Bacteriophage最新文献

{"title":"Life in science.","authors":"Fred Eiserling","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1050154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1050154","url":null,"abstract":"My love for science began with a trip at age 12 to Los Angeles’ Griffith Observatory. My father, a professional photographer, helped me construct a small telescope. I first saw Jupiter’s moons, and was captivated by their changing positions. That telescope was not much better than Galileo’s, but it still was exciting. I later made my own Newtonian mirror, went to astronomy meetings, met Edwin Hubble and spend time with Thomas Cragg at Mount Wilson Observatory, all before age 16. As an undergraduate at UCLA in 1955 I wanted to major in astronomy, but was told by the faculty that there were no jobs in astronomy and that UCLA did not even have a PhD program. Still, I took courses in astronomy. In one course, from Prof. George Abell, we plotted the 1957 orbit of a new satellite called Sputnik. Little did we know then that in 5 years there would be plenty of jobs in astronomy. Discouraged from astronomy I switched to Biology and then to Bacteriology. I loved optics, microscopes and imaging and was able to get a part-time undergraduate job in the laboratory of Fritiof Sjostrand who had just come from Sweden to UCLA as professor of zoology. There were 2 electron microscopes, and their technology was as exciting to me as big telescopes. I later decided to stay on as a graduate student in bacteriology, and did my first phage experiments with Professor W. R. Romig. He had a soft southern accent, was very modest, and is not as well recognized in the bacteriophage community as he should be. He was among the very first to show that purified DNA extracted from a phage (SPO1) was infectious when used to transform Bacillus subtilis Bob Romig was an excellent teacher and mentor. He spent a great deal of time with each graduate student, gently pointing out missing control experiments and showing us how to design better experimental protocols. The most exciting part of this graduate experience was linking my phage experiments to electron microscopy. By now I was allowed to use the electron microscopes in the Sjostrand lab, and learned to do negative staining of phage. I discovered that by disrupting bacterial DNA replication by UV irradiation, or Mitomycin C treatment that every variety of Bacillus I examined produced either whole phage or phage parts after these treatments. I concluded in my PhD thesis, rather boldly, that bacterial genomes were all made in part from bacteriophage genes, which was a somewhat novel idea in 1962. I was incredibly fortunate to be able to work in the Sjostrand lab. One day, Professor Sjostrand told me one of his visitors needed a tennis partner, and that was to be me. The visitor was Hugh Huxley, and after tennis he showed me how to do negative contrast of macromolecules using uranyl acetate. This was a huge improvement in contrast and resolution. I also learned how to make novel support films containing holes for mounting ultrathin sections of bacteria and to add additional contrast with uranium salts. Professor Sjostrand was interes","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1050154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34066294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinformatics as a first-line approach for understanding bacteriophage transcription.","authors":"Jelena Guzina,&nbsp;Marko Djordjevic","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1062588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1062588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current approach to understanding bacteriophage transcription strategies during infection includes a combination of experimental and bioinformatics approaches, which is often time and resource consuming. Given the exponentially growing number of sequenced bacteriophage genomes, it becomes sensible asking to what extent one can understand bacteriophage transcription by using bioinformatics methods alone. We here argue that a suitable choice of computational methods may provide a highly efficient first-line approach for underst-anding bacteriophage transcription.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1062588","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34066296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial bacteriophage-derived proteins and therapeutic applications.","authors":"Dwayne R Roach,&nbsp;David M Donovan","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1062590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1062590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotics have the remarkable power to control bacterial infections. Unfortunately, widespread use, whether regarded as prudent or not, has favored the emergence and persistence of antibiotic resistant strains of human pathogenic bacteria, resulting in a global health threat. Bacteriophages (phages) are parasites that invade the cells of virtually all known bacteria. Phages reproduce by utilizing the host cell's machinery to replicate viral proteins and genomic material, generally damaging and killing the cell in the process. Thus, phage can be exploited therapeutically as bacteriolytic agents against bacteria. Furthermore, understanding of the molecular processes involved in the viral life cycle, particularly the entry and cell lysis steps, has led to the development of viral proteins as antibacterial agents. Here we review the current