Applied Water Science最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis of zeolite-A/Fe3O4/biochar/MOF-5 composite for the defluoridation of drinking water","authors":"Tessema Derbe,&nbsp;Teketel Girma Gindose,&nbsp;Taju Sani,&nbsp;Enyew Amare Zereffa","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02438-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02438-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High concentrations of F⁻in groundwater used for drinking purpose have a serious public health problem in the Rift Valley area of Ethiopia. In this study, the zeolite-A/Fe₃O₄/Biochar/MOF-5 (Z-A/Fe₃O₄/BC/MOF-5) composite was synthesized through the solvothermal method as a mitigation option for the defluoridation of drinking water. The as-synthesized adsorbent was characterized by XRD, BET, FT-IR, and SEM–EDX to identify phase structure, surface area, functional group, morphology, and elemental composition, respectively. The adsorption study of the synthesized composite was started by optimizing the defluoridation parameters. According to these factors, the maximum defluoridation efficiency (96.20%) and defluoridation capacity (28.86 mg/g) were obtained at 10 mg/L of F⁻ initial concentration, 0.6 g/L of adsorbent dose, 12 h of contact time, and pH 3. The Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models are well fitted to explain the adsorption isotherm and kinetic, with <i>R</i>² values of 0.98338 and 0.99722, sequentially. The defluoridation performance of the Z-A/Fe₃O₄/BC/MOF-5 composite was tested on real water samples collected from Kenteri and Ziway town, Ethiopia. Interestingly, this experimental test revealed its high performance, which is 91.92% and 93.29% F⁻ removal efficiency from 12.25 and 8.5 mg/L of F⁻ initial concentration, respectively. The recyclability study also showed the high activity of Z-A/Fe₃O₄/BC/MOF-5 composite in the removal of F⁻ with 93.60, 91.10, 89.00, 86.00, and 74.80% defluoridation efficiency for first, second, third, fourth and fifth cycles, respectively. Thus, the synthesized composite adsorbent can be reused and be a feasible option for the defluoridation of drinking water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02438-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and evaluation of altered zeolite and diatomite as affordable adsorbents in contaminated water treatment","authors":"H. Mansour,&nbsp;Hossam F. Nassar,&nbsp;A. Zaghloul,&nbsp;H. Kabary,&nbsp;Sayed A. Ahmed","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02518-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02518-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural diatomite as well as zeolite has been recognized as useful affordable adsorbents for water treatments for heavy metals elimination. The raw materials, zeolite and diatomite were modified using organic acid (citric acid) in different molarity degrees, i.e., 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 molar, aiming to increase their surface area by forming new functional groups and increasing the active sites. The modifiers were tested as adsorbent materials for eliminating heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Al, Ni, As and Cd) from El-Batts drain wastewater, Fayoum, Egypt. Also, diatomite as well as zeolite were investigated regarding surface chemistry (SEM), (FTIR), and antimicrobial activities. Batch adsorption trials were performed, and four kinetic models employed in assessing heavy metals release's data compliance from studied contaminated water including Elovich, Parabolic diffusion, modified Freundlich, and first-order equations. Results revealed that metals adsorption on zeolite and diatomite conforms well to Elovich model. The kinetic studies were better fitted to the Elovich and modified Freundlich models. With a correlation coefficient (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.98), heavy metals elimination by the various treatments was significantly correlated with the Elovich, first-order and modified Freundlich models. Results showed the treated zeolite and diatomite materials were verified to be functional adsorbents for minimizing the hazards of heavy metals from low-quality water to the permissible levels. In addition, washing, heating, and treating zeolite and diatomite with moderate organic acid (citric acid) could increase the active sites and boost their surfaces with open pores and channels. The treatment of zeolite and diatomite with citric acid at 0.6 and 0.2 M, respectively, exhibited optimal molarity values to increase their adsorption capacity to the studied inorganic pollutants with their various concentrations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02518-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodegradation of aqueous imidacloprid by CuS@TiO2 under solar-simulated light: complete mineralization, catalyst efficiency, recovery, and reuse","authors":"Ahed H. Zyoud,&nbsp;Shaher H. Zyoud,&nbsp;Samer H. Zyoud","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02519-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02519-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work aims to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid (IM) via copper(II) sulfide (CuS) attached to a titanium dioxide (CuS@TiO₂) composite catalyst under solar-simulated light and to evaluate its efficiency compared with that of pure titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and other TiO₂ sensitizers. The CuS@TiO₂ composite demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance, achieving up to 96% degradation of IM under UV–visible irradiation and up to 70% under visible light alone. The primary objective was to determine the optimal parameters for maximum degradation efficiency, with the highest efficiency observed at pH 7.5, which is attributed to the balanced surface charge that would enhance IM adsorption. Additionally, this study examines the effects of the IM concentration and photocatalyst loading. Higher concentrations of IM reduce the efficiency due to competition for active sites, even though the quantum yields increase. The optimum photocatalyst loading was between 0.15 and 0.20 g, at which a peak removal efficiency of 93% was noted. The study also confirmed the complete mineralization of IM through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), total organic carbon (TOC), and UV–visible spectroscopy analyses, which revealed significant reductions in organic carbon and its conversion to by-products that are much less harmful by-products, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and chloride ions (Cl⁻). During five cycles of reuse, the CuS@TiO₂ catalyst maintained a degradation efficiency of 91–96%, highlighting its robustness and long-term potential. These findings suggest that the CuS@TiO₂ composite is a promising, environmentally friendly, and effective alternative for large-scale environmental remediation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02519-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive analysis of organochlorine pesticides in Egyptian waters: distribution, ecological impacts, and health risks","authors":"Samir Shamma,&nbsp;Mohamed Ali Hussein,&nbsp;Mahmoud Dawood,&nbsp;Eslam M. A. El-Nahrery,&nbsp;Ahmed Shahat,&nbsp;Mohamed N. