Bacteriophage最新文献

{"title":"Experimental bacteriophage treatment of honeybees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) infected with <i>Paenibacillus larvae</i>, the causative agent of American Foulbrood Disease.","authors":"Diane G Yost,&nbsp;Philippos Tsourkas,&nbsp;Penny S Amy","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1122698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1122698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>American Foulbrood Disease (AFB) is an infection of honeybees caused by the bacterium <i>Paenibacillus larvae</i>. One potential remedy involves using biocontrol, such as bacteriophages (phages) to lyse <i>P. larvae</i>. Therefore, bacteriophages specific for <i>P. larvae</i> were isolated to determine their efficacy in lysing <i>P. larvae</i> cells. Samples from soil, beehive materials, cosmetics, and lysogenized <i>P. larvae</i> strains were screened; of 157 total samples, 28 were positive for at least one <i>P. larvae</i> bacteriophage, with a total of 30. Newly isolated bacteriophages were tested for the ability to lyse each of 11 <i>P. larvae</i> strains. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the phage isolates were from the family <i>Siphoviridae</i>. Seven phages with the broadest host ranges were combined into a cocktail for use in experimental treatments of infected bee larvae; both prophylactic and post-infection treatments were conducted. Results indicated that although both pre- and post-treatments were effective, prophylactic administration of the phages increased the survival of larvae more than post-treatment experiments. These preliminary experiments demonstrate the likelihood that phage therapy could be an effective method to control AFB.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1122698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34358011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of expanded host range phage active on biofilms of multi-drug resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>.","authors":"Abigail C Mapes,&nbsp;Barbara W Trautner,&nbsp;Kershena S Liao,&nbsp;Robert F Ramig","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1096995","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1096995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phage therapy is a promising treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections but is limited by the narrow host range of phage. To overcome this limitation, we developed a host range expansion (HRE) protocol that expands the host range of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-specific phage by cycles of co-incubation of phage with multiple <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains. Application of the HRE protocol to a mixture of 4 phages, using 16 <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains for development, resulted in undefined phage mixtures with greatly expanded host range. Individual phage clones derived from the undefined mixture had expanded host ranges but no individual clone could lyse all of the strains covered by the undefined mixture from which it was isolated. Reconstituting host range-characterized clones into cocktails produced defined cocktails with predictable and broad host ranges. The undefined mixture from the 30^th cycle of the mixed-phage HRE (4ϕC³⁰) showed a dose-dependent ability to prevent biofilm formation by, and to reduce a pre-existing biofilm of, 3 <i>P. aeruginosa</i> clinical isolates that produced high amounts of biofilm. A defined cocktail reconstituted from 3 host range-characterized clones had activity on high biofilm-formers susceptible to the phage. Phage therapy was superior to antibiotic therapy (levofloxacin) in a strain of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> that was resistant to levofloxacin. The HRE protocol establishes a rapid approach to create libraries of phage clones and phage cocktails with broad host range, defined composition and anti-biofilm activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1096995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34358009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriophage MS2 genomic RNA encodes an assembly instruction manual for its capsid.","authors":"Peter G Stockley,&nbsp;Simon J White,&nbsp;Eric Dykeman,&nbsp;Iain Manfield,&nbsp;Ottar Rolfsson,&nbsp;Nikesh Patel,&nbsp;Richard Bingham,&nbsp;Amy Barker,&nbsp;Emma Wroblewski,&nbsp;Rebecca Chandler-Bostock,&nbsp;Eva U Weiß,&nbsp;Neil A Ranson,&nbsp;Roman Tuma,&nbsp;Reidun Twarock","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2016.1157666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2016.1157666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using RNA-coat protein crosslinking we have shown that the principal RNA recognition surface on the interior of infectious MS2 virions overlaps with the known peptides that bind the high affinity translational operator, TR, within the phage genome. The data also reveal the sequences of genomic fragments in contact with the coat protein shell. These show remarkable overlap with previous predictions based on the hypothesis that virion assembly is mediated by multiple sequences-specific contacts at RNA sites termed Packaging Signals (PSs). These PSs are variations on the TR stem-loop sequence and secondary structure. They act co-operatively to regulate the dominant assembly pathway and ensure cognate RNA encapsidation. In MS2, they also trigger conformational change in the dimeric capsomere creating the A/B quasi-conformer, 60 of which are needed to complete the <i>T</i>=3 capsid. This is the most compelling demonstration to date that this ssRNA virus, and by implications potentially very many of them, assemble via a PS-mediated assembly mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2016.1157666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9147322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How WWII and the old Turkish mass standard led a Greek to a scientific career","authors":"C. Georgopoulos","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1093065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1093065","url":null,"abstract":"I was born in a small village near Olympia, on the western coast of Peloponnese, Greece, destined to become a