Biochemistry Research International最新文献

{"title":"Essential Guide to Manuscript Writing for Academic Dummies: An Editor's Perspective.","authors":"Syed Sameer Aga,&nbsp;Saniya Nissar","doi":"10.1155/2022/1492058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1492058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Writing an effective manuscript is one of the pivotal steps in the successful closure of the research project, and getting it published in a peer-reviewed and indexed journal adds to the academic profile of a researcher. Writing and publishing a scientific paper is a tough task that researchers and academicians must endure in staying relevant in the field. Success in translating the benchworks into the scientific content, which is effectively communicated within the scientific field, is used in evaluating the researcher in the current academic world. Writing is a highly time-consuming and skill-oriented process that requires familiarity with the numerous publishing steps, formatting rules, and ethical guidelines currently in vogue in the publishing industry. In this review, we have attempted to include the essential information that novice authors in their early careers need to possess, to be able to write a decent first scientific manuscript ready for submission in the journal of choice. This review is unique in providing essential guidance in a simple point-wise manner in conjunction with easy-to-understand illustrations to familiarize novice researchers with the anatomy of a basic scientific manuscript.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":"1492058"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9458406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33460943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Highly Saturated versus Unsaturated Fat Intake on Carbohydrate Metabolism and Vascular Reactivity in Rat.","authors":"Youzan Ferdinand Djohan,&nbsp;Fabrice Raynaud,&nbsp;Karen Lambert,&nbsp;Jean-Paul Cristol,&nbsp;Charles Coudray,&nbsp;Christine Feillet-Coudray,&nbsp;Anne Virsolvy,&nbsp;Eric Badia","doi":"10.1155/2022/8753356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8753356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Palm olein (PO) and lard are considered harmful to health because of their highly saturated fatty acid content. On the contrary, olive oil (OO) with its high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids is considered healthier. This study aims to evaluate the effects of high consumption of these oils on carbohydrate metabolism and vascular function. Male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks with different high fat diets (HFD) containing 30% of each oil. Systemic glycemia, insulinemia, and lipidemia were assessed by routine methods or by ELISA. GLUT4 muscular expression and hepatic and muscular Akt phosphorylation were analyzed by western blot. Vascular function was evaluated, ex vivo, on aortic rings and on the variations of isometric tensions. The results show that fasting blood glucose was increased with PO and OO diets and decreased with lard. Compared to control diet, this increase was significant only with PO diet. The area under the curve of IPGTT was increased in all HFD groups. Compared to control diet, this increase was significant only with PO. In contrast, stimulation of the pathway with insulin showed a significant decrease in Akt phosphorylation in all HFD compared to control diet. KCl and phenylephrine induced strong, dose-dependent vasoconstriction of rat aortas in all groups, but KCl EC₅₀ values were increased with lard and OO diets. The inhibitory effect of tempol was absent in PO and lard and attenuated in OO. Vascular insulin sensitivity was decreased in all HFD groups. This decreased sensitivity of insulin was more important with PO and lard when compared to OO diet. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly show that high consumption of palm olein, olive oil, and lard can compromise glucose tolerance and thus insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, palm olein and lard have a more deleterious effect than olive oil on the contractile function of the aorta. Excessive consumption of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids is harmful to health, regardless of their vegetable or animal origin.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":"8753356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9417764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33442652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Composition and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Stem Bark Essential Oil and Extracts of <i>Solanecio gigas</i>.","authors":"Mequanint Molla Yitayeh,&nbsp;Amanu Monie Wassihun","doi":"10.1155/2022/4900917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4900917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herbal medication developed from natural resources has to have antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The aim of this research is to look at the chemical makeup of <i>Solanecio gigas</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>gigas</i>) stem bark essential oil (EO), as well as the effectiveness of EO and extracts (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) against human pathogenic bacteria and their antioxidant activity. The GC-MS analysis identified 23 components, accounting for 98.7% of the total oil containing Methylene chloride (49.2%), sabinene (10.5%), 1-nonene (11.3%), Terpinen-4-ol (6.9%), Camphene (4.3%), <i>γ</i>-terpinene (3.6%), <i>α</i>-phellandrene (2.9%) <i>β</i>-myrcene (2.6%), 1,2,5-Oxadiazol-3-carboxamide, 4,4'-azobis-2,2'-dioxide (2.4%), <i>α</i>-terpinene (1.9%), 1-Octanamine, N-methyl- (1.9%), <i>ρ</i>-cymene (1.6%) as major components. The antibacterial efficacy of the EO and extracts (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml) was demonstrated by the inhibitory zones (8.5 ± 0.47-23.3 ± 0.36 and 7.2 ± 0.25-22.0 ± 0.45 mm), respectively. The MIC values of the extracts and the EO were 120-150 and 240 to <1100 <i>μ</i>g/ml, respectively. The EO also demonstrated a significant antibacterial impact. The EO and methanolic extract had free radical scavenging activities with IC₅₀ value, 13.8 ± 0.48 and 4.2 ± 0.04 <i>μ</i>g/ml, respectively. In comparison to the other extracts, the methanolic extract had the greatest phenolics (100.2 ± 0.13 <i>μ</i>g GAE/mg of dry extract) and flavonoid contents (112.1 ± 0.18 <i>μ</i>g CE/mg of dry extract).