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Development and Validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire. 易想象性问卷的开发与验证。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241260233
Sarah E Williams, Thomas A Fergus, Annie T Ginty
{"title":"Development and Validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire.","authors":"Sarah E Williams, Thomas A Fergus, Annie T Ginty","doi":"10.1177/10731911241260233","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241260233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present series of studies aimed to develop and provide initial validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ)-a measure assessing ease of imaging different positive and negative imagery content reflective of valence and engaging or disengaging in adverse situations. Five studies were conducted to collectively examine the questionnaire's factor structure and concurrent validity. Study 1 (<i>N</i> = 336) and Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 207) informed the development of 16 items of the EIQ, with a four-factor structure supported in Studies 3 (<i>N</i> = 219), 4 (<i>N</i> = 135), and 5 (<i>N</i> = 184) using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 3 also supported concurrent validity with significant bivariate correlations (<i>p</i> < .05) with the similar Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire subscales, while studies 4 and 5 demonstrated criterion validity in the EIQ's prediction of challenge and threat appraisal tendencies, perceived stress, stress mindset, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Overall, the EIQ demonstrates a replicable four-factor structure and appears to assess ability to image content associated with positive and negative emotions as well as demanding stress-evoking situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"759-777"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12089667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141756884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Continuous Norming Approaches: A Systematic Review and Real Data Example. 持续规范方法:系统回顾与真实数据示例。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241260545
Julian Urban, Vsevolod Scherrer, Anja Strobel, Franzis Preckel
{"title":"Continuous Norming Approaches: A Systematic Review and Real Data Example.","authors":"Julian Urban, Vsevolod Scherrer, Anja Strobel, Franzis Preckel","doi":"10.1177/10731911241260545","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241260545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Norming of psychological tests is decisive for test score interpretation. However, conventional norming based on subgroups results either in biases or require very large samples to gather precise norms. Continuous norming methods, namely inferential, semi-parametric, and (simplified) parametric norming, propose to solve those issues. This article provides a systematic review of continuous norming. The review includes 121 publications with overall 189 studies. The main findings indicate that most studies used simplified parametric norming, not all studies considered essential distributional assumptions, and the evidence comparing different norming methods is inconclusive. In a real data example, using the standardization sample of the Need for Cognition-KIDS scale, we compared the precision of conventional, semi-parametric, and parametric norms. A hierarchy in terms of precision emerged with conventional norms being least precise, followed by semi-parametric norms, and parametric norms being most precise. We discuss these findings by comparing our findings and methods to previous studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"654-674"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12089670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141765061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Structure of Self-Compassion: A Meta-Analytic Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Compassion Scale. 自我同情的结构:自我同情量表的元分析验证性因子分析。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1177/10731911251347463
Matthew Bourke
{"title":"On the Structure of Self-Compassion: A Meta-Analytic Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Compassion Scale.","authors":"Matthew Bourke","doi":"10.1177/10731911251347463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911251347463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been much debate relating to the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and failure to reach a consensus has the potential to hold the field back from moving forward. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesize the factor structure of the SCS from diverse samples using meta-analytic structural equation modeling. Original research studies reporting on the factor structure of the SCS were identified by searching three online databases. The individual item correlation coefficient matrix was extracted from each of the included studies. Two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling was used to examine the dimensionality of the SCS by aggregating data across the original research studies. A total of 27 unique studies were included in the meta-analytic structural equation model. Results demonstrated that, after accounting for participant acquiescent response style, a bifactor structure with six specific factors and a single global general factor fit the data the best. These results suggest that self-compassion is a bipolar construct ranging from being entirely uncompassionate to oneself to entirely compassionate to oneself. Implications of these findings on assessment and reporting are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"10731911251347463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Testing the Impact of Variations in Administration on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). 测试凯斯勒心理压力量表 (K10) 施测方式变化的影响。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256430
Miranda R Chilver, Richard A Burns, Ferdi Botha, Peter Butterworth
