Behavioral Sciences最新文献

{"title":"The Chinese Adaptation of the Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale in Early Childhood Pre-Service Teachers: Validity, Measurement Invariance, and Reliability.","authors":"Mingxing Shao, Mohd Mokhtar Muhamad, Fazilah Razali, Nasnoor Juzaily Mohd Nasiruddin, Xinchong Sha, Guoqiang Yin","doi":"10.3390/bs15030329","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Teachers' sense of efficacy (TSE) is a crucial construct for evaluating the quality of pre-service teachers. While the Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) is the most widely used and promising instrument for measuring TSE, there is no existing literature assessing the appropriateness of the TSES for early childhood pre-service teachers in China. This study aimed to adapt the English version of the TSES for the Chinese early childhood education contexts, testing its factor structure, validity, measurement invariance, and reliability. The sample included 402 participants in China. The TSES was translated into Chinese using the standard back-to-back translation method. CFA results indicated that the TSES is best represented by a modified three-factor model, demonstrating strong preliminary, overall, and internal structure fit. The concurrent validity, convergent validity, criterion-related validity, internal consistency reliability, and composite reliability of the Chinese version of the TSES were robust. The measurement invariance across age and college year was also confirmed. This study addresses a gap in the literature by providing robust empirical evidence on the factor structure, validity, measurement invariance, and reliability of the Chinese version of the TSES for early childhood pre-service teachers, thereby enhancing understanding of TSE in Chinese-speaking Confucian culture and in early childhood education contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Cognitive Architecture as an Intelligent Natural Information Processing System.","authors":"Slava Kalyuga","doi":"10.3390/bs15030332","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cognitive architecture represents an intelligent natural information processing system that is described by six operational principles: <i>information store, randomness as genesis, borrowing and reorganizing, narrow limits of change, environmental organizing and linking, and explicit intention to learn principles</i>. The last principle, added recently, is critical, as it distinguishes this system from other, lower-level natural information-processing systems and is responsible for controlled information processing and explicit learning as opposed to implicit cognitive mechanisms of lower-level systems. The paper provides a theoretical overview of the updated model of intelligent natural information processing systems. In this model, the explicit intention to learn principle affects the operation of other principles and is directly related to intelligence as an emergent characteristic of such systems. Human intelligence and explicit, intentional learning (and motivation that is required for such learning to happen) caused the emergence of human culture on a distinct, grand scale in the process of transition from biological to cultural evolution. The paper concludes with some important educational implications emanating from the new model focusing on strengthening human intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Successful Incompetent to Be Executed Cases in the United States: A First Pass.","authors":"I-An Su, John H Blume, Stephen J Ceci","doi":"10.3390/bs15030325","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than three decades ago, the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) ruled that individuals who are not competent (alternatively referred to by the Court as insane) at the time of their scheduled execution cannot be put to death. Despite the years that have passed since the Court's decision and the literal life-or-death stakes involved, competency for execution (CFE) remains underexplored in the psychological, psychiatric, and legal literature. A number of important legal and ethical issues that arise when a person on death row maintains they are not competent to be executed are still unresolved even after the landmark Supreme Court cases such as <i>Ford v. Wainwright</i> (1986), <i>Panetti v. Quarterman</i> (2007), and <i>Madison v. Alabama</i> (2019). In this first-of-its-kind descriptive study, we analyzed the demographic and case characteristics of the 28 successful <i>Ford</i> claimants-individuals in the United States who have been found to be incompetent to be executed and compared them to the general death row population and homicide cases nationwide. Our findings reveal some similarities but also some differences between these claimants and the general death row population and homicide cases: the successful <i>Ford</i> claimants are exclusively male (in keeping with the general prison population on death row), relatively older, and underrepresented among White and Latinx inmates (i.e., Black claimants are more successful than their White and Latinx counterparts at evading execution). Nearly all (96%) suffer from schizophrenia, with 79% experiencing psychiatric comorbidity, yet only 54% received any significant treatment before or after the criminal offense. The claimants' cases also involve a higher proportion of child victims, male family members, and female non-family member victims, as well as more multiple-victim cases (not indiscriminate) and fewer intraracial homicides. Fewer victims are male, and more are female. However, the cases do not align with typical male-on-male violent crimes or femicide patterns, such as those involving sexual or domestic violence. Additionally, systematic psycho-legal deficiencies are prevalent, including a low rate of mental health evidence (61%) presented at trials and some cases lacking psychiatric involvement in CFE evaluations. Temporal influence and drastic state variations on CFE evaluation are also noted. Although the small sample size limits generalizability, this small-scale descriptive study offers a number of important insights into the complexities of CFE decisions and lays the groundwork for future research and policy development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Dynamics Analysis in Language Education: Generative State Transitions and Attention Mechanisms.","authors":"Qi Zhang, Yiming Qian, Shumiao Gao, Yufei Liu, Xinyu Shen, Qing Jiang","doi":"10.3390/bs15030326","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study proposes a novel approach for analyzing learning behaviors in Chinese