Behavioral and Brain Functions最新文献

{"title":"A narrative review of behavioral tests across mammalian models in neuroscience.","authors":"Huiling Huang, Hongping Li","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00341-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00341-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mammalian models are widely employed in the research of human diseases. Behavioral tests in animals is a critical evaluative approach in scientific research, offering insights into complex disease pathophysiology and facilitating the assessment of novel therapeutic interventions. Currently, behavioral testing paradigms are extensively applied in mammalian research, particularly in rodent models. Compared to rodents, the brains of large mammals exhibit closer anatomical and biochemical homology to the human brain, thereby endowing them with significant value in neuroscience. Numerous neurological disorders have been successfully used large mammals as models, with the widespread application of behavioral testing methods for these species. This review summarizes established behavioral testing methodologies developed for both small and large mammalian species, and discusses their applications, efficacy, and limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13471388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148194316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knockout in zebrafish suggests a role of BDNF in behavioural and cognitive plasticity.","authors":"Eleonora Rovegno, Elia Gatto, Elena Frigato, Cristiano Bertolucci, Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00335-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00335-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An adaptive mechanism observed in virtually all living animals is the phenotypic plasticity, a phenomenon by which different phenotypes can develop from the same genotype depending on the environment experienced. Phenotypic plasticity can involve a range of life-history, physiology, morphology, and also behavioural and cognitive traits. For example, individuals exposed to complex and enriched environments generally show greater learning abilities compared to individuals raised in simpler or barren environments. Several studies suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be involved in this plasticity, as it is often differentially expressed in individuals exposed to different environments. We investigated this possibility in fish, taking advantage of a knockout zebrafish line lacking the gene coding for BDNF (bdnf). Zebrafish from both the knockout (bdnf ^-/-) and control (bdnf ^+/+) lines were raised in either barren or enriched environments, and their behavioural and cognitive phenotypes were analysed. bdnf ^-/- zebrafish exhibited higher behavioural and cognitive plasticity compared to bdnf ^+/+ controls, as evidenced by a pronounced increase in activity and learning scores following exposure to environmental enrichment. These results suggest that BDNF may play a modulatory role in phenotypic plasticity, although broader organisational alterations resulting from the absence of BDNF during development in knockout zebrafish cannot be ruled out. An additional exploratory analysis of the expression of other neuroplasticity-related genes identified potential pathways that may be involved in this effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13383490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ventromedial hypothalamus IL-6 signaling mediates the excessive aggressive behavior induced by late-gestational sleep deprivation in male mice.","authors":"Fei Zhou, Xi Yu, Miao Gong, Xiaoyu Liu, Xincheng Li, Yunluo Li, Li Song, Songjun Wang, Qingjun Guo, Haishui Shi","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00337-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00337-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aggressive behavior is an evolutionarily conserved trait that supports resource acquisition and survival; however, excessive or dysregulated aggression is closely associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and social dysfunction. Maternal sleep deprivation (SD) during late gestation is a common yet underexplored environmental stressor that may disrupt offspring neurodevelopment through immune-mediated pathways. The present study investigated whether SD during late pregnancy alters aggressive behavior in offspring during early adulthood, explored the underlying neuroimmune mechanisms, and evaluated the potential of a post-weaning ketogenic diet (KD) as a non-pharmacological intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Behavioral analyses revealed that late-gestational SD significantly increased both defensive and proactive aggressive behaviors in offspring mice during early adulthood. Peripheral immune assessment revealed that serum IL-6 levels were elevated in male offspring, while no significant change was observed in females. Pharmacological experiments demonstrated a causal role of IL-6 in aggression regulation, as peripheral administration of IL-6 increased aggression in control male offspring mice, whereas administration of anti-IL-6 in sleep deprivation-exposed male offspring normalized aggressive behavior. Neurobiological analyses identified enhanced neuronal activation, increased IL-6 and IL-6R expression, and pronounced microglial activation in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Consistently, VMH administration of IL-6 increased aggressive behavior, while injection of anti-IL-6 antibody attenuated the heightened aggression in SD-exposed male offspring mice. Chemogenetic inhibition of VMH neurons effectively attenuated the heightened aggression, indicating a critical