Applied Water Science最新文献

{"title":"Allocation of water resources with management approaches and under climate change scenarios in an arid and semi-arid watershed (study area: Hablehroud watershed in Iran)","authors":"Morteza Lotfirad,&nbsp;Maral Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Hassan Esmaeili-Gisavandani,&nbsp;Arash Adib","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02416-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02416-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research, the hybrid model consisting of output of 23 general circulation models (GCMs) was statistically downscaled using the lower airspace radar service- weather generator (LARS-WG) model. Also, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) distributed hydrological model was calibrated in order to simulate the runoff of the Hablehroud basin (an arid watershed in the north of Iran) in the base period (1985 to 2005) and the runoff of the future period (2025 to 2045). To water resources management in the Hablehroud basin under two climate scenarios (representative concentration pathway (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5) and three management scenarios including, S0 (continuation of the status of the base period), SI (increasing the water demands without development of water supply sources) and SII (increasing water demands with the construction of the Nimrod Dam), the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model was used. Both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios project increases in mean annual minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures, precipitation (PCP), and runoff. RCP8.5 shows larger increases: Tmin by 1.12°C, Tmax by 1.21°C, PCP by 12.6%, and runoff by 11.6%. RCP4.5 projects smaller increases: Tmin by 0.78°C, Tmax by 0.94°C, PCP by 11.5%, and runoff by 6.4%. In both scenarios of climate change, with a 2% annual increase in water demand, all the needs of the region can be met without the need to exploit the reservoir. With an annual increase in water demand of 5%, the needs of the region can be met only by operating the reservoir, but with an annual increase of 8% in water demand, a large part of the need of the region cannot be met. The values of unmet water demand in 2045 with operating the reservoir are 136 and 277 MCM under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively. Without using of the reservoir, these values will increase to 172 and 295 MCM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02416-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring innovative adsorbents from discarded weathered basalt waste by calcination and activated carbon impregnation for efficient Fe (III) and Zn (II) remediation","authors":"Ahmed M. Zayed,&nbsp;Modather F. Hussein,&nbsp;Bahaa S. Metwally,&nbsp;Hussain Shendy,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. Abdelsatar,&nbsp;Mahmoud F. Mubarak,&nbsp;Atef Mohamed Gad Mohamed,&nbsp;Ahmed M. A. Abdel Gawad,&nbsp;Mahmoud S. M. Abdel Wahed,&nbsp;Mostafa A. Masoud","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02388-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02388-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the potential of utilizing weathered basalt waste, discarded from basalt stone quarrying, as a resource for producing efficient adsorbents to remove Fe (III) and Zn (II) from aqueous and real wastewater. Raw weathered basalt (RWB), and its calcined derivatives at 750 °C for 3 h (CWB-750) and at 950 °C for 1 h with activated carbon impregnation (CWB/AC-950), were prepared and characterized. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and surface area analyzer revealed that calcination improved porosity and surface area with some privilege for CWB/AC-950. CWB/AC-950 revealed remarkable removal efficiency for Fe (III) at a pH value of 5, achieving 98.30%, closely matching that of RWB (98.00%), and outperforming CWB-750 (96.20%). In contrast, RWB exhibited the highest removal capacity for Zn (II) at a pH value of 6, with an efficiency of 55%, surpassing both CWB-750 and CWB/AC-950, which achieved approximately 36%. For both contaminants, Pseudo-2nd-order equation (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.98) provided a superior fit, showcasing favorable sorption process by all the addressed materials. The Fe(III) sorption data for all the investigated materials were better described by the Freundlich (FL) model compared to the Langmuir (LM) model. Similarly, the Zn(II) sorption data for the calcined derivatives (CWB-750 and CWB/AC-950) were well-explained by the FL model. These findings are supported by the very high determination coefficients (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.96) and significantly lower average relative error (ARE) values (8.66 and 13.69) compared to those obtained from the LM model (55.99 and 189.25, orderly). In contrast, for RWB, despite the very high <i>R</i>² values (&gt; 0.98) for both models, neither adequately captured the Zn(II) sorption behavior, as evidenced by the exceptionally high ARE values (52.67 and 161.19 for LM and FL, respectively). These findings are supported by the very high determination coefficients (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.96) and significantly lower average relative error (ARE) values compared to those obtained from the LM model. In contrast, for RWB, despite the very high <i>R</i>² values (&gt; 0.98) for both models, neither adequately captured the Zn(II) sorption behavior, as evidenced by the exceptionally high ARE values (52.67 and 161.19 for LM and