP group), the Th17 cells increased significantly, the Treg cells decreased significantly, the apoptosis rate of lymphocytes decreased significantly, the mRNA and proteins of caspase-3/9 decreased significantly, the IL-17 decreased, and the IL-10 increased in the sepsis group transfected with miR-21 (SP + miR-21 mimic group). After transfection of miR-21 inhibitor, the results were almost opposite to those of SP + miR-21 mimic group. Conclusions The differentiation and function of Th17/Treg cells were regulated by miR-21 in sepsis through caspase pathway.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48082854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updates on Prevalence and Trend Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis at Two Health Facilities in Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study","authors":"Mulat Yimer, E. Nibret, Gizachew Yismaw","doi":"10.1155/2022/3603892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3603892","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is one of the countries accounted for over 90% of annual visceral leishmaniasis incidence. Despite this, yet there are no active and passive surveillance activities in the Amhara Region that will give up-to-date information about the disease status at the health facility levels. Therefore, this study aimed to report up-to-date information about visceral leishmaniasis and its trend status at two health facilities and the surrounding areas. A retrospective study from October 2017 to May 2021 was conducted by reviewing patient records at Metema and Addis Zemen Hospitals. Data on Sex, age, occupation, residence, month, year, and rK39 test results were collected using a questionnaire and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The chi-square test was used to see the association between variables. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Of the 2,703 visceral leishmaniasis suspected cases diagnosed with the rK39 test, 877 (32.4%) were confirmed (positive) cases. Monthly and yearly trends depicted that the largest number of suspected cases was reported in October and 2018, respectively. Daily laborers were the most affected individuals in Metema areas.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46218343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, ESI-MS Scan, Phytochemical Screening, and Antiplasmodial Activity of <i>Afzelia africana</i>.","authors":"Bright Yaw Vigbedor, Jonathan Osei-Owusu, Ralph Kwakye, David Neglo","doi":"10.1155/2022/6895560","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/6895560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Afzelia africana</i> is a plant species with reported numerous medicinal potentials and secondary metabolites. Various parts of the plant have been applied for the treatment of hernia, rheumatism, pain, lumbago, malaria, etc. The study seeks to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antiplasmodial, and ESI-MS scan of bioassay-guided fractions from the methanol extract of the bark of the plant.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The main aim of the study was to carry out bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of <i>Afzelia africana</i> in order to isolate fractions and to evaluate their antiplasmodial activities and ESI-MS fingerprints.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The methods employed include column chromatographic fractionation, phytochemical screening, antiplasmodial activity (malaria SYBER green assay (MSF)), and ESI-MS profile (full ESI-MS scan).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The column chromatographic fractionation and phytochemical screening of the plant led to the separation of the following four fractions: <b>1</b> (flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), <b>2</b> (alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), <b>3</b> (anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), and <b>4</b> (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids). The antiplasmodial activities of the fractions were tested against the 3D7 strain of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> with reported stronger activities for <b>1</b> (IC₅₀: 0.097 ± 0.034 <i>μ</i>g/mL) and <b>3</b> (IC₅₀: 1.43 ± 0.072 <i>μ</i>g/mL), and weaker activities for <b>2</b> (IC₅₀: >100 <i>μ</i>g/mL) and <b>4</b> (IC₅₀: 37.09 ± 6.14 <i>μ</i>g/mL). The full ESI-MS fingerprint of fractions <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>4</b> revealed the presence of 14, 24, 34, and 37 major molecular ions or compounds in each fraction, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":"2022 1","pages":"6895560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9020990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44794616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annotating Spike Protein Polymorphic Amino Acids of Variants of SARS-CoV-2, Including Omicron","authors":"G. N. Mahardika, Nyoman B Mahendra, B. K. Mahardika, I. Suardana, M. Pharmawati","doi":"10.1155/2022/2164749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2164749","url":null,"abstract":"The prolonged global spread and community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the emergence of variants and brought questions regarding disease