Applied Water Science最新文献

{"title":"Removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation and using natural coagulant (blend of hen eggshell powder with lime): optimization of response surface methodology","authors":"Werkne Sorsa Muleta,&nbsp;Firomsa Bidira Abdi,&nbsp;Endrias Adane Bekele","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02384-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02384-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water is a limited natural resource that is essential for both the survival of the environment and all forms of life. Nowadays, heavy metal pollution containing Cr has put serious threat to our environment. It can enter into soil, water, and even particulate matter in air, and can be harmful to human health and wild life. In this work, the removal of Cr from synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation supported by natural coagulant (eggshell powder) with aluminum electrodes was investigated. The central composite design of the response surface methodology was employed to estimate and optimize process variables, such as initial Cr concentration (225–475 mg/L), solution pH (5–9), and current density (0.35–045 A/m²), and treatment time (30–40 min) with an electrode distance (ED) of 0.5 and 1 cm, respectively. 99.90% and 99.74% of removal efficiencies were observed at initial Cr concentration of 456.11 mg/L, a solution pH of 5.45, with current density of 0.47 A/m², and treatment time of 36.84 min. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, and the multiple correlation coefficients (<i>R</i>²) of both ED were found to be 0.9996 and 0.9955, which confirms the significance of the predicted model. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the crystal structure, functional groups, specific surface area, and thermal stability of the coagulants (eggshell powder). The findings of this study suggest that using this natural coagulant, synthetic wastewater can be treated in a more cost-effective and simple way than other existing method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02384-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforcing long lead time drought forecasting with a novel hybrid deep learning model: a case study in Iran","authors":"Mahnoosh Moghaddasi,&nbsp;Mansour Moradi,&nbsp;Mahdi Mohammadi Ghaleni,&nbsp;Zaher Mundher Yaseen","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02377-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02377-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drought assessment is inherently complex, particularly under the influences of climate change, which complicates long-term forecasting. This study introduces a novel hybrid deep learning model, Deep Feedforward Natural Networks (DFFNN), enhanced by War Strategy Optimization (WSO), aimed at forecasting the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for lead times of one, three, six, nine, and twelve months. Key parameters of the DFFNN, including the number of neurons and layers, learning rate, training function, and weight initialization, were optimized using the WSO algorithm. The model’s performance was validated against two established optimizers: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Evaluations were conducted at two synoptic stations with distinct climatic conditions in Iran. Results demonstrated that the WSO-DFFNN model achieved superior performance for SPEI 12 (t + 1) with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9961 and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) of 0.1028; for SPEI 12 (t + 3) with r = 0.8856 and NRMSE = 0.1833; for SPEI 12 (t + 6) with r = 0.8573 and NRMSE = 0.2203; for SPEI 12 (t + 9) with r = 0.7951 and NRMSE = 0.2479; and for SPEI 12 (t + 12) with r = 0.7840 and NRMSE = 0.3279 at the Chabahar station. Additionally, the WSO-DFFNN model outperformed for SPEI 12 (t + 1) with r = 0.9118 and NRMSE = 0.1704; for SPEI 12 (t + 3) with r = 0.8386 and NRMSE = 0.2048; for SPEI 12 (t + 6) with r = 0.7602 and NRMSE = 0.2919; for SPEI 12 (t + 9) with r = 0.6379 and NRMSE = 0.2843; and for SPEI 12 (t + 12) with r = 0.6044 and NRMSE = 0.3463 at the Anzali station. The results obtained from this study have the potential to improve drought management strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02377-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developed a solar still unit for saltwater desalination: numerical prediction and performance verification","authors":"Ayman Ibrahim,&nbsp;Nahed El Mahallawy,&nbsp;Islam Elsebaee,&nbsp;Hebatullah Megahed,&nbsp;Galal Aboelasaad,&nbsp;Abdelalim El-Bediwy,&nbsp;Osama Dewedar","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02366-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02366-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the globe, there is a rise in water demand for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes. Single-basin solar stills (SBSS) have been a subject of research in various countries, particularly in regions with water scarcity or limited access to clean drinking water. In this work, SBSS for desalinating high-salinity water were developed, tested, and evaluated based on a developed numerical model using MATLAB R2021a program to predict the best productivity through the best selection of raw materials used to develop the SBSS. A four-inclined SBSS was fabricated and examined experimentally according to