</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":"4900917"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9288319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40522075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Supplementing Mushroom Growing Substrates on the Bioactive Compounds, Antimicrobial Activity, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>.","authors":"Senzosenkosi Surprise Mkhize,&nbsp;Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric Simelane,&nbsp;Ishmael Nkoana Mongalo,&nbsp;Ofentse Jacob Pooe","doi":"10.1155/2022/9436614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9436614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> mushroom contains important bioactive compounds and has several biological activities; however, mushroom growing substrates have major influence on chemical and functional characteristics of the mushroom. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the influence of supplementing mushroom growing substrates with wheat bran (WB) towards yield/productivity, bioactive compounds, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of <i>P</i>. <i>ostreatus</i>. The mushroom was cultivated on sugarcane substrates supplemented with increasing levels of WB (0%-20%). The mushroom extracts were screened for bioactive compounds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity was carried out using microplate assay, while antioxidant potential was investigated using reducing power assay. The addition of supplements on mushroom growing substrates had an influence on mushroom yield; hence, higher supplementation (18% and 20%) produced higher yield. The GC-MS revealed several bioactive compounds with known activity, such as vitamin E, phenol, fatty acids, and terpenoids. Concentration-dependent antioxidant activity was observed; hence, extracts at higher concentrations gave significantly higher reducing power. The <i>P. ostreatus</i> extract had antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms, with <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> showing high susceptibility to most of the extracts. However, mushrooms grown on bagasse substrates supplemented with 14% (0.02 mg/ml) and 20% WB (0.08 mg/ml) proved to have better antimicrobial activity on <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The difference in susceptibility demonstrates that substrates type and composition could have an influence on bioactive compounds found within mushrooms, also influencing medicinal properties of edible mushroom. Thus, supplementing mushroom growing substrates not only improve yield, but also can contribute to bioactive compounds with medicinal potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":"9436614"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9252646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40576829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Aqueous Extract of Persea americana Seeds for Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors","authors":"T. A. Lawal","doi":"10.1155/2022/3492203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3492203","url":null,"abstract":"Activity of α-glucosidase enzyme in the gastrointestinal tract has been implicated in postprandial hyperglycaemia. If not properly controlled, postprandial hyperglycaemia might progress to diabetes mellitus, a metabolic syndrome. Diabetes is associated with many complications such as retinopathy, heart attack, nephropathy, neuropathy, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Antidiabetic medications presently in use have little effect on postprandial glycaemic excursion and hence do not bring down the blood glucose level to baseline. This study extracted, fractionated, and screened the aqueous extract of Persea americana seeds for hypoglycaemic potential. Inhibitory effects of the fractions and subfractions of the extract on α-glucosidase activity were investigated. The most active subfraction was subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis to elucidate the active components. The active subfraction showed a significant inhibition (p < 0.05) on α-glucosidase. The subfraction competitively inhibits α-glucosidase (with IC50 = 09.48 ± 0.58 μg/mL), though less potent than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 06.45 ± 0.47 μg/mL). FTIR analysis of the subfraction showed the presence of carbonyl group, hydroxy group, carboxyl group, double bonds, methylene, and methyl groups. GC-MS analysis suggests the presence of cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid, catechin, and chlorogenic acid as the active components. In conclusion, the components obtained from this study can be synthesised in the laboratory to further confirm their hypoglycaemic activity. The most active subfraction can be explored further to confirm its inhibitory activity against the enzyme and to determine its extent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in vivo.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48390258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-21 Regulates Immune Balance Mediated by Th17/Treg in Peripheral Blood of Septic Rats during the Early Phase through Apoptosis Pathway","authors":"Cheng Liu, Qi Zou","doi":"10.1155/2022/9948229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9948229","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To study the mechanism by which miR-21 regulates the differentiation and function of Th17/Treg cells in sepsis. Methods A rat model with sepsis was made by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Then, some of the septic rats were transfected with miR-21 mimic or inhibitor by liposome. At 48 hours, lymphocytes and plasma from septic rats were isolated for further experimental detection. The expression of miR-21 in lymphocytes was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); the differentiation of Th17/Treg cells was counted by flow cytometry; lymphocyte apoptosis was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The caspase-3/9 proteins were tested by Western blot; IL-10 and IL-17 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with the sepsis group (SP group), the Th17 cells increased significantly, the Treg cells decreased significantly, the apoptosis rate of lymphocytes decreased significantly, the mRNA and proteins of caspase-3/9 decreased significantly, the IL-17 decreased, and the IL-10 increased in the sepsis group transfected with miR-21 (SP + miR-21 mimic group). After transfection of miR-21 inhibitor, the results were almost opposite to those of SP + miR-21 mimic group. Conclusions The differentiation and function of Th17/Treg cells were regulated by miR-21 in sepsis through caspase pathway.