AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1177/10731911251356150
Elizabeth A Edershile, Jeffrey M Girard, William C Woods, Trevor F Williams, Leonard J Simms, Aidan G C Wright
{"title":"Narcissism From Every Angle: An Interpersonal Analysis of Narcissism in Young Adults.","authors":"Elizabeth A Edershile, Jeffrey M Girard, William C Woods, Trevor F Williams, Leonard J Simms, Aidan G C Wright","doi":"10.1177/10731911251356150","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251356150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The construct of narcissism can be conceptualized very differently depending on the psychological literature. The social-personality conceptualization of narcissism often emphasizes high self-esteem as well as a range of associated maladaptive and adaptive outcomes. The clinical literature focuses on the pathological aspects of narcissism and highlights maladaptive aspects that correspond to the relationship between narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability. Reflecting these varying views of narcissism, many measures have become popular in the assessment of the construct, each with varying interpersonal characterizations. The current study (<i>N</i> = 1,111) evaluated the interpersonal profiles captured by popular measures of narcissism and examined whether measures capture overlapping, differentiated, and/or intended interpersonal styles. Results revealed that measures of narcissism capture a wide range of interpersonal styles, from warm/dominant to submissive. However, most measures emphasize the role of interpersonal dominance in the measure content. Viewing narcissism from a three-factor structure, including narcissistic agency, antagonism, and vulnerability, helps to integrate the wide range of interpersonal styles apparent across narcissism measures. Furthermore, the level of (mal)adaptivity and general interpersonal style somewhat maps onto the literature of origin for the scales. Implications for measurement selection in the assessment of narcissism are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"784-805"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1177/10731911251357462
Christopher Ebert, Tim Oser, Philipp Sterner, Johannes Zimmermann, Jochen Gensichen, Victoria von Schrottenberg
{"title":"Maladaptive Personality Traits in Primary Care: Validation of the German Modified Brief Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID5BF + M).","authors":"Christopher Ebert, Tim Oser, Philipp Sterner, Johannes Zimmermann, Jochen Gensichen, Victoria von Schrottenberg","doi":"10.1177/10731911251357462","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251357462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the modified brief Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID5BF + M) in primary care (PC) using data from <i>n</i> = 1,030 German patients. Furthermore, differences in maladaptive personality traits between PC patients and the general population were explored. Confirmatory factor analysis supported factorial validity (CFI = 0.949, TLI = 0.942, RMSEA = 0.044, and SRMR = 0.058). Reliability was adequate across domain scales (ω<sub>H</sub>: 0.75-0.85). PID5BF + M total and domain scale scores, particularly negative affectivity, correlated significantly positively with depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and somatic symptoms (PHQ-15), indicating convergent validity. Regression analyses showed PC to be associated with lower levels of maladaptive personality traits, compared with a representative German population sample (<i>n</i> = 4,172). These findings highlight the PID5BF + M as a valid and reliable tool for assessing personality pathology and maladaptive traits in PC, enabling general practitioners to screen for transdiagnostic indicators of mental health conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"845-865"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13230658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-08-09DOI: 10.1177/10731911251347489
J Kay Waid-Ebbs, Pey-Shan Wen, Bryant A Seamon, Craig A Velozo
{"title":"Construct Validity of the Tower of London Test: Generating a Construct Specification Equation Relating Problem Characteristics to Problem Difficulty in a Sample of Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.","authors":"J Kay Waid-Ebbs, Pey-Shan Wen, Bryant A Seamon, Craig A Velozo","doi":"10.1177/10731911251347489","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251347489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Tower of London (TOL) is a set of problem-solving tasks that are commonly used to measure cognition. No studies have developed construct specification equations (CSEs) to mathematically quantify how the characteristics of test problems relate to the difficulty of the problem in the TOL. We aimed to investigate the relationship between TOL problem characteristics and problem difficulty in Veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). For each problem, the sample average of moves, time, and optimal moves was used to quantify TOL problem difficulty from 77 Veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. Problem characteristics of minimum moves, optimal paths, move choices, start position, and goal position for 29 TOL problems were linearly regressed against quantifications of TOL problem difficulty. Only the problem characteristic of minimum moves showed a significant correlation across all three quantifications of problem difficulty (<i>r</i> = |-.460|-.851). Minimum moves accounted for 71.4 % and 51.2% of the adjusted variance of problem difficulty quantified by average moves and average time, respectively. A CSE depicting the relationship of the TOL problem characteristics of minimum moves to problem difficulty, as measured by average moves, was highly accurate. These findings have implications for selecting primary TOL performance variables for research studies and provide insight into creating shorter TOL versions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"806-816"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13230642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-07-24DOI: 10.1177/10731911251350537
Sita Sophie Sielaff, Reinhard Eher, Sonja Etzler, Martin Rettenberger