{"title":"Testing the Impact of Variations in Administration on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).","authors":"Miranda R Chilver, Richard A Burns, Ferdi Botha, Peter Butterworth","doi":"10.1177/10731911241256430","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241256430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-report measures are useful in psychological research and practice, but scores may be impacted by administration methods. This study investigated whether changing the recall period (from 30 to 7 days) and response option order (from ascending to descending) alters the score distribution of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Participants were presented with the K10 with either different recall periods or different response option orders. There was weak evidence of lower mean K10 scores when using a 7-day recall period than when using the 30-day recall period (B = 1.96, 95% CI [0.04-3.90]) but no evidence of a change in the estimated prevalence of very high psychological distress. Presenting the response options in ascending order did not affect mean scores, but there was weak evidence of reduced prevalence of very high distress relative to the descending order (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.60, 95% CI [0.36-0.98]). These findings suggest that varying the administration method may result in minor differences in population estimates of very high psychological distress when using the K10.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"622-630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12009444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Further Validation of the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire in the Italian Context: Results From Classical and Modern Test Theory. 在意大利背景下进一步验证迫害意念问卷:古典和现代测试理论的结果。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241257012
Daiana Colledani, Paola Boragno, Elena Maria Fiabane, Ilaria Setti, Paola Gabanelli
{"title":"Further Validation of the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire in the Italian Context: Results From Classical and Modern Test Theory.","authors":"Daiana Colledani, Paola Boragno, Elena Maria Fiabane, Ilaria Setti, Paola Gabanelli","doi":"10.1177/10731911241257012","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241257012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire (PIQ) is a valuable instrument to measure persecutory ideation. The aim of this study is to validate the scale in the Italian context and to extend the study of its psychometric properties using approaches from both classical and modern test theories. The results of the study, involving 700 individuals, confirmed the one-factor structure and the good validity and reliability of the scale. Full metric invariance and partial scalar and strict invariance were also supported across gender, age, and education level groups. Rasch analysis indicated that the 5-point response scale is well-functioning and that the PIQ is most appropriate to measure high levels of persecutory ideation. The results contribute to a better understanding of the measurement properties of the PIQ. The paper discusses the advantages and contributions of each method used to explore the measurement properties of the scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"577-589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141299899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring Children's Reward and Punishment Sensitivity: An Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Contingency Response Rating Scale. 测量儿童对奖惩的敏感性:权变反应评定量表的初步心理测量学评估》(An Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Contingency Response Rating Scale)。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256536
Daniel A Waschbusch, Vanessa T Cao, Delshad M Shroff, Pevitr S Bansal, Michael T Willoughby
{"title":"Measuring Children's Reward and Punishment Sensitivity: An Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Contingency Response Rating Scale.","authors":"Daniel A Waschbusch, Vanessa T Cao, Delshad M Shroff, Pevitr S Bansal, Michael T Willoughby","doi":"10.1177/10731911241256536","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241256536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Existing research shows that children's responses to rewards and punishments are essential for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and callous-unemotional traits. The present study developed the Contingency Response Rating Scale (CRRS) to fulfill the need for a reliable and valid measure of children's contingency response style that is brief, easy to use in applied settings, and provides additional information to existing clinical measures. We examined the psychometric properties of the CRRS in a sample of 196 children (ages 5-12), most of whom were referred to evaluate attention and behavior problems in an outpatient clinic. Using principal axis factoring, we identified five factors: (a) punishment ineffectiveness, (b) reward ineffectiveness, (c) punishment dysregulation, (d) reward dysregulation, and (e) contingency insensitivity. The subscales based on these factors showed acceptable test-retest and internal consistency reliability, and scale intercorrelations varied from low to moderate. The subscales also captured significant variance not explained by child or parent demographics and were associated with measures of psychopathology and impairment. The results provide preliminary evidence that the CRRS may be a helpful tool for assessing reward and punishment sensitivity in children with attention and behavior problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"561-576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12009458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141309926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychometric Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability of MoCA in American Indian Adults: The Strong Heart Study. 美国印第安成年人 MoCA 心理测量的可靠性、有效性和普遍性:强心研究
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241261436
Astrid M Suchy-Dicey, Thao T Vo, Kyra Oziel, Dedra S Buchwald, Kristoffer Rhoads, Brian F French
{"title":"Psychometric Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability of MoCA in American Indian Adults: The Strong Heart Study.","authors":"Astrid M Suchy-Dicey, Thao T Vo, Kyra Oziel, Dedra S Buchwald, Kristoffer Rhoads, Brian F French","doi":"10.1177/10731911241261436","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241261436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Standardized neuropsychological instruments are used to evaluate cognitive impairment, but few have been psychometrically evaluated in American Indians. We collected Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in 403 American Indians 70 to 95 years, as well as age, sex, education, bilingual status, depression symptoms, and other neuropsychological instruments. We evaluated inferences of psychometric validity, including scoring inference using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, generalizability inference using reliability coefficient, and extrapolation inference by examining performance across different contexts and substrata. The unidimensional (total score) model had good fit criteria. Internal consistency reliability was high. MoCA scores were positively associated with crystallized cognition (ρ = 0.48, <i>p</i> < .001) and inversely with depression symptoms (ρ = -0.27, <i>p</i> < .001). Significant differences were found by education (<i>d</i> = 0.79, <i>p</i> < .05) depression (<i>d</i> = 0.484, <i>p</i> < .05), and adjudicated cognitive status (<i>p</i> = .0001) strata; however, MoCA was not sensitive or specific in discriminating cognitive impairment from normal cognition (area under the curve <0.5). MoCA scores had psychometric validity in older American Indians, but education and depression are important contextual features for score interpretability. Future research should evaluate cultural or community-specific adaptations, to improve test discriminability in this underserved population.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"608-621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12053832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141750970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development and Validation of the Five-Factor Borderline Inventory-Super Short Form and Screener. 边际障碍五因素量表--超级简表和筛选器的开发与验证。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256439