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48082854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updates on Prevalence and Trend Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis at Two Health Facilities in Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study","authors":"Mulat Yimer, E. Nibret, Gizachew Yismaw","doi":"10.1155/2022/3603892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3603892","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is one of the countries accounted for over 90% of annual visceral leishmaniasis incidence. Despite this, yet there are no active and passive surveillance activities in the Amhara Region that will give up-to-date information about the disease status at the health facility levels. Therefore, this study aimed to report up-to-date information about visceral leishmaniasis and its trend status at two health facilities and the surrounding areas. A retrospective study from October 2017 to May 2021 was conducted by reviewing patient records at Metema and Addis Zemen Hospitals. Data on Sex, age, occupation, residence, month, year, and rK39 test results were collected using a questionnaire and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The chi-square test was used to see the association between variables. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Of the 2,703 visceral leishmaniasis suspected cases diagnosed with the rK39 test, 877 (32.4%) were confirmed (positive) cases. Monthly and yearly trends depicted that the largest number of suspected cases was reported in October and 2018, respectively. Daily laborers were the most affected individuals in Metema areas.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46218343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, ESI-MS Scan, Phytochemical Screening, and Antiplasmodial Activity of <i>Afzelia africana</i>.","authors":"Bright Yaw Vigbedor, Jonathan Osei-Owusu, Ralph Kwakye, David Neglo","doi":"10.1155/2022/6895560","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/6895560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Afzelia africana</i> is a plant species with reported numerous medicinal potentials and secondary metabolites. Various parts of the plant have been applied for the treatment of hernia, rheumatism, pain, lumbago, malaria, etc. The study seeks to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antiplasmodial, and ESI-MS scan of bioassay-guided fractions from the methanol extract of the bark of the plant.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The main aim of the study was to carry out bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of <i>Afzelia africana</i> in order to isolate fractions and to evaluate their antiplasmodial activities and ESI-MS fingerprints.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The methods employed include column chromatographic fractionation, phytochemical screening, antiplasmodial activity (malaria SYBER green assay (MSF)), and ESI-MS profile (full ESI-MS scan).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The column chromatographic fractionation and phytochemical screening of the plant led to the separation of the following four fractions: <b>1</b> (flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), <b>2</b> (alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), <b>3</b> (anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), and <b>4</b> (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids). The antiplasmodial activities of the fractions were tested against the 3D7 strain of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> with reported stronger activities for <b>1</b> (IC₅₀: 0.097 ± 0.034 <i>μ</i>g/mL) and <b>3</b> (IC₅₀: 1.43 ± 0.072 <i>μ</i>g/mL), and weaker activities for <b>2</b> (IC₅₀: >100 <i>μ</i>g/mL) and <b>4</b> (IC₅₀: 37.09 ± 6.14 <i>μ</i>g/mL). The full ESI-MS fingerprint of fractions <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>4</b> revealed the presence of 14, 24, 34, and 37 major molecular ions or compounds in each fraction, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":"2022 1","pages":"6895560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9020990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44794616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annotating Spike Protein Polymorphic Amino Acids of Variants of SARS-CoV-2, Including Omicron","authors":"G. N. Mahardika, Nyoman B Mahendra, B. K. Mahardika, I. Suardana, M. Pharmawati","doi":"10.1155/2022/2164749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2164749","url":null,"abstract":"The prolonged global spread and community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the emergence of variants and brought questions regarding disease severity and vaccine effectiveness. We conducted simple bioinformatics on the spike gene of a representative of each variant. The data show that a number of polymorphic amino acids are located mostly on the amino-terminal side of the S1/S2 cleavage site. The Omicron variant diverges from the others, with the highest number of amino acid substitutions, including the receptor-binding site (RBS), epitopes, S1/S2 cleavage site, fusion peptide, and heptad repeat 1. The current sharp global increase in the frequency of the Omicron genome constitutes evidence of its high community transmissibility. In conclusion, the proposed guideline could give an immediate insight of the probable biological nature of any variant of SARS-Cov-2. As the Omicron diverged the farthest from the original pandemic strain, Wuhan-Hu-1, we expect different epidemiological and clinical patterns of Omicron cases. On vaccine efficacy, slight changes in some epitopes while others are conserved should not lead to a significant reduction in the effectiveness of an approved vaccine.","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46662561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retracted: Exploring Drug Targets in Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathway for Plasmodium falciparum","authors":"Biochemistry Research International","doi":"10.1155/2022/8426183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8426183","url":null,"abstract":"[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/657189.].","PeriodicalId":8826,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry Research International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45341128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}