{"title":"Cross-Validation of the German Version of the Revised Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI-2).","authors":"Sita Sophie Sielaff, Reinhard Eher, Sonja Etzler, Martin Rettenberger","doi":"10.1177/10731911251350537","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251350537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pedophilic interests are considered as one of the most important diagnostic aspects and one of the strongest predictors of sexual recidivism among persons convicted of sexual offenses against children. The <i>Revised Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests</i> (SSPI-2) is a comparatively easy-to-score diagnostic actuarial instrument to assess pedohebephilic interests. The present study aimed to examine the convergent, predictive, and incremental validity of the German version of the SSPI-2 in a sample of <i>N</i> = 438 males released from the Austrian prison system who had been convicted and incarcerated because of sexual offenses against children. As expected, the SSPI-2 was moderately correlated with a diagnosis of (exclusive) pedophilia and with the risk assessment instruments Static-99 and Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20) v2. The examination of the predictive validity revealed moderate effect sizes of the SSPI-2 for the prediction of sexually motivated recidivism. Sequential Cox regressions showed that the SSPI-2 incrementally predicts sexual recidivism and sexual noncontact recidivism beyond the SVR-20 v2 and the diagnosis of exclusive pedophilia; however, the SSPI-2 did not have incremental predictive validity beyond the Static-99. Finally, normative data were constructed for the observed and calculated proportions of pedophilia and exclusive pedophilia diagnoses and for 5-year sexual recidivism rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"890-905"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144697500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-07-23DOI: 10.1177/10731911251350735
Timothy C Papadopoulos, George Spanoudis, Jack A Naglieri, Jagannath P Das
{"title":"Unraveling the Multifaceted Nature of Intelligence: A Correlated Factor Model Approach Grounded in PASS Theory.","authors":"Timothy C Papadopoulos, George Spanoudis, Jack A Naglieri, Jagannath P Das","doi":"10.1177/10731911251350735","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251350735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intelligence, a subject of profound interest within psychology, has seen extensive exploration of its psychological and psychometric foundations. This study delves into the multifaceted nature of intelligence, using structural equation modeling techniques to examine theory-driven conceptualizations of the construct. We tested several models, including unidimensional, correlated, higher-order, and bifactor symmetrical and asymmetrical models. To enhance the reliability and generalizability of the findings, we used a large and diverse cohort based on the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive (PASS) theory and the Cognitive Assessment System 2 (CAS2), which was standardized in the United States. Results showed that the correlated factor model, which reflects relationships among cognitive domains, offers the most fitting representation of intelligence. This outcome aligns with the PASS theory's theoretical foundations, emphasizing intelligence's multifaceted nature. Also, our exploration of cultural relevance invariance underscores the importance of considering demographic-related differences in cognitive processes. By endorsing a correlated factor model, our study encourages a subtle understanding of intelligence that acknowledges the diversity and interconnectedness of cognitive processes, with potential implications for education and clinical assessment practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"723-740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1177/10731911251357466
Jinsoo Choi, Nanhee Kim, Bo Zhang, Sang Woo Park, Seonghee Cho, Young Woo Sohn, Christopher J Soto, Oliver P John
{"title":"The Big Five Inventory-2 in Korea: Validation and Cross-Cultural Comparisons with the U.S. and Chinese Versions.","authors":"Jinsoo Choi, Nanhee Kim, Bo Zhang, Sang Woo Park, Seonghee Cho, Young Woo Sohn, Christopher J Soto, Oliver P John","doi":"10.1177/10731911251357466","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251357466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) has enjoyed global popularity due to its good balance of content coverage and brevity and has been officially translated into 12 languages in addition to the original English version. The current study aimed to further enhance the cultural accessibility of the BFI-2 by translating it into the Korean language and comprehensively validating the Korean version in two South Korean samples: working adults and college students. Across the two samples, the Korean BFI-2 demonstrated good reliability (e.g., test-retest reliability, Cronbach's alpha), construct validity (e.g., convergent/discriminant validity), and criterion-related validity with a wide range of outcome measures. Additionally, we compared the psychometric properties of the Korean BFI-2 to those of the original English and Chinese versions to further establish its comparability with other language versions. Overall, our results demonstrate that the Korean BFI-2 is a reliable and valid personality measure that can be confidently used by other researchers. Implications, limitations, and future directions were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"866-889"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-08-03DOI: 10.1177/10731911251355124
Zhenfeng Zhou, Zhihao Ma
{"title":"Evaluating the Brief Resilience Scale in 21 Countries: Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance Across Sex, Age, and Countries.","authors":"Zhenfeng Zhou, Zhihao Ma","doi":"10.1177/10731911251355124","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251355124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is widely used for assessing resilience. However, evaluations of the BRS's measurement invariance across different countries are scarce. This study examines the psychometric properties of the BRS across 21 countries, using a sample of 10,259 participants from the COVIDiSTRESS II Global Survey dataset. It investigates the reliability, factor structure, criterion validity, and measurement invariance across age, sex, and countries. The results indicate that the BRS has high reliability, and the two-factor structure is the most widely applicable optimal structure. Full measurement invariance across sex was achieved, while partial measurement invariance across age was established. With respect to geographical heterogeneities, the Central American subgroup achieved full measurement invariance while partial measurement invariance was observed in the South American subgroup. Regarding cultural differences, partial measurement invariance was obtained in the Latin American subgroup. However, the full country group and the other country subgroups did not achieve measurement invariance. The significant correlations between the BRS and factors like stressors, perceived stress, loneliness, social support, and emotion regulation support its criterion validity. These findings suggest that the BRS is a valuable psychometric tool for resilience research. However, caution is needed when applying it across different age groups and countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"765-783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1177/10731911251362532