language education by integrating generative attention mechanisms and generative state transition equations. This method dynamically adjusts attention weights and models real-time changes in students' emotional and behavioral states, addressing key limitations of existing approaches. A central innovation is the introduction of a generative loss function, which jointly optimizes sentiment prediction and behavior analysis, enhancing the adaptability of the model to diverse learning scenarios. This study is based on empirical experiments involving student behavior tracking, sentiment analysis, and personalized learning path modeling. Experimental results demonstrate this method's effectiveness, achieving an accuracy of 90.6%, recall of 88.4%, precision of 89.3%, and F1-score of 88.8% in behavioral prediction tasks. Furthermore, this approach attains a learning satisfaction score of 89.2 with a 94.3% positive feedback rate, significantly outperforming benchmark models such as BERT, GPT-3, and T5. These findings validate the practical applicability and robustness of the proposed method, offering a structured framework for personalized teaching optimization and dynamic behavior modeling in Chinese language education.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Way Efforts Between the Organization and Employees: Impact Mechanism of a High-Commitment Human Resource System on Proactive Customer Service Performance.","authors":"Dexia Zang, Boyi Lyu","doi":"10.3390/bs15030321","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Service quality forms the foundation of customer experience value and is a key competitive edge for service-oriented organizations. In response to increasingly diverse service demands, proactive customer service performance (PCSP), which can improve service experience, has captured the attention of researchers and managers. While research on factors influencing PCSP is plentiful, there is a noticeable gap in discussions around organizational-level factors, especially concerning a high-commitment human resource system (HCHRS) designed to enhance positive relationships between organizations and employees. This study collected data from frontline service employees in China and their managers through a questionnaire survey grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), conservation of resources theory (COR), and social exchange theory (SET) and used hierarchical multiple regression and a mediation effect test to investigate the impact mechanism of the HCHRS on PCSP. This study reveals that the HCHRS directly influences PCSP and positively impacts it by bolstering mission valence (MV) and work meaning (WM). Furthermore, MV and WM serve as serial mediators of the process through which HCHRS affects PCSP. This study enriches research on the antecedent mechanisms of PCSP and offers valuable insights for management practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thinking at the Edge: Enhancing Self-Awareness in Social Work Education.","authors":"Ofra Walter, Batel Hazan-Liran","doi":"10.3390/bs15030323","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-awareness and the ability to translate body sensing into knowledge are vital skills for social workers. This study examined the impact of a course module for master's students in social work in Israel, incorporating Thinking at the Edge (TAE), a method for fostering self-awareness and reflection. The goal was to explore how students applied TAE to their personal development and professional practice. Twenty students participated in a modified TAE module, engaging in exercises focused on body sensing and reflection. They documented their experiences in reflection diaries, which were thematically analyzed to identify key insights about their learning process and its professional relevance. Analysis revealed the following three categories: (1) clearing the space, where students recognized and processed both negative and positive body sensations; (2) forming metaphors and patterns from the felt sense, enabling an awareness of self-patterns and behaviors; and (3) applying TAE in social work practice. Students reported increased self-awareness and acknowledged TAE's utility in engaging with clients. The findings underscore the potential of TAE to enhance self-awareness and professional skills in social work students, offering a practical framework for integrating reflective practices into personal and client-based contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Effects of Proactive and Reactive Work Connectivity Behavior After-Hours on Well-Being at Work: A Boundary Theory Perspective.","authors":"Lingling Li, Guanfeng Shi, Xiong Zheng","doi":"10.3390/bs15030320","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the differential impact of proactive and reactive work connectivity behaviors on job well-being, drawing from the perspective of boundary theory. The increasing popularity of work connectivity behavior after-hours (WCBA) has attracted widespread attention from scholars on the relationship between WCBA and employee well-being. One view suggests that the impact of WCBA is negative, while another view suggests it is positive. Obviously, the impact of (WCBA) on well-being at work is still contradictory. To clarify the complexity of the impact of WCBA on well-being at work, based on boundary theory, we divided WCBA into proactive WCBA (PC) and reactive WCBA (RC), and examined the double-edged sword effect of WCBA on well-being at work, as well as the mediating mechanisms of job control and work-to-home conflict, and the moderated effects of boundary segmentation preferences. This study uses an empirical sampling method to collect data from 125 employees for a period of five days for quantitative research. The results show that, first, PC has an inverted U-shaped effect on job control, and job control is negatively related to well-being at work. Thus, the mediating effect of job control is significant. Second, RC has a negative impact on job control, and there is also a negative relationship between job control and well-being at work. Therefore, the mediating effect of job control is significant. Third, PC and RC are positively correlated with work-to-home conflict, and work-to-home conflict has a significant positive impact on well-being at work. Therefore, the mediating effect of work-family conflict is significant. Fourth, the study also found that integration preference moderates the relationship between work-to-home conflict and PC on well-being at work; that is, the mediating effect of work-to-home conflict is stronger for employees with a low integration preference. This study enriches our understanding of WCBA, PC, and RC from the perspective of proactive and passive employee behaviors. The study also provides a new interpretation of the impact of WCBA on well-being at work and offers valuable insights into sustainable development in digital social transformation and the application of boundary theory and the theory of empowerment-subjugation in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, the study deepens our understanding of the heterogeneous regulatory role played by work-family integration preferences in influencing well-being at work under different types of WCBA.