numerical model findings for best design parameters at Marsa Matrouh, 31° 21′ 10.44″N, 27°14′14.10″ E, Agricultural Station—Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt. The hourly experimental results are compared with the numerical results. A good correlation between the numerical and the experimental results with variations in water, and glass temperatures of 9, and 18% respectively, and a variation in cumulative productivity by 11%. The results clearly showed that instantaneous productivity increases by decreasing water depth to 10 mm and using the SBSS unit partially insulated from the bottom of the basin. Adding insulation in front of the sides and back of tempered glass increases the shading area and decreases water temperature hence the cumulative productivity by 15%. The cumulative productivity reached 3 L for the SBSS unit partially insulated from the bottom of the basin with an area of 0.6 m² for only 12 h working system at a water depth of 10 mm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02366-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling, evaluation and forecasting of suspended sediment load in Kal-e Shur River, Sabzevar Basin, in northeast of Iran","authors":"M. A. Zangeneh Asadi,&nbsp;L. Goli Mokhtari,&nbsp;R. Zandi,&nbsp;M. Naemitabar","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02361-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02361-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studying sediment transport to rivers is crucial for effective river management, engineering, and environmental preservation. Neglecting this aspect can lead to significant harm to natural ecosystems. This research aims to estimate suspended sediment levels in the Kal-e Shur Sabzevar River using various machine learning algorithms, which have gained popularity in recent years due to their high accuracy and reliability. The study employs ensemble Bagging algorithms, the gradient boosting machine (GBM), genetic algorithm, Naïve Bayes algorithm, gradient boosting decision trees, and extremely randomized trees. These algorithms provide a coherent framework that can serve as a standard for evaluating and comparing models in future research. Initially, data from 354 sediment measurement stations, including flow discharge, sediment discharge, and precipitation, were collected. After validating data homogeneity using the double mass method, 70% of the data were allocated for training, and 30% for testing. The algorithms were trained with this data, and their performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²), root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) statistics. Additionally, a partial least squares (PLS) regression model was employed to identify the most influential factors affecting suspended sediment load in the basin. The results demonstrate that the gradient boosting machine (GBM) model outperforms other algorithms, exhibiting <i>R</i>² values of 0.95, RMSE values of 0.019, and NSE values of 0.78. The PLS model identified geological factors and slope as primary determinants of suspended sediment load in the region. Lastly, the algorithms predicted sediment levels, with the GBM algorithm estimating a sediment concentration of 8955 mg/liter with a relative error of 8.54%, indicating strong alignment with the total sediment load in the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02361-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GIS-based multi-criteria decision making for identifying rainwater harvesting sites","authors":"Waqed H. Hassan,&nbsp;Karrar Mahdi,&nbsp;Zahraa K. Kadhim","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02378-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02378-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Middle East region, with its arid and semi-arid climate, is one of the regions most affected by climate change and water scarcity. To address the severe issue of water scarcity in the western region of Iraq, this study identifies optimal potential rainwater harvesting (RWH) locations. Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques were employed to generate themed layers for RWH. The nine primary criteria considered were rainfall, elevation, slope, stream order, soil texture, land use, groundwater depth, distance from the lake, and runoff depth. A weighted overlay assessment was used to identify probable RWH locations. The analytical hierarchical process was used to weight criteria depending on the study region, hydrological and socioeconomic parameters, and literature. The consistency ratio (CR = 3.16%) was calculated to validate the optimum weights of the comparison components, from which it was found that the weights assigned to each criterion were appropriate for comparative purposes. The results indicated that the optimum location (very high suitability) for RWH is mostly in middle regions of the study area, covering 286 km² (13%), while for the other categories, high suitability is at 23% (498 km²), medium suitability at 29% (636 km²), low suitability at 21% (462 km²), and very low suitability at 14% (305 km²). Sensitivity analysis was used to identify the relative importance of the parameters and determine how each of the nine criteria influences the optimal RWH sites. These findings can assist decision makers and planners in devising strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change and increase any reclaimed