role for this neural circuit. Importantly, post-weaning KD suppressed microglial overactivation and reduced IL-6 signaling in the VMH, restored neuroimmune homeostasis, and reversed abnormal aggressive behaviors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate that late-gestational maternal SD promotes excessive aggression in male offspring mice through IL-6-mediated neuroimmune dysregulation within the VMH. Moreover, post-weaning KD intervention effectively rescues both immune imbalance and behavioral abnormalities. This study highlights the long-term behavioral consequences of prenatal sleep loss and identifies dietary modulation of neuroimmune pathways as a promising non-pharmacological strategy for mitigating pathological aggression induced by early-life stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13227828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147925815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domain-general behavioral gains and neural correlates of cognitive training in healthy populations: a neuroimaging meta-analysis.","authors":"Geng Li, Chengzhen Liu, Yang Liu, Yihan Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00338-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00338-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preventive strategies to promote cognitive health are increasingly prioritized, yet the extent to which cognitive training yields domain-general behavioral gains and neural correlates remains unclear. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 67 neuroimaging studies to quantify the domain-general effects of cognitive training on cognitive performance and task-related activation changes, and to test associations between behavioral gains and neural adaptations. Across training domains, task paradigms and age groups, cognitive training significantly improved cognitive task performance (Hedges' g = 0.546, 95% CI = 0.414-0.678; t = 8.149; p < 0.0001), accompanied by increased activation in the right superior parietal lobule (R.SPL) and decreased activation in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Regression analyses further indicated that cognitive improvements were closely associated with these activation changes, with training completion rate emerging as a key moderator. Collectively, these findings identify candidate domain-general neural signatures of cognitive training-induced plasticity and provide an initial empirical basis for the evidence-informed design and optimization of cognitive training interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13312677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147832632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropeptide S modulation of learning and memory: a systematic review.","authors":"Violeta-Maria Caragea, Kay Jüngling, Marta Méndez-Couz","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00336-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00336-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the last two decades, Neuropeptide S (NPS) has been identified as a key bioactive peptide in the mammalian brain, influencing fear, anxiety, wakefulness, reward, and learning. While some reviews have addressed its role in reward-seeking and anxiety, few have addressed its particular role in learning and memory. The neuropeptide S receptor 1 is highly expressed in key areas for learning processing, such as the hippocampus, cortex, thalamus, and amygdala. This review aims to examine evidence from human and animal studies that focused on the NPS system's role in modulating learning and memory. A special focus is given to experiments addressing the impact of NPS on associative learning leading to addiction and in fear conditioning, pointing to its potential therapeutic value in associated pathologies.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>An advanced search was conducted using the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, focusing on memory and Neuropeptide S. The reviewed data suggest that NPS modulation occurs at all memory phases, including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval, and in extinction learning, whether motivated by appetitive or aversive stimuli. The summarized evidence shows that the NPS system interferes with working and short-term memory, mitigates learning impairments, enhances spatial and object memory consolidation, supports fear extinction learning and inhibitory avoidance consolidation, and reinstates drug-seeking behaviors. The NPS system closely interacts with key neuromodulators, including orexinergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic systems, in influencing memory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Neuropeptide S system emerges as a critical modulator of memory processes. The NPS signaling may preferentially influence learning that involves emotionally or motivationally relevant stimuli. This highlights the NPS system's potential as a target for therapeutic interventions for particular memory impairments.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13141304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-level laser therapy enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury via potential activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Akt pathways.","authors":"Ping Liu, Sunxin Zhang, Huan Wang, Zhili Li","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00334-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00334-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental disability. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), or photobiomodulation, has shown neuroprotective potential, but its long-term effects and region-specific responses remain poorly defined. METHODS: Neonatal rats subjected to hypoxic–ischemic brain damage (HIBD) received transcranial 810-nm LLLT (24 mW/cm², 10 min/session, twice daily for three days). Histological, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analyses assessed neuronal integrity, glial activation, and signaling pathway changes. Sensorimotor function was evaluated by grip traction and open-field tests, and spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) at long-term follow-up. RESULTS: LLLT reduced neuronal loss and glial reactivity and was associated with increased Nrf2/HO-1 and Akt signaling at early time points. Behaviorally, LLLT improved motor and cognitive performance, with benefits persisting up to 20 weeks post-injury. CONCLUSION: Early LLLT is associated with sustained functional recovery after neonatal hypoxic–ischemic injury. These effects may involve early modulation of antioxidant and pro-survival signaling pathways, although the mechanisms underlying long-term outcomes require further investigation. </p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13274093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147761035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences, depressive symptoms, and non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese adolescents: the moderating role of SKA2 gene rs7208505 polymorphism.","authors":"Yihan Wang, Qingqing Liang, Wei Zhou, Yingxue Wang, Susu Tian, Xinyi Hu, Jiayi Tian, Yuxuan Liu, Haiyan Fang, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00332-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00332-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially influence depressive symptoms and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may dysregulate HPA axis functioning, with these complex gene-environment interactions showing significant heterogeneity across individuals. This study examined whether depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between ACEs and adolescent NSSI, and whether HPA axis genetic polymorphisms moderate this indirect pathway. METHODS: For this study, 172 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were recruited from Xuzhou Oriental Hospital affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University as the NSSI group. Additionally, 58 age-, sex-, residence-, and health-matched volunteers were recruited from the local area as the healthy control group. Demographic information was collected through questionnaires, and adverse childhood experiences, depressive symptoms, and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors were assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (ACEs Scale), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behavior Scale (NSSI-BS). Blood samples were collected for HPA axis genotyping targeting the following loci: SKA2 (rs7208505, rs9911583), SLC1A3 (rs2269272), FKBP5 (rs9470080), and AVPR1B (rs28373064), which were analyzed using TaqMan-PCR. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 27.0, including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), χ² test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, as well as PROCESS macro-model mediation analysis and simple slope analysis. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms were found to mediate the association between ACEs and NSSI. The SKA2-rs7208505 polymorphism significantly moderated the relationship between ACEs and depressive symptoms, influencing the indirect pathway from ACEs to depressive symptoms to NSSI. Adolescents with the AA genotype of the SKA2-rs7208505 polymorphism were more susceptible to ACEs and more likely to develop depressive symptoms compared to those with GA and GG genotypes. CONCLUSION: Timely identification and interventions targeting depressive symptoms, especially among individuals with AA genotypes of SKA2-rs7208505 who have experienced ACEs, may be crucial for preventing or reducing the risk of NSSI in adolescents. </p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13289380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147728079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How time pressure disrupts inhibitory control: neural dissociations between interference and response inhibition.","authors":"Zitong Ding, Weiwen Wu, Yu Tian","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00331-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00331-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: In modern fast-paced societies, subjective time pressure has become a common psychological stressor that may impair inhibitory control, a core component of executive function. Inhibitory control consists of two subprocesses—interference control and response inhibition—yet how time pressure differentially affects these processes and their neural mechanisms remains insufficiently understood. METHODS: This study manipulated subjective time pressure and employed the Flanker task (interference control) and the Go/NoGo task (response inhibition) to examine behavioral performance, event-related potentials (ERPs), and time–frequency oscillations. Forty healthy adults completed both time-pressure and no time pressure conditions. ERP analyses focused on the P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3 components, while time–frequency analyses were performed both across the full frequency range (3–30 Hz) and within specific frequency bands (θ and β), using cluster-based permutation tests. RESULTS: Behaviorally, time pressure reduced accuracy, especially in incongruent Flanker trials and NoGo trials, while accelerating overall reaction times. ERP results showed enhanced N2 and P3 amplitudes in the Flanker task. In the Go/NoGo task, time pressure led to reduced P2, but increased N2 and P3. Time–frequency analysis revealed higher theta power during early control and increased beta power during later inhibition under time pressure. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the behavioral, ERP, and oscillatory findings suggest that subjective time pressure is associated with alterations in inhibitory control, with distinct patterns observed for interference control and response inhibition. Specifically, interference control under time pressure was characterized by enhanced late-stage neural activity without corresponding oscillatory changes, whereas response inhibition was accompanied by modulations in both early and late neural processes, involving enhanced N2 and P3 components as well as increased θ and β band activity. These findings suggest that time pressure may affect interference control and response inhibition through partially distinct neurocognitive mechanisms, rather than a single unified pathway. </p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13202991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural compensation through dorsal stream involvement in visual word recognition under perceptual degradation in a transparent language: evidence from fMRI.","authors":"Alice Giubergia, Valentina Lampis, Chiara Mauri, Florian Montano, Giulio Ferrazzi, Marco Castellaro, Alessandra Bertoldo, Denis Peruzzo","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00330-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00330-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Visual word recognition relies on a finely tuned interplay between the ventral and dorsal visual pathways. While the ventral stream is classically regarded as the primary substrate for orthographic processing, converging evidence suggests that the dorsal stream may provide compensatory support under increased perceptual demands. In particular, the degree of orthographic transparency influences the relative involvement of these pathways. We conducted a functional MRI study in Italian, a transparent orthography, to investigate supportive neural recruitment during reading under perceptual degradation. Participants performed a word recognition task in which visual real words were degraded through four types of visual manipulation (rotation, mirroring, reduced contrast, increased letter spacing) to increase processing difficulty. Both whole-brain and region-of-interest analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses revealed robust engagement of canonical ventral reading regions across conditions, alongside increased recruitment of dorsal stream areas during degraded word processing, and this dorsal involvement scaled with increasing level of visual degradation. This dorsal involvement was most prominent in the superior parietal and temporo-parietal cortices, consistent with their role in visuo-spatial attention CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that, even in transparent languages where phonological decoding is relatively straightforward, the dorsal pathway can be part of a flexible reorganisation of the reading system. By demonstrating stimulus-driven adaptation of the reading network, our results provide novel insights into the neural flexibility underlying visual word recognition and highlight the importance of dorsal-ventral interactions in sustaining reading performance under suboptimal perceptual conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13169732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147589590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next generation preventive neurology: how artificial intelligence and machine learning are reshaping Alzheimer's disease research.","authors":"Shivani Singh, Yashasvi Sharma, Prajjval Bhardwaj, Divyanshi Kothari, Anjali Chhikara, Vrinda Gupta, Dinesh Kumar, Neeraj Choudhary, Suresh Babu Kondaveeti","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00329-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00329-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A neurological condition that worsens over time, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is typified by memory loss, cognitive decline, and functional degradation. Traditional diagnostic techniques such as neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and neuropsychological testing are often intrusive, costly, or insensitive in the early stages. Recent years have seen the emergence of AI and ML as game-changing technologies for AD risk assessment, early detection, and customized prevention. Using sophisticated models such as deep learning, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and graph-based algorithms, AI-driven methods achieve high performance: CNNs, for example, have reached diagnostic accuracies of 94–99% for early AD and mild cognitive impairment using multimodal MRI and PET data. However, most reported performance metrics are derived from retrospective analyses and internal validation cohorts, with limited external validation across diverse populations. These methods include multimodal data integration from neuroimaging, genetics, and clinical records. Years before symptoms appear, AI-based frameworks can predict disease progression, identify modifiable risk factors, and guide individualized treatment plans. Future developments in federated learning and explainable AI (XAI) are promising, although data privacy, algorithmic bias, and ethical ramifications are concerns. Overall, AI and ML have a great deal of promise to transform the prevention of AD, enabling precision therapy and enhancing the lives of those who are at risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13162468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147589528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}