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Individual Differences in Affective Symptomatology: The Distinct Contributions of Emotional Competence and Rumination in a Nationally Representative Sample.","authors":"Ruth Castillo-Gualda, Juan Ramos-Cejudo","doi":"10.3390/bs15030318","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior evidence suggests mental health, and affective symptomatology in particular, are influenced by emotion-related abilities. The strategies people use to identify, understand, and manage their emotions can serve as a protective or vulnerability factor for their psychological adjustment. Adaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as the ability to identify and understand emotions, can mitigate anxiety and depression symptoms, whereas maladaptive strategies, such as rumination, contribute to the vulnerability to suffering emotional symptomatology. To better understand the role of each strategy in affective outcomes, this study examines the role of adaptive emotion regulation strategies on anxiety, depression, and well-being, in comparison to rumination, among the general population. We hypothesize that the ability to accurately identify emotions and understand inner thoughts will act as protective factors against depression and anxiety, considering neuroticism. In comparison, rumination reactions, such as passively overthinking about inner experiences, will exacerbate the affective symptomatology. A sample of 1703 participants over the country, 50.43% female (18-75 years of age, mean = 45.48, SD = 14.73), closely aligned with the mean age of the target population in Spain, which is 44.1 years, were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed self-report measures for emotional competence, rumination, anxiety and depression symptoms, well-being, and neuroticism. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the relationships among the above-mentioned variables. Our results revealed neuroticism is related to higher levels of anxiety and depression and negatively related to wellbeing through the mediation effect of rumination and emotional competence, including all possible paths of the mediation model. This study has important implications for designing preventive and therapeutical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Privacy Relevance and Disclosure Intention in Mobile Apps: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Privacy Calculus and Temporal Distance.","authors":"Ming Chen, Meimei Chen","doi":"10.3390/bs15030324","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In digital societies, users' privacy decisions not only affect personal information security and application sustainability, but also profoundly influence the formulation and enforcement of relevant laws. However, existing research mainly adopts a dichotomous perspective of rationality and bounded rationality, lacking an integrated framework to explain the complexity of users' privacy decisions. Therefore, this study integrates privacy calculus theory and Psychological Distance Theory within the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) framework to explore their mediating and moderating roles in the relationship between perceived privacy relevance and disclosure intention. To achieve the research objectives, we employed the vignette method to design an online survey with a 2 (perceived relevance: low vs. high) × 2 (temporal distance: near vs. distant) between-subjects design, ultimately collecting 293 valid responses. The conclusions are as follows: (1) perceived relevance positively affects users' privacy disclosure intention, and perceived benefits and perceived risks play a partial mediating role between them; (2) contrary to individuals' common preference for near temporal distance (immediate rewards), distant temporal distance (delayed rewards) have a more pronounced enhancing effect on the positive relationship between perceived relevance and perceived benefits; (3) the results excluded the influence of control variables such as gender, age, and education level on privacy disclosure intention. This study not only proposes an integrated analytical framework, revealing that users' privacy decisions are jointly influenced by both rational and irrational factors, but also provides practical insights for application developers and regulatory agencies. Finally, we also discuss the limitations of this study and directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Longitudinal Association Between Internet Addiction and Prosocial Behavior Among Chinese Adolescents: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model.","authors":"Wei-Xuan Liang, Wan-Yu Ye, Kai-Xin Ng, Kai Dou, Zhi-Jun Ning","doi":"10.3390/bs15030322","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15030322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Internet addiction has been associated with decreased prosocial behavior in adolescents, and minority studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms involved. This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of self-control and the moderating effects of peer rejection. A longitudinal study with two waves (6 months apart) was used to measure internet addiction (T1), peer rejection (T1), self-control (T1/T2), and prosocial behavior (T1/T2) among 1048 secondary school students (<i>M</i>_age = 14.80 years old, <i>SD</i> = 1.61) in a southern Chinese metropolitan area. A longitudinal path analysis model was applied to analyze the data and derive insights about the relationships between these variables. The findings indicated that T1 internet addiction negatively influenced later prosocial behavior through reduced self-control, particularly among adolescents with lower levels of peer rejection. These findings clarify how internet addiction impairs prosocial development, and we propose a framework for intervention: mitigating peer rejection and harnessing self-control as a mediator to counteract the adverse effects of internet addiction.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}