Stefan C Schmukle
{"title":"Unbiased Confidence Intervals for Psychological Testing: The Regression-Based True Score Approach With Scale Correction.","authors":"Stefan C Schmukle","doi":"10.1177/10731911251362532","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251362532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two different approaches for calculating confidence intervals (CIs) for individual scores in psychological testing practice have been discussed in the literature within the framework of classical test theory. The traditional approach (CI: observed score ± <i>z</i> · standard error of measurement) has been criticized because it does not consider the phenomenon that, with imperfect measurement, true scores will be closer to the population average than the observed scores (regression to the mean). The regression approach (CI: regression-based true score estimate ± <i>z</i> · standard error of the estimate) takes this effect into account, but has the disadvantage that it leads to confidence intervals that are on a different scale than the observed scores. The different scaling occurs because true scores have a smaller standard deviation than observed scores, and the extent of this shrinkage depends on the reliability of the test. Here, I suggest a scale correction for the regression-based true score estimate to preserve the original scaling. Simulations indicate that this approach has the desired properties and outperforms the two existing approaches. The regression approach with scale correction is therefore recommended for calculating confidence intervals for individual scores in psychological testing practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"817-825"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13230652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-08-17DOI: 10.1177/10731911251359456
Morgan Robison, Marie Campione, Thomas E Joiner, A James Gallyer, Megan L Rogers
{"title":"Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Capability for Suicide Scale: A Multi-Sample Investigation.","authors":"Morgan Robison, Marie Campione, Thomas E Joiner, A James Gallyer, Megan L Rogers","doi":"10.1177/10731911251359456","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911251359456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capability for suicide is fundamental when differentiating between those who think about suicide compared to those who make lethal or near-lethal suicide attempts. Although suicidal capability is theorized to have unique subcomponents, the reliable measures of suicidal capability generally focus on single aspects of capability (e.g., fearlessness of death). Thus, the goal of the present research was to develop and present a novel Multidimensional Capability for Suicide Scale (MCSS) across three clinically relevant samples: Sample 1 was composed of participants with elevated levels of psychopathology (<i>N</i><sub>1</sub> = 513), while Samples 2 to 3 included participants with either current suicidal ideation or a lifetime suicide attempt (<i>N</i><sub>2</sub> = 489, <i>N</i><sub>3</sub> = 278). All samples suggested a 16-item measure with four distinct subscales including access to suicidal means, pain tolerance, fearlessness of death, and perceived ability to kill oneself. The final set of items exhibited excellent model fit across each sample and indicated unique associations with various aspects of suicide risk. Thus, the MCSS presents as an improved measurement tool to assess each theorized facet of suicidal capability, providing avenues for future research and treatment regarding suicide assessment, intervention, and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"741-764"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12584143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AssessmentPub Date : 2026-06-29DOI: 10.1177/10731911261455483
Pengda Wang, Hanjie Chen, Frederick L Oswald, Tianjun Sun
{"title":"Modeling Individual Language Patterns and Psychological Constructs to Generate AI-Augmented Data for Scalable Psychological Assessment.","authors":"Pengda Wang, Hanjie Chen, Frederick L Oswald, Tianjun Sun","doi":"10.1177/10731911261455483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911261455483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scientific and systematic data collection and analysis have long been a crucial foundation in psychological assessment systems. It is only through this process that psychology professionals can effectively measure and interpret individuals' mental states, behavioral patterns, and standing on underlying latent constructs. However, obtaining high-quality task-specific data remains challenging due to issues of cost, time, and scalability, all further complicated by ethical and privacy concerns associated with sensitive psychological information. To address this, we apply <i>alignment training</i> of large language models (LLMs) to generate artificial intelligence (AI)-augmented data. This method uses existing participant responses to create personalized, plausible answers to new or unanswered questions. The augmented data match individuals' linguistic style and psychological characteristics, thereby simulating plausible personalized responses. We evaluated this method using an archival dataset of life-narrative interviews originally collected for personality trait prediction. We compared the augmented data with the real data, at both the linguistic levels (i.e., via the perplexity metric and the multidimensional tagger) and utility levels (i.e., similar functions, such as personality trait prediction). Finding that AI-generated data closely resemble human data and can therefore support pilot testing or modeling missing responses. Overall, the augmented data approach offers a scalable, effective solution to enriching datasets in AI-based psychological assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"10731911261455483"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}