Behavioural Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"Elucidating the neuroprotective potential of arbutin in 3-NPA induced HD-like pathology: Insights from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models","authors":"Pooja Temgire ,&nbsp;Richmond Arthur ,&nbsp;Shubham Upadhayay ,&nbsp;Sahil Arora ,&nbsp;Gargi Kapatia ,&nbsp;Raj Kumar ,&nbsp;Uma shanker Navik ,&nbsp;Puneet Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited, hyperkinetic condition manifested by a triad of motor abnormalities, progressive cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disturbances. Oxidative stress has been implicated among other cellular processes in the pathogenesis of HD. Arbutin, a hydroquinone antioxidant, is reportedly neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this research aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of arbutin against HD using <em>in silico, in vitro, and in vivo</em> experimental approaches. Schrodinger software was used for the <em>in-silico</em> studies, while SH-SY5Y cells were used for <em>in-vitro</em> studies. In the <em>in vivo</em> studies, adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups and 3-nitro propionic acid (3-NPA) (10 mg/kg/day,<em>i.p)</em> alone, and with arbutin (50 and 100 mg/kg/day,<em>i.p.</em>) was administered for 21 days. The body weight and behavioral parameters, including locomotor activity and motor coordination, were assessed on the 1st, 7th, 14th &amp; 21st days. On the 22nd day, animals were sacrificed; the striatum was harvested for biochemical, neurochemical, and histopathological assessment. <em>In silico,</em> results indicated that arbutin showed a good binding affinity for target proteins like Akt and Nrf2. Further, arbutin prevented cell death and oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells induced by 3-NPA. In addition, arbutin ameliorated the 3-NPA induced motor impairments, purine nucleoside imbalances (adenosine levels and its metabolites hypoxanthine, xanthine, adenine), oxidative stress, and histological alterations in the experimental animals. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that arbutin could be used as an adjuvant for the management of Huntington’s disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143390036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience in good outcome patients with fatigue after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","authors":"Hajar Ghafaji ,&nbsp;Tonje Haug Nordenmark ,&nbsp;Elin Western ,&nbsp;Wilhelm Sorteberg ,&nbsp;Tanja Karic ,&nbsp;Angelika Sorteberg","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resilience is a psychological process that encompasses various facets of personality traits, behaviour, as well as coping, and it enhances the adjustment to adversities faced. Although a lot of interest has been devoted to the protective effects of resilience in handling affective disorders, little is known about the relationship between resilience and chronic fatigue, which is a common and potentially disabling sequel in survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Ninety-six good outcome patients with chronic post-aSAH fatigue answered the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) which assesses 6 distinct aspects of resilience. They also answered the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Brief COPE. The RSA scores were related to fatigue, emotional burden and coping. The prevailing resilience factor was “Social Resources”. Patients with the highest scores for fatigue and emotional symptoms scored significantly lower for the factors “Perception of Self”, “Perception of Future” and “Family Cohesion”. Patients with clinically significant depression scored low across most RSA factors, with the weakest factors being “Perception of Self” and “Perception of Future”. Resilience factors were positively associated with adaptive problem focused coping strategies, and in particular with the emotional coping strategy “Acceptance”, whereas they correlated negatively with maladaptive avoidant coping. strategies. There is a close interaction between high resilience, adaptive coping strategies and lower burden of chronic fatigue and emotional symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143381599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression in chronic kidney disease: Particularities, specific mechanisms and therapeutic considerations, a narrative review","authors":"Antoine Lefrère ,&nbsp;Stéphane Burtey ,&nbsp;Stanislas Bobot ,&nbsp;Raoul Belzeaux ,&nbsp;Mickaël Bobot","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Depression is highly prevalent during chronic kidney disease (CKD) with studies suggesting prevalence rates ranging from approximately one-quarter to half of CKD patients. CKD and depression have a bidirectional relationship, each disorder aggravating the other, leading to more complex and challenging patient management. Depression during CKD is multifactorial and is associated with increased risk of adverse events and hospitalization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a narrative review of experimental and observational studies in animals and humans, as well as meta-analyses, to explore specific mechanisms of depression in CKD and its treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In depression the gut-brain axis is central. CKD leads to an accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins. One key factor is the accumulation of tryptophan-derived uremic toxins like kynurenines or indoxyl sulfate, whose serum concentration increases progressively with the stage of CKD (up to 100-fold in stage 5), and which plays an important role in depression mechanisms, by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor, decreasing brain concentrations of serotonin by approximately 40 %, increasing brain inflammation, via activation of microglia and astrocytes and release of TNFα, IL-6 and NO. Randomized controlled studies found limited or no benefits of antidepressants for depressive symptoms in CKD and hemodialysis patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Chronic inflammation, in relation to uremic toxin accumulation during CKD, seems to be a complex but important mechanism for treatment resistance in depression. Future research should consider inhibitors of uremic toxins inhibitors and anti-inflammatory molecules as potential therapeutic agents, to improve the prognosis of depression in CKD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroinflammation in kidney disease and dialysis","authors":"Yumi Watanabe Chagas,&nbsp;Pedro Alves S. Vaz de Castro,&nbsp;Ana Cristina Simões-e-Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complex relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and neuroinflammation shows how important immunological processes are in mediating cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric symptoms in this disease. Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, and, consequently, may contribute to neuropsychiatric symptoms including anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment in CKD patients. The peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), with their dual functions in inflammation and neuroprotection, also highlight the intricate immunological mechanisms operating within the kidney-brain axis. Understanding these immunological pathways is essential for developing targeted interventions to modulate neuroinflammation and improve cognitive outcomes in individuals with CKD. Further research in renal immunology and neuroinflammation holds promise for advancing our understanding of the intricate connections between kidney health, brain function, and immune responses in the context of CKD. This review summarizes the critical role of immunological factors in the pathophysiology of CKD-related cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of caffeine in a model of schizophrenia-like behavior induced by MK-801 in mice","authors":"Kübra Akıllıoğlu ,&nbsp;Seda Köse Korkmaz ,&nbsp;Meltem Dönmez Kutlu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The blockade of NMDA receptors during early developmental stages is accepted as a model for schizophrenia-like behavior. This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on adult behaviors in mice subjected to tests of schizophrenia-like behaviors induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg, twice daily, 0.1 ml/10 g body weight, intraperitoneally) was administered to Balb/c mice during PND 7–10 to establish a schizophrenia-like behavior model. In one group, caffeine (10 mg/kg, twice daily, 0.1 ml/10 g body weight, intraperitoneally) was given 30 min after MK-801 administration. In another group, MK-801 was administered 30 min after caffeine injection. At 8–10 weeks of age, behavioral tests were performed sequentially: open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze test (EPM), Morris water maze test (MWM), and social interaction test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MK-801 administration significantly increased anxiety-like behaviors and decreased exploratory behavior in the OFT by reducing the time spent in the center, the frequency of center entries, and rearing frequency, while increasing the latency to the first center entry. In the EPM, MK-801 significantly decreased the time spent in the open arms, the frequency of open arm entries, and the head-dipping behavior of the open arm while increasing the time spent in the closed arms and the latency to the first open arm entry. In the MWM, MK-801 impaired learning and memory performance. MK-801 reduced social interaction. Caffeine reversed the anxiety, social interaction, learning, and memory impairments caused by MK-801.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>MK-801 administration during the neonatal period induces schizophrenia-like behaviors in adulthood, whereas low-dose caffeine can mitigate these effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143373512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG microstate as a biomarker of personalized transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment on anhedonia in depression","authors":"QiangYan Che ,&nbsp;Chunhua Xi ,&nbsp;Yunlin Sun ,&nbsp;Xingyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Ke Wu ,&nbsp;Junyu Mao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Huang ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Yanghua Tian ,&nbsp;Rong Ye ,&nbsp;Fengqiong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anhedonia, a core feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), presents significant treatment challenges with conventional methods. Circuit-targeted, personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown potentiation by focusing on disruptions in specific networks related to anhedonia. However, how rTMS modulates brain network dynamics in anhedonia is not yet fully understood. This research sought to explore these effects using EEG microstate analysis. In this double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study, resting-state functional MRI was employed to pinpoint the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region that exhibited the strongest functional connectivity to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), used as the target for rTMS stimulation. Rest-state EEG data from 49 depressive patients with anhedonia(active=26, sham=23) were analyzed both at baseline and after treatment. In addition, a group of 15 healthy participants was included to serve as baseline controls. Resting-state EEG data were collected at baseline and post-treatment. Using polarity-insensitive k-means clustering, EEG microstates were segmented into five categories (A-E). Circuit-targeted rTMS significantly alleviated symptoms of anhedonia and depression. Compared to healthy controls, patients with anhedonia showed reduced microstate B and C occurrence, along with increased microstate D duration. After rTMS targeting the DLPFC-NAcc pathway, the active treatment group exhibited normalization of microstate C occurrence and a reduction in microstate E duration. Notably, the increase in microstate C was significantly correlated with improvements in anticipatory anhedonia, and these changes were observed specifically in treatment responders. The findings suggest that microstate C is linked to anhedonia and could serve as a reliable biomarker for personalized rTMS treatment. These results provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying rTMS for anhedonia and highlight the potential of EEG microstate analysis in guiding personalized treatment strategies for depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143373495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schrödinger’s cat and mouse: An adapted thought experiment for the context of consciousness","authors":"Eamonn Eeles ,&nbsp;Dana Pourzinal ,&nbsp;Jalal Baland ,&nbsp;Julian Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Consciousness, at its simplest, represents awareness of self in relation to the outside world. This can be divided further into the reasoning and rationality of Access consciousness (A-C) versus the experiential and ‘what it’s like’ of Phenomenal consciousness (P-C). A-C is directly measurable, using standard tests of cognition and memory. However, owing to the subjective nature of P-C, its direct testability remains problematic. We have previously derived indirect measures of P-C that incorporates a combination of subjective questions that are informed by objective dimensions of A-C. This battery of questions have shown sound proof of principle but have not yet been fully tested in the clinical space. As a bridge to clinical validation and in the challenge of a quantification gap, a thought experiment (TE) provides supporting evidence from the philosophy of science. We propose testing the foundational principles upon which operationalization of P-C questions has been designed through the prism of such a TE. We identified that a late-stage theory confirmation type of TE was appropriate for context. In the absence of suitable candidate TEs from cognitive science, we explored adaptation of a classical thought experiment from quantum physics. The ‘Schrödinger’s cat’ TE was refined for purpose into a novel ‘Schrödinger’s cat and mouse’ TE. Using this novel TE, our stated theories on consciousness, specifically P-C, and means of testing resonate with disorders of consciousness, not least delirium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of neonatal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade on social facilitation of feeding behavior in adult rats","authors":"Hiroki Furuie ,&nbsp;Masatoshi Ukezono ,&nbsp;Takashi Okada ,&nbsp;Mitsuhiko Yamada","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glutamate and one of its ionotropic receptor subtypes, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, are essential for brain development after birth. Rats that underwent NMDA receptor blockade during the neonatal period have been validated as models of schizophrenia. Social facilitation, a phenomenon where an individual’s performance is promoted in the presence of others, reflects the ability to regulate behavior depending on social situations and is likely to be disrupted in schizophrenia. This study investigated the effects of neonatal treatment with MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, on the social facilitation of feeding behavior in adult rats. Under noncompetitive conditions, SAL-treated control rats showed increased food intake when feeding with another rat, whereas MK-801-treated rats did not. Under competitive conditions, SAL-treated rats tended to feed more in the presence of a competitor compared to feeding alone. In contrast, MK-801-treated rats exhibited a significant reduction in food intake in the presence of a competitor. Thus, MK-801-treated rats demonstrated a lack of social facilitation under noncompetitive conditions and social inhibition under competitive conditions. These findings suggest that neonatal NMDA receptor blockade disrupts the ability of rats to regulate their behavior depending on their social situation. Our findings may provide new insights into the social deficits associated with schizophrenia and their underlying mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the ameliorative effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on maternal behavioral abnormalities induced by prenatal chronic restraint stress","authors":"Bo Wang,&nbsp;Peijie Liu,&nbsp;Xinhui Gao,&nbsp;Fengqi Yang,&nbsp;Jiarui Sun,&nbsp;Fengqin He","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Maternal behavior is a complex form of social conduct exhibited, which directly influences the brain development and emotional behavior of offspring. Studies have shown that stress significantly impacts maternal behavior, with the 5-HT (serotonin) system playing a crucial role in this process</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to explore the ameliorative effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on maternal behavioral abnormalities induced by prenatal chronic restraint stress, and to analyze the molecular mechanisms involved</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, stress, and stress+omega-3 (500 mg/kg) groups. Depressive behaviors were assessed using the sucrose preference test and forced swimming test. The regulatory effects of Omega-3 on maternal behavior following stress were analyzed by measuring 5-HT levels, 5-HT receptors, 5-HT1A receptor expression, downstream cAMP levels, inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), and oxidative stress responses (MDA levels)</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The stress group exhibited significant reductions in maternal behaviors, such as delayed pup retrieval and decreased licking time. Omega-3 supplementation effectively improved these abnormalities, enhancing maternal care and reducing violent behaviors. Mechanistically, omega-3 supplementation increased 5-HT and receptor expression, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and promoted neuronal function recovery</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Omega-3 fatty acids can effectively mitigate the negative impact of chronic stress on maternal behavior. The underlying mechanisms involve the regulation of the 5-HT system and the reduction of neuroinflammation. This finding provides a theoretical basis for clinical interventions targeting stress-related maternal behavior disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental enrichment induces depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in male Balb/C mice","authors":"Malcon Carneiro de Brito,&nbsp;Beatriz Yamada Costa,&nbsp;Thiago Amorim de Souza Lima,&nbsp;Rosana Camarini","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depression and anxiety disorders are prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions worldwide that impose substantial economic and social burdens worldwide. Environmental enrichment (EE) has been employed to investigate how the environment can influence these disorders. While EE is known to mitigate depressive and anxiety phenotypes across various mouse strains, the Balb/C strain exhibits greater sensitivity to different environmental stimuli. In this study, we aimed to assess the long-term effects of EE introduced after weaning on emotional behaviors in adulthood. Balb/C mice were weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21 and exposed to chronic EE for 3, 12, or 24 hours daily until PND 66. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed using the open field, elevated plus maze, and tail suspension tests, along with measurements of corticosterone plasma levels. EE exposure induced emotional dysregulation, evidenced by an increase in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Shorter length of EE (3 h) had less impact on these behaviors compared to longer periods (12 and 24 h). These findings highlight the need for caution when employing the Balb/C strain in EE models, particularly in studies exploring emotional behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"483 ","pages":"Article 115462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}