area for agriculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02378-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorptive removal of phosphate and nitrate by layered double hydroxides through the memory effect and in situ synthesis","authors":"Sarah Mariska,&nbsp;Zhang Jin-Wei,&nbsp;Hoang Huu Chien,&nbsp;Duong Minh Ngoc,&nbsp;Nguyen Duy Hai,&nbsp;Huan-Ping Chao","doi":"10.1007/s13201-024-02332-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-024-02332-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research examines the efficacy of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in removing phosphate and nitrate from wastewater, enhanced by the memory effect and <i>in situ</i>synthesis techniques. LDHs were synthesized hydrothermally, initially creating carbonate-based CO₃–LDHs, which were then converted to chloride-based Cl–LDHs through anion exchange. These LDHs underwent calcination at 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C to optimize their structure for enhanced adsorption capabilities. The synthesized LDHs were thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Adsorption experiments in solutions with pH values between 5, 7, and 9 revealed the adsorption capacities of phosphate and nitrate on the CO₃–LDHs and Cl–LDH, respectively. The results indicated that LDHs calcined at 500 °C showed the highest adsorption performance, achieving maximum capacities of 184 mg/g for phosphate and 70.1 mg/g for nitrate. Kinetic studies confirmed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model, demonstrating the effectiveness of the memory effect in enhancing ion exchange. The in situ synthesis of LDHs under controlled conditions significantly improved the removal rates of these anionic contaminants from wastewater, proving the potential of this method for the realistic wastewater treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-024-02332-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143071394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endocrine disruptor (17 β-estradiol) removal by poly pyrrole-based molecularly imprinted polymer: kinetic, isotherms and thermodynamic studies","authors":"Samaneh Mohebbi,&nbsp;Aram Dokht Khatibi,&nbsp;Davoud Balarak,&nbsp;Maryam Khashij,&nbsp;Edris Bazrafshan,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehralian","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02373-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02373-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the molecularly imprinted polymer (PPy-MIP) to remove 17<i>β</i>-Estradiol (E2) from aqueous solutions. The MIP was synthesized using a non-covalent procedure, incorporating the target compound, E2. To synthesis PPy-MIP, a mixture of 300 μl pyrrole and 50 ml distilled water was stirred for 30 min. After adding 3 g ferric chloride as an oxidant, the solution was mixed for 2 h and stored for 48–72 h. MIP capability is compared with a non-molecularly imprinted polymer (NIP) as a control. Various factors such as pH, contact time, dosage, temperature, and concentration were investigated to optimize the performance of the PPy-MIP. The structure of the MIP was confirmed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), infrared spectrophotometric spectrum (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The efficiency of the PPy-MIP in removing E2 was obtained 99.97% at optimum condition; while, the NIP achieved a removal efficiency of 69.9%. Adsorption data were fitted with Langmuir isotherms (<i>R</i>² 0.98) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² 0.99). The selectivity of the PPy-MIP toward similar compounds such as progesterone and cholesterol was also examined. To understand the adsorption process, thermodynamics, kinetics, and isotherm studies were performed. The MIP showed good reproducibility with only a slight decrease in removal efficiency after multiple absorption and reabsorption cycles. The adsorption of E2 by the MIP followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and second-order adsorption kinetics. MIP was utilized to pre-concentrate and separate E2 in real samples (urine, blood, hospital wastewater, tap water). This method shows promise for efficient and selective removal of E2 from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02373-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143071493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing groundwater artificial recharge suitability in the Mi River basin using GIS, RS, and FAHP: a comprehensive analysis with seasonal variations","authors":"Qianyu Song,&nbsp;Yuyu Liu,&nbsp;Zhongpeng Wang,&nbsp;Zhenghe Xu","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02362-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02362-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The escalating depletion and irrational exploitation of global groundwater resources have led to severe ecological and environmental repercussions and exacerbated water scarcity. Therefore, effective, sustainable management remains urgent to ensure the security and balance of water resources. This study utilized an integrated approach that combines Geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to assess the suitability of artificial recharge in the Mi River watershed, creating 14 thematic layers. FAHP is a crucial tool for assigning relative weights to these layers, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of