Altered trial-to-trial responses to reward outcomes in KCNMA1 knockout mice during probabilistic learning tasks.

The large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels, encoded by the KCNMA1 gene, play important roles in neuronal function. Mutations in KCNMA1 have been found in patients with various neurodevelopmental features, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies of KCNMA1 knockout mice have suggested altered activity patterns and behavioral flexibility, but it remained unclear whether these changes primarily affect immediate behavioral adaptation or longer-term learning processes. Using a 5-armed bandit task (5-ABT) and a novel Δrepeat rate analysis method that considers individual baseline choice tendencies, we investigated immediate trial-by-trial Win-Stay-Lose-Shift (WSLS) strategies and learning rates across multiple trials in KCNMA1 knockout (KCNMA1^-/-) mice. Three key findings emerged: (1) Unlike wildtype mice, which showed increased Δrepeat rates after rewards and decreased rates after losses, KCNMA1^-/- mice exhibited impaired WSLS behavior, (2) KCNMA1^-/- mice displayed shortened response intervals after unrewarded trials, and (3) despite these short-term behavioral impairments, their learning rates and task accuracy remained comparable to wildtype mice, with significantly shorter task completion times. These results suggest that BK channel dysfunction primarily alters immediate behavioral responses to outcomes in the next trial rather than affecting long-term learning capabilities. These findings and our analytical method may help identify behavioral phenotypes in animal models of both BK channel-related and other neurodevelopmental disorders.