preclinical state of using phage-derived endolysins, virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases, polysaccharide depolymerases, and holins for the treatment of bacterial infection. The scope of this review is a focus on the viral proteins that have been assessed for protective effects against human pathogenic bacteria in animal models of infection and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1062590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34067320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phage on the stage.","authors":"Louise Temple,&nbsp;Lynn Lewis","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1062589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1062589","url":null,"abstract":"The resurgence of interest in bacteriophages for use in combating antibiotic resistant bacteria is coincident with an urgent call for more effective science education practices, including hands-on learning opportunities. To address this issue, a number of solutions have been proposed, including a large educational experiment, begun in 2007 by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and currently involving over 85 colleges and universities, which has students discovering unique phages, obtaining images, and purifying phage DNA. A subset of these phage genomes is sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Papers describing individual phage discoveries and comparative genomic studies are being published regularly. The vast majority of students in the program are in their first year of college, a critical time in capturing their interest and retaining them as science majors. This viral discovery model is being adopted and modified by a wide variety of educational institutions using a number of different bacterial hosts. In the opinion of the authors, this program and others like it represent a model accessible to virtually any undergraduate setting. And because of these programs, bacteriophage enthusiasts (academics, health professionals, biotechnology companies) can look forward to more well prepared students entering their ranks and should anticipate many more potentially useful phages discovered and characterized.","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1062589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34066298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An insight into staphylococcal pathogenicity island-mediated interference with phage late gene transcription.","authors":"Geeta Ram,&nbsp;John Chen,&nbsp;Hope F Ross,&nbsp;Richard P Novick","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1028608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1028608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Staphylococcal pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are ∼15 kb chromosomally located mobile elements that parasitize \"helper\" phages which provide a de-repressor protein plus virion and lysis proteins which enable the release of infectious SaPI particles in very high titers. All SaPIs interfere with the reproduction of their helper phages, using 3 different mechanisms. The logic of SaPI reproduction requires that these interference mechanisms do not totally block phage production, as this would be lethal for them as well as for the phage. The discovery of 2 SaPI2 proteins that totally block phage 80 by interfering with late phage transcription was inconsistent with this principle and led to the discovery of a third protein that binds to one of the interference proteins and modulates its activity, thus preventing complete inhibition of the phage. These systems permit the SaPIs to engage in horizontal transfer of unlinked chromosomal genes as well as their own.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1028608","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34079555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serendipity and the times.","authors":"Franklin Frank W Stahl","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1059003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1059003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1059003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34066295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the initial steps in the T7 DNA ejection process.","authors":"Verónica A González-García,&nbsp;Rebeca Bocanegra,&nbsp;Mar Pulido-Cid,&nbsp;Jaime Martín-Benito,&nbsp;Ana Cuervo,&nbsp;José L Carrascosa","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1056904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1056904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A specialized complex, the tail, is the most common strategy employed by bacterial viruses to deliver their genome without disrupting cell integrity. T7 has a short, non-contractile tail formed by a tubular structure surrounded by fibers. Recent studies showed that incubation of the virus with <i>Escherichia coli</i> lipopolysaccharides (LPS) resulted in complete delivery of the viral genome, demonstrating for the first time that LPS are the T7 receptor. Further screening of the bacterial envelope for proteinaceous compounds that affect T7 ejection showed that porins OmpA and OmpF affect viral particle adsorption and infection kinetics, suggesting that these proteins play a role in the first steps of virus-host interaction. Comparison of the structures before and after ejection showed the conformational changes needed in the tail for genome delivery. Structural similarities between T7 and other viruses