severity and vaccine effectiveness. We conducted simple bioinformatics on the spike gene of a representative of each variant. The data show that a number of polymorphic amino acids are located mostly on the amino-terminal side of the S1/S2 cleavage site. The Omicron variant diverges from the others, with the highest number of amino acid substitutions, including the receptor-binding site (RBS), epitopes, S1/S2 cleavage site, fusion peptide, and heptad repeat 1. The current sharp global increase in the frequency of the Omicron genome constitutes evidence of its high community transmissibility. In conclusion, the proposed guideline could give an immediate insight of the probable biological nature of any variant of SARS-Cov-2. As the Omicron diverged the farthest from the original pandemic strain, Wuhan-Hu-1, we expect different epidemiological and clinical patterns of Omicron cases. On vaccine efficacy, slight changes in some epitopes while others are conserved should not lead to a significant reduction in the effectiveness of an approved vaccine.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46662561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retracted: Exploring Drug Targets in Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathway for Plasmodium falciparum","authors":"Biochemistry Research International","doi":"10.1155/2022/8426183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8426183","url":null,"abstract":"[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/657189.].","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45341128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diets Rich in Olive Oil, Palm Oil, or Lard Alter Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Mitochondrial Membrane Composition in Rat Liver","authors":"Y. F. Djohan, M. Camara-Cissé, G. Fouret, B. Bonafos, B. Jover, J. Cristol, C. Coudray, C. Feillet-Coudray, É. Badia","doi":"10.1155/2022/9394356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9394356","url":null,"abstract":"Palm oil (crude or refined) and lard are rich in SFA, while olive oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. SFA are considered harmful to health, while polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial to health. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diets rich in crude PO, refined PO, OO, or lard on the mitochondrial membrane, the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and mitochondrial biogenesis. This was an experimental study in male Wistar rats fed a diet containing 30% of each oil. Rats had free access to food and water. After being fed for 12 weeks, animals were sacrificed and liver mitochondria were collected. This collection was used to determine membrane potential and ROS production, membrane phospholipid and fatty acid composition, citrate synthase activity and respiratory chain complex, cardiolipin synthase protein expression, and expression of selected genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. We found that diets rich in olive oil, palm oil, or lard altered mitochondrial biogenesis by significantly decreasing Pgc1α gene expression and altered the fatty acid composition of rat liver mitochondrial membrane PL.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48828082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Vitro</i> Experimental Assessment of Ethanolic Extract of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Leaves as an <i>α</i>-Amylase and <i>α</i>-Lipase Inhibitor.","authors":"Adebanke Ogundipe,&nbsp;Babatunde Adetuyi,&nbsp;Franklyn Iheagwam,&nbsp;Keleko Adefoyeke,&nbsp;Joseph Olugbuyiro,&nbsp;Oluseyi Ogunlana,&nbsp;Olubanke Ogunlana","doi":"10.1155/2022/4613109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4613109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, <i>α</i>-amylase, and <i>α</i>-lipase inhibitory assessment were carried out on <i>Moringa oleifera</i> extract.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid contents of values 0.070 ± 0.005 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 0.180 ± 0.020 mg rutin equivalent/g, 0.042 ± 0.001 mg tannic equivalent/g, and 12.17 ± 0.001%, respectively, while the total protein analysis was 0.475 ± 0.001 mg bovine serum albumin equivalent/g. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were 0.534 ± 0.001 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 0.022 ± 0.00008 mg rutin equivalent/g, respectively. Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and nitric oxide (NO) assays showed the extract to have a strong free radical scavenging activity. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of the lipase and amylase activities of the extract are 1.0877 mg/mL and 0.1802 mg/mL, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>However, <i>α</i>-lipase and <i>α</i>-amylase inhibiting activity of <i>M. oleifera</i> could be related to the phytochemicals in the extract. This research validates the ethnobotanical use of <i>M. oleifera</i> leaves as an effective plant-based therapeutic agent for diabetes and obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":"2022 ","pages":"4613109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9815922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10506897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}