artificial recharge. The study area was categorized into five suitability classes with notable seasonal variations. During the wet season, the areas were rated as follows: 5.80%, very good; 35.24%, good; 41.96%, moderate; 16.11%, poor; 0.89%, very poor. These percentages during the dry season changed to 11.02% (very good), 39.80% (good), 34.39% (moderate), 10.39% (poor), and 4.39% (very poor). The central basin regions were deemed less suitable for artificial recharge. The model's accuracy was validated by analyzing receiver operating characteristic curves derived from a dataset of 29 wells. This study provides a scientific foundation for sustainable groundwater management within the Mi River watershed and substantiates the effectiveness of GIS and FAHP in evaluating artificial recharge potential. Future research should improve data accuracy to increase model precision and extend its applicability to various geographical and environmental settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02362-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dicobalt orthosilicate-graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites as promising visible-light nanocatalysts for removal of water-soluble organic dyes","authors":"Masoud Hosseini,&nbsp;Mojgan Ghanbari,&nbsp;Makarim A. Mahdi,&nbsp;Mohammed H. Almaamori,&nbsp;Zainab Abbas Abd Alhassan,&nbsp;Masoud Salavati-Niasari","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02372-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02372-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper reports the preparation of cobalt silicate (Co₂SiO₄, CSO) first by a cost-effective and simple sonochemical route, followed by the fabrication of Co₂SiO₄/g-C₃N₄ (CSO/CN) nanocomposites with different mass ratios by ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation. We have investigated the photocatalytic performance of Co₂SiO₄, g-C₃N₄, and different Co₂SiO₄/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites for the degradation of eriochrome black T (EB). This initial instance of CSO integrated with CN demonstrates a superior function in photocatalysis. The outcomes indicated that multiple parameters affected effectiveness, including the amount of CSO, catalyst, and EB. As a result, CSO/CN with a weight ratio of 0.1:1 is the most efficient, which means that 0.07 g of CSO/CN (0.1:1) is capable of degrading 90.0% of 10 ppm EB. Photodegradation reactions were demonstrated by the scavenger tests to be largely influenced by superoxide radicals. The kinetic investigation showed that a bigger rate constant (<i>k</i> = 0.0166 min^‒1) leads to higher efficiency (90.0%). The combination of CSO and CN as composites shows great potential for efficient photocatalytic dye degradation applications. Advanced materials for environmental treatment procedures may be developed as a result of further research and development in this field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02372-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of irrigation management in different stages of growth on the yield and water productivity in cowpea plant in field and model conditions","authors":"Faranak Baradaran-Hezaveh,&nbsp;Hossein Babazadeh,&nbsp;Ebrahim Amiri,&nbsp;Hossein Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1007/s13201-024-02342-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-024-02342-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The research was conducted in order to evaluate the management of irrigation in different stages of growth on the yield of the cowpea plant using the DSSAT model. The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the north of Iran during 2017 and 2018. The main treatments included irrigation with the management of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of the plant’s water requirements (WRs), and the secondary treatment included irrigation in the vegetative, reproductive and complete stages (vegetative and reproductive). The outcomes indicated that the maximum yield of biomass, pod and seeds when supplying 100% of the water supply in 2017 was 4588, 3222 and 1005 kg/ha, respectively, in both vegetative and reproductive stages. In the interaction of year × WR × growth stages, the maximum water use efficiency based on yield of biomass, pod and seeds in 2018 were under irrigated conditions in the vegetative stage and in dry conditions with the average of 3.57, 2.37 and 0.75 kg/m³. The average values of water productivity components based on irrigation, irrigation and rainfall, evapotranspiration, transpiration and evapotranspiration and deep percolation altogether (WPI, WPI + R, WPET, WPT and WPETQ) was obtained as 0.61, 0.41, 0.39, 0.67 and 0.32 kg per cubic meter, respectively. The outcomes of evaluating DSSAT model showed that the values of RMSE and RMSE_n in calibration conditions were, respectively, 130 kg/ha and 5.91% for biomass yield and 92 kg/ha and 12.62% for seed yield. In the validation conditions, these indicators were, respectively, 129 kg/ha and 5.29% for biomass yield and 73 kg/ha and 8.61% for seed yield. Based on the results, treating 100% of the water requirements in the vegetative and reproductive stages and with transpiration rate of 188 mm is suggested as suitable management for the studied area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-024-02342-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}