farmer like my father and his father before him. However, WWII changed the course of my life in a profound way. The occupying Italian and German forces confiscated many of the farmers’ crops to feed their troops. Later, angered by the continuous Greek armed resistance, they began to burn the farmers’ fields in retaliation. As a consequence, my frustrated father decided to relocate our small family to Athens, taking advantage of the Red Cross distribution of Canadian wheat to the starving Greeks. Thus, my siblings and I grew up in the heart of the Athens slums full of excountry folk like us. The Greek misery continued even after WWII, due to the equally devastating Greek civil war, pitting the communists against the conservatives who were supported by the British and Americans, and lasting until 1949. When I was 8 y old, my father became a green grocer, selling his vegetables in a small stall in the central Athens market. I spent all of my after-school hours and all day Saturday helping my father in his business. At that time, and until 1959, Greece used the old Turkish “oka” as a mass standard (a remnant of the 400-year occupation of Greece by the Ottoman Empire). An oka was divided into 400 drams, a dram being equivalent to 3.2 g today. To further complicate things, an oka was divided into =2, =4, 1/8, 1/10, and 1/25 fractions. My task was not only to weigh the buyer’s groceries using the appropriate weight standards, but also to determine the price based on their weight. Because speed meant more grocery sales, I quickly became proficient in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This mastery of “baby math” at a relatively young age gave me confidence in my abilities, and later enabled me to win a competition, thereby earning me a full scholarship at Athens College High School, the best private high school in Greece. At Athens College, one of my favorite professors was Tom Richardson, who was a Fulbright scholar and a graduate of Amherst College in Massachusetts. Richardson was my chemistry professor, a knowledgeable and effective teacher, who instilled in me a passion for doing exact, experimental science. Based mostly on his recommendation, I was awarded a full scholarship as an undergraduate at Amherst. Although I majored in physics at Amherst College, I worked throughout my undergraduate years, including summers, as a laboratory assistant to retired biology professor Harold Henry Plough, in order to earn pocket money and to support myself during school recesses. Plough was a multifaceted scientist. He obtained his PhD degree in 1917 at Columbia University working in the Drosophila lab of T. H. Morgan. Plough’s scientific life was closely interwoven with that of Hermann “Joe” Muller, a fellow graduate student in the Morgan laboratory. According to Plough, who was one of the few who befriended him, Muller was as brilliant ","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85787714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriophage administration significantly reduces Shigella colonization and shedding by Shigella-challenged mice without deleterious side effects and distortions in the gut microbiota","authors":"V. Mai, M. Ukhanova, M. Reinhard, Manrong Li, A. Sulakvelidze","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1088124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1088124","url":null,"abstract":"We used a mouse model to establish safety and efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail, ShigActive™, in reducing fecal Shigella counts after oral challenge with a susceptible strain. Groups of inbred C57BL/6J mice challenged with Shigella sonnei strain S43-NalAcR were treated with a phage cocktail (ShigActive™) composed of 5 lytic Shigella bacteriophages and ampicillin. The treatments were administered (i) 1 h after, (ii) 3 h after, (iii) 1 h before and after, and (iv) 1 h before bacterial challenge. The treatment regimens elicited a 10- to 100-fold reduction in the CFU's of the challenge strain in fecal and cecum specimens compared to untreated control mice, (P < 0.05). ShigActiveTM treatment was at least as effective as treatment with ampicillin but had a significantly less impact on the gut microbiota. Long-term safety studies did not identify any side effects or distortions in overall gut microbiota associated with bacteriophage administration. Shigella phages may be therapeutically effective in a “classical phage therapy” approach, at least during the early stages after Shigella ingestion. Oral prophylactic “phagebiotic” administration of lytic bacteriophages may help to maintain a healthy gut microbiota by killing specifically targeted bacterial pathogens in the GI tract, without deleterious side effects and without altering the normal gut microbiota.","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81133147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-early functions of bacteriophage T5 and its relatives","authors":"J. Davison","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1086500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1086500","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Coliphage T5 injects its DNA in 2 steps: the first step transfer (FST) region 7.9% is injected and its genes are expressed and only then does the remainder (second step transfer, SST) of its DNA enter the cell. In the FST region, only 2 essential genes (A1 and A2) have been identified and a third (dmp) non-essential gene codes for a deoxyribonucleotide 5′ monophosphatase. Thirteen additional putative ORFs are present in the FST region. Numerous properties have been attributed to FST region, including SST, host DNA degradation, inhibition of host RNA and protein synthesis, restriction insensitivity and protection of T5 DNA. These effects do not occur following infection with an A1 mutant. The A2 gene seems only to be involved in SST transfer. This is puzzling since there are more seemingly unrelated effects than there are essential genes to accomplish them and it is possible that some important genes were not identified. This review attempts to analyze these problems that were first identified in the 1970–80 s. In particular, an attempt is made to determine which potential ORFs are conserved in evolution (and thus likely to be important); by comparing T5 to 10 newly isolated and completely sequenced T5-like phages. A similar approach is used to identify conserved repeats, inverted repeats and palindromes that occur in all T5-like phages in the region containing the injection stop signal (iss) and the terminase substrate. Finally, an attempt is made to re-analyze the mechanism whereby T5 protects itself from the enzymes that degrade host DNA, from the RecBCD nuclease and from restriction enzymes. For all of these FST effects new hypotheses and possible new genetic and biochemical approaches are envisaged.","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80844187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adding pieces to the puzzle: New insights into bacteriophage diversity from integrated research-education programs","authors":"W. Pope, G. Hatfull","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1084073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1084073","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteriophages are the dark matter of the biological universe: the population is vast and replete with novel genes whose function is unknown. The genomic insights such as the mosaic architecture gleaned from perhaps 2,000 currently sequenced bacteriophage genomes is far from representative of the total number phage particles in the biosphere - about 10ˆ31. The recent comparative analysis of 627 mycobacteriophages isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 is the most extensive examination yet in pursuit of this question.","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72962453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel phage lysin active against Paenibacillus larvae, a honeybee pathogen","authors":"L. Leblanc, S. Nezami, Diane G. Yost, Philippos K. Tsourkas, P. Amy","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1080787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1080787","url":null,"abstract":"Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB) disease which affects early larval stages during honeybee development. Due to its virulence, transmissibility, capacity to develop antibiotic resistance, and the inherent resilience of its endospores, Paenibacillus larvae is extremely difficult to eradicate from infected hives which often must be burned. AFB contributes to the worldwide decline of honeybee populations, which are crucial for pollination and the food supply. We have isolated a novel bacteriophage lysin, PlyPalA, from the genome of a novel Paenibacillus larvae bacteriophage originally extracted from an environmental sample. PlyPalA has an N-terminal N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase catalytic domain and possesses lytic activity against infectious strains of Paenibacillus larvae without harming commensal bacteria known to compose the honeybee larval microbiota. A single dose of PlyPalA rescued 75% of larvae infected with endospores, showing that it represents a powerful tool for future treatment of AFB. This represents the first time that lysins have been tested for therapeutic use in invertebrates.","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82877873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A small-scale experiment of using phage-based probiotic dietary supplement for prevention of E. coli traveler's diarrhea.","authors":"A V Aleshkin,&nbsp;E O Rubalskii,&nbsp;N V Volozhantsev,&nbsp;V V Verevkin,&nbsp;E A Svetoch,&nbsp;I A Kiseleva,&nbsp;S S Bochkareva,&nbsp;O Yu Borisova,&nbsp;A V Popova,&nbsp;A G Bogun,&nbsp;S S Afanas'ev","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1074329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1074329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traveler's diarrhea (TD) is caused by Escherichia coli in 30% of cases. We have developed a phage cocktail for prophylaxis of TD caused by E.coli, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes or Staphylococcus aureus, and investigated its effectiveness against infection caused by the non-pathogenic Lac (-) strain of E.coli K12 C600 in animal and human trials. On the 6th day of both animal and human trials E. coli K12 C600 strain was detected in titer of 10⁴ CFU/g of mice feces and 10⁶ CFU/g of human feces in the control (untreated) groups, while it was not detected in the samples of either of the study (phage-treated) groups. These results have great significance because the original coliphages included in the cocktail have a broad host-range including ETEC, EAEC and EHEC strains which cause severe cases of TD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1074329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34147527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection of <i>Erwinia amylovora</i> bacteriophage Y2 from UV-induced damage by natural compounds.","authors":"Yannick Born, Lars Bosshard, Brion Duffy, Martin J Loessner, Lars Fieseler","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1074330","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1074330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteriophages have regained much attention as biocontrol agents against bacterial pathogens. However, with respect to stability, phages are biomolecules and are therefore sensitive to a number of environmental influences. UV-irradiation can readily inactivate phage infectivity, which impedes their potential application in the plant phyllosphere. Therefore, phages for control of <i>Erwinia amylovora</i>, the causative agent of fire blight, need to be protected from UV-damage by adequate measures. We investigated the protective effect of different light-absorbing substances on phage particles exposed to UV-light. For this, natural extracts from carrot, red pepper, and beetroot, casein and soy peptone in solution, and purified substances such as astaxanthin, aromatic amino acids, and Tween 80 were prepared and tested as natural sunscreens for phage. All compounds were found to significantly increase half-life of UV-irradiated phage particles and they did not negatively affect phage viability or infectivity. Altogether, a range of readily available, natural substances are suitable as UV-protectants to prevent phage particles from UV-light damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90515817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}