FL, respectively). The remediation mechanism of both Fe (III) and Zn (II) by all adsorbents was not exclusively governed by inter-particle diffusion. Eventually, these findings highlight the sustainable potential of repurposing RWB waste and its calcined derivatives for water remediation applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02388-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of crystal violet on polystyrene microplastics in aqueous: optimization, modeling, and assessment of isotherms and kinetics","authors":"Afsaneh Esmaeili Nasrabadi,&nbsp;Ziaeddin Bonyadi","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02418-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02418-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global increase in plastic production has significantly contributed to the contamination of aquatic environments with MPs. This study examined the adsorption of CV dye onto PS MPs in aquatic ecosystems. BBD was utilized to optimize adsorption conditions and evaluate the effects of key independent variables on the adsorption process. The sorption experiments were conducted using reaction mixtures containing PS at levels ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 g/L and CV at concentrations of 5 to 20 mg/L. The pH levels of the samples were adjusted to range from 4 to 10, while the duration of interaction varied between 10 and 60 min. The findings revealed that the optimal sorption rate for CV (84.96%) was achieved at a CV level of 12.5 mg/L, a PS dosage of 1 g/L, a pH level of 7, and an interaction duration of 35 min. In this investigation, the ZP of PS particles transitioned from − 45.6 to − 16.8 mV following the sorption of CV. Furthermore, the kinetics of CV sorption were most accurately described by the pseudo-first-order model, demonstrating a high R² value of 0.99. The Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.99) further confirmed the presence of significant interactions between the dye molecules and the surface of the sorbent, with the highest sorption capacity quantified at 6.25 mg/g. This study highlights the role of PS microplastics as carriers of harmful dyes, such as CV, in aquatic environments. It underscores the urgent need for further research into the environmental consequences of microplastic pollution and the development of strategies to mitigate their impact.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02418-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143594786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the impact of seawater intrusion on the agricultural land quality along river margins","authors":"Sadegh Birati,&nbsp;Hakimeh Amanipoor,&nbsp;Sedigheh Battaleb-Looie","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02392-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02392-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The studied region is located in the southwestern Iran and on the border of Iran and Iraq. In the past, this region had dense palm groves and abundant plants. However, due to the decrease in upstream discharge, in recent years, saline and sodium seawater has intrusion in the river and affected the agricultural lands along its sides. This event has caused irreparable and serious damage to the agricultural industry in the region, turning this area into a graveyard of date palm trees. Understanding the characteristics of agricultural soils for their improvement and/or planting appropriate plants is one of the goals of sustainable agriculture. Considering the damage of the studied area from the intrusion of salt water in the Arvand River, this study investigated important characteristics of soil salinity including EC, pH, C.E.C, SAR and ESP. In this research, sampling of agricultural soils along the riverside was carried out in three different horizons and two line parallel to the river and at two different distances. Statistical methods of correlation coefficient, hierarchical analysis and factor analysis were used to identify the factors affecting soil quality and the relationships between parameters. The results showed that due to the intrusion of sodium seawater, the soils of the studied area have become saline-sodium, and the salinity level in the soils near the river mouth is higher than that in the soils on the upstream side of the river. In terms of fertility, the cation exchange capacity is in the medium range, and the clay texture and abundant organic matter of the soil as a result of the remaining plant and tree residues have an important effect on this parameter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02392-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Ag@Ag2O/AgCl composite photocatalytic material and degradation performance for SD I under sunlight","authors":"Daxiang Gao","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02405-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02405-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The photocatalytic material Ag@Ag₂O/AgCl was successfully prepared using GO and CA gel as carriers, through chemical coupling, in situ deposition, and photo-induced reduction. The performance of the composite photocatalytic material, its photodegradation performance, mechanism, and pathways of Sudan I (SD I) in APG aqueous solution were explored. The results showed that the prepared composite photocatalytic material was loaded with a large amount of irregular nano-Ag₂O, AgCl, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In the material, the mass fraction of Ag element is the highest (36.41 wt%). The photocatalytic material showed a significant broad absorption in both the UV and visible light regions, and under visible light irradiation, it can generate a stable and reversible photocurrent, with a small resistance to photogenerated electron transfer, exhibiting good photocatalytic performance. SD I exhibits good solubility in APG (7 mL/1000 mL) aqueous solution after ultrasonic and heating (100 ℃) treatment for 30 min. At a certain concentration of SD I, acidic solution and lower temperature are conducive to the photocatalytic degradation of SD I, and the catalytic degradation process conforms to the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic relationship. Through five cycles of experiments, the stability of the material was demonstrated to be good. Superoxide radicals (·O₂⁻) and holes (h⁺) generated during the photocatalytic degradation are the main active species responsible for degrading SD I. SD I molecules were decolorized by N=N and C-N bond cleavage, and the benzene and naphthalene ring were opened under the action of active substances (h⁺, ·O₂⁻) and finally mineralized into CO₂, H₂O and inorganic ions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02405-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanofluid magnetoconvection and entropy generation: a computational study for water treatment and resource management","authors":"Ayesha Bibi,&nbsp;Naeem Ullah,&nbsp;Sohail Nadeem","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02403-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02403-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research exploration emerged from the critical need to revolutionize heat transfer techniques, particularly in pivotal domains like nuclear technologies, electronics and energy-efficient systems. The motivation for this study endeavour stemmed from the complex interrelation among nanofluids, magnetic fields and their potential for enhancing heat exchange. A pragmatic numerical approach is utilized to examine the Cu–H₂O nanofluid flow situation within an enclosure featuring cooled vertical walls and a heat-generating source, while ensuring insulation for the remaining edges. The evaluation analyses the contribution of entropy, including total, viscous and thermal entropies, establishing a connection to real-world heat transfer challenges. The Galerkin finite element algorithm is utilized to solve the partial differential system of the modelled problem. The phenomena of entropy generation, fluid flow and heat transfer are studied under the influence of parameters such as the Hartmann number, Rayleigh number, magnetic field inclination angle and nanoparticle volume fraction. The study reveals that irreversibility increases with the magnetic field inclination angle, while entropy generation decreases with an increase in the Hartmann number. The primary innovation of this study is uncovering new dimensions with widespread practical implications by deciphering the complex dynamics of nanofluid convection with entropy generation and inclined magnetic influence. This research holds significant potential for advancing heat transfer applications in water treatment and resource management, aligning with the journal’s focus on sustainable and innovative water solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02403-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separation of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) by application of ceramic microfiltration membranes","authors":"Mahsa Orang,&nbsp;Ebrahim Ghanbarian,&nbsp;Mohsen Abbasi,&nbsp;Mehdi Mohammadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Akrami","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02382-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02382-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Phycocyanin is a phycobiliprotein that has various pharmacological properties. The nature of phycocyanin is blue, non-toxic, odorless, and slightly sweet when dissolved in water. Considering the importance and uses of phycocyanin, including oral, medicinal, and cosmetic, the aim of this research is finding a new way to extract optimal phycocyanin. In this regard, four new and economical microfiltration membranes: kaolin–zeolite (K–Z), kaolin–zeolite–fly ash (K–Z–F), kaolin–alumina (K–A), and kaolin–alumina–fly ash (K–A–F), were made by extrusion method. Some physical characteristics of the fabricated membranes were investigated. The highest porosity related to K–A–F, and the average size of the pores in the membranes was between 0.8 and 1.537 μm. SEM analysis was also performed to prove the uniformity of the membrane structure. After the cell breaking of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (spirulina) in water through freeze-thawing and centrifugation, the solution is purified by microfiltration. Finally, the performance of the membranes was compared with each other. K–A–F membrane had the best performance in phycocyanin purification (purity 0.91).