belonging to the <i>Podoviridae</i> family suggests that they could also follow a similar DNA ejection mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1056904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34080006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giuseppe Bertani (1923-2015).","authors":"B H Lindqvist,&nbsp;E Haggård-Ljungqvist,&nbsp;R Calendar","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1054060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1054060","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Giuseppe Bertani (Joe to friends) died on the 7th of April 2015 at the age of 91 years in Pasadena, California, USA. As a pioneering microbial geneticist he helped to develop this field o...","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1054060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34066293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evolution and bacterial resistance: (co)evolutionary costs and trade-offs as opportunities in phage therapy research.","authors":"Pauline D Scanlan,&nbsp;Angus Buckling,&nbsp;Alex R Hall","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1050153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1050153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antagonistic coevolution between bacteria and phages (reciprocal selection for resistance and infectivity) has been demonstrated in a wide range of natural ecosystems, as well as experimental populations of microbes, yet exploiting knowledge of coevolution for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of phages is under-explored. In this addendum to our recent paper we discuss how real-time coevolution studies using experimental populations of bacteria and phages can provide novel insight into the changes in bacterial phenotypes that result from resistance evolution against coevolving phages, and how this may ultimately improve our understanding of phage therapy and ability to design effective treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1050153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34079558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"My life with Mu.","authors":"Ariane Toussaint","doi":"10.1080/21597081.2015.1034336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2015.1034336","url":null,"abstract":"To write this essay I received a series of questions aiming at guiding my writing. Reading them made me realize that the phage I chose to study Mu, and the group of people who shared my enthusiasm for that transposable phage have been the main drive of my scientific path. Fascinating findings readily started and kept accumulating through the years and the dual nature of the organism (a phage and a transposon) led the group to be part not only of the phage but also of e.g., the plasmid and transposon scientific communities. Today, the number of scientists working on the development of transposable phages and its regulation has shrunk so much that a significant part of the knowledge accumulated through over 40 y of research is at high risk of extinction! A historical survey of Mu biology and the Mu community appeared in the book “Phage Mu” (Neville Symonds et al., CSHL press, 1987), a tribute to Ahmad Bukhari, a leading figure in the Mu field, who passed away at the end of 1983, in his middle 40s. His memory inspires more than any other when going back to the most productive years in Mu biology from 1970 to the late 90s. My first encounter with Mu occurred in 1968. It was a time of intense political discussions and reinvention of authority! I was working on my PhD thesis in Ren e Thomas’s lab. Ren e, with whom I spent the largest part of my scientific life at the Universit e Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, taught me scientific rigour and freedom. To some of us, he had suggested to work in pairs, to produce 2 collaborative theses! That’s how, for over 3 years, I had the compelling experience to share ideas, conceive and run experiments, write papers and much more with Nicole Douat. Nicole and I were desperate to isolate polar mutations in phage l. We convinced Ren e to invite Pieter Starlinger (Professor at the University K€ oln) for a seminar. Pieter’s group had isolated strong polar mutations in the E.coli gal operon, using, among other procedures, bacteriophage Mu insertions. Our last hope for getting l polar mutations was this new phage. Pieter brought us a sample of Mu and a few months later we had all the lmutants we needed to show that its late genes form an operon. In the summer of 1970, with Bill Dove, Ren e taught the last phage course at CSHL. I was in the US as a “post-doc” at that time (quoted because I still hadn’t finished writing my thesis!) and by a happy set of circumstances, Ren e asked me to join as a technician to help teaching the course. There, I met Ahmad Bukhari for the first time. He had just been appointed by Jim Watson to work on Mu at CSHL after his post-doc with Larry Taylor, the discoverer of Mu in the early 1960s. Ahmad was soon to be joined by Martha Howe and Ernesto Bade. From then on the Mu community built up and we shared exceptional moments when meeting and discovering the intricacies of the Mu system bit by bit (most bits being completely unexpected). We enthusiastically discussed the most eccentric possibilities a","PeriodicalId":8686,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21597081.2015.1034336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34066292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}