Hilary L DeShong, Courtney K Mason, Ben Porter, Kren Kelley, Stephanie N Mullins-Sweatt, Donald R Lynam, Joshua D Miller, Thomas Widiger
{"title":"Development and Validation of the Five-Factor Borderline Inventory-Super Short Form and Screener.","authors":"Hilary L DeShong, Courtney K Mason, Ben Porter, Kren Kelley, Stephanie N Mullins-Sweatt, Donald R Lynam, Joshua D Miller, Thomas Widiger","doi":"10.1177/10731911241256439","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241256439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Five-Factor Borderline Inventory (FFBI) and FFBI-Short Form (FFBI-SF) are 120-item and 48-item measures that assess the underlying maladaptive personality traits of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of this study was to develop a super short form (FFBI-SSF) and an FFBI-Screener to facilitate the use of dimensional trait measures for BPD. Using item response theory analyses, the 48-item measure was reduced to 22 items using a large undergraduate sample (<i>N</i> = 1300) and then retested using a Mechanical Turk sample (<i>N</i> = 602), demonstrating strong replicability. IRT was again used to further reduce the measure from 22 items to four items to provide a brief screening tool. Correlations of the FFBI-SSF and Screener with measures of BPD-related variables were compared across five samples (<i>N</i> = 919, 204, 580, 281, and 488). Overall, the FFBI-SSF showed similar relations to the FFBI-SF at the full scale and domain-level scales, while the FFBI-screener demonstrated similar relations at the full scale level. This super short form and screener may best be used in large-scale research studies or as part of a screening tool in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"488-500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills in Just a Few Minutes: 96-, 45-, and 20-Item Short Forms of the BESSI. 在几分钟内评估社交、情感和行为技能:96分、45分和20分的BESSI简表。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256434
Madison N Sewell, Hee J Yoon, Clemens M Lechner, Christopher M Napolitano, Beatrice Rammstedt, Brent W Roberts, Christopher J Soto
{"title":"Assessing Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills in Just a Few Minutes: 96-, 45-, and 20-Item Short Forms of the BESSI.","authors":"Madison N Sewell, Hee J Yoon, Clemens M Lechner, Christopher M Napolitano, Beatrice Rammstedt, Brent W Roberts, Christopher J Soto","doi":"10.1177/10731911241256434","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241256434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) skills matter for individuals' well-being and success. The behavioral, emotional, and social skills inventory (BESSI) uses 192 items to assess 32 specific SEB skills across five broad skill domains. This research developed three short forms of the BESSI-192 and explored their measurement properties, predictive validity, and cross-cultural comparability. We found that BESSI-96, BESSI-45, and BESSI-20 largely captured the psychological content of the BESSI-192 measure, retained a robust multidimensional structure, and demonstrated adequate reliability. At the domain and facet level, the BESSI short forms showed patterns of associations with external criteria that were similar to the BESSI-192 and preserved most of the BESSI-192's predictive power. The BESSI short forms also demonstrated full or partial measurement invariance between the primarily U.S.-based and German adult samples. We conclude by discussing contexts in which the short forms may be useful for researchers and practitioners.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"501-520"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141282829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dimensions of Depressive Symptoms in Young Children: Factor Analysis of the Preschool Feelings Checklist-Scale. 幼儿抑郁症状的维度:学龄前儿童情绪量表因子分析》(Preschool Feelings Checklist-Scale Factor Analysis)。
IF 3.5 2区 心理学
Assessment Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256443
Nicolas L Camacho, Carina H Fowler, Michael S Gaffrey
{"title":"Dimensions of Depressive Symptoms in Young Children: Factor Analysis of the Preschool Feelings Checklist-Scale.","authors":"Nicolas L Camacho, Carina H Fowler, Michael S Gaffrey","doi":"10.1177/10731911241256443","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10731911241256443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study is an investigation of the dimensionality of the Preschool Feelings Checklist-Scale (PFC-S), a caregiver-report questionnaire of early childhood depressive symptom severity. Caregivers of 450 young children, ages 3-8 years (<i>M</i> = 5.62, <i>SD</i> = 0.95; 49% female; 7% Hispanic; 66% White), completed the PFC-S and questionnaires on child emotion regulation and expression and self-reported depressive symptomatology. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a one-factor structure did not adequately fit the current PFC-S data. Using exploratory factor analysis, a three-factor structure emerged as interpretable and structurally sound, yielding reliable factors related to social and behavioral anhedonia, emotional and behavioral dysregulation, and excessive guilt and sadness. This factor structure showed configural and scalar invariance across preschool-aged and early middle childhood-aged children as well as children assigned male and female sex at birth. Correlations between the three factors and constructs related to depression suggested preliminary construct validity. The current study provides initial evidence for a multidimensional structure of the PFC-S and improves our understanding of early childhood depressive symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8577,"journal":{"name":"Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"544-560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11645441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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