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02382-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of groundwater potential assessment in Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"Prabu Babu,&nbsp;Saurabh Chandra Maury","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02402-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02402-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Population growth has significantly affected groundwater resources globally. Groundwater is essential for agriculture and human consumption. Considering these issues, we focused on the Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India. In the study area, 70 <span>(%)</span> of the population depend on agriculture, necessitating assessing groundwater potential zone. Thematic layers such as geology, geomorphology, drainage density, lineament density, slope, soil, land use and land cover, recharge, distance from river, elevation, topographic wetness index and normalized difference vegetation index have been created using ArcGIS. The study aims to assess groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) using enhanced trapezoidal fuzzy number in analytical hierarchy process (ETFAHP) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods with help of ArcGIS. Thematic layer(parameters) weights are calculated using AHP and ETFAHP methods. Notably, previous studies have not used trapezoidal fuzzy numbers in GWPZ. A trapezoidal fuzzy number in AHP method is used to assess GWPZ. The groundwater potential zone is classified as very poor, poor, moderate, fair and very good. The AHP and ETFAHP on groundwater potential index (GWPI) are validated with depth to water level. In this study, AHP on GWPZ showed very poor (15.00%), poor (27.85%), moderate (26.54%), fair (19.80%) and very good (10.81%). Similarly, ETFAHP on GWPZ showed very poor (17.63%), poor (27.58%), moderate (22.77%), fair (21.48%) and very good (10.54%). The area under the curve (AUC) values for AHP and ETFAHP on groundwater potential zones are 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. The AUC value of 0.91 indicates best prediction accuracy in the study area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02402-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating groundwater quality by examining electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and turbidity using geographic information systems (GIS®): a case study of selected wells in the Taleghan region, Iran","authors":"Jalal Valiallahi,&nbsp;Mahsa Yazdani","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02395-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02395-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Continuous monitoring and control of drinking water sources in cities and villages play a crucial role in ensuring health and hygiene. This research focuses on analyzing the quality and determining the underground water indicators of selected villages in Taleghan city. Water samples from six wells in the Taleghan region were collected and analyzed in the laboratory to check their physicochemical parameters. The zoning maps of the area for selected parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, total hardness (TH), turbidity, and water temperature were analyzed using geographic information system (GIS). The water quality at wells in the villages of Navizak, Hashan, Jazan, Fashandak, Khasban, and Hashiran was ranked from best to least. The results indicated that the water hardness level in this area is not favorable, and the turbidity in the Fashandak and Khasban water wells exceeds optimal levels compared to their indices. There is a significant difference between these parameters and the standards, suggesting that corrective measures should be taken to improve the water quality in these wells. The purpose is to identify wells that have poor water quality and provide practical solutions to the country’s water resources management department in order to achieve sustainable water resources or improve water supply for drinking purposes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02395-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced seedling growth of annual medic under salt-drought stress through ultrasonic wave and magnetic field treatments","authors":"Saeed Sharafi","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02399-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02399-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Annual medic (<i>Medicago scutellata</i> L.) is a crucial legume that exhibits significantly reduced growth rates during germination under salt and drought stress conditions. This study aims to identify the sensitive components of seedling growth in response to these stresses. In the first experiment, seeds were exposed to magnetic fields of 125 and 250 mT for varying durations (1, 2, 4, and 6 h). In the second experiment, seeds were subjected to ultrasonic waves for different durations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min). Both experiments involved various osmotic pressures (OP) induced by NaCl (0, − 2, − 4, − 6, and − 8 MPa) and PEG 4000 (matching OPs) with three replications each. The results indicated that seedling growth rate (SGR), weight of mobilized seed reserve (WMSR), seed reserve depletion (SRDP), and seed reserve utilization efficiency (SRUE) were significantly impacted by salt and drought stresses. The highest seedling dry weight (SLDW) of 0.39 mg was observed in the magnetic field treatment at 250 mT for 4 h, while the highest SRUE of 0.96 mg seed⁻¹ was achieved with ultrasonic wave treatments of 4 min under − 2 MPa drought stress. Under drought stress (− 2 MPa), the maximum root length (24.2 mm), shoot length (12.4 mm), seed germination (87.09%), WMSR (0.41 mg seed⁻¹), and SRDP (96.32%) were obtained with a 4-min ultrasonic treatment. Additionally, the highest SLDW (0.41 mg) and SRUE (0.97 mg seed⁻¹) were observed in the magnetic field treatment at 250 mT. Pre-sowing treatments with magnetic fields (250 mT for 4 h) and ultrasonic waves (4 min) can effectively enhance salt and drought tolerance in dry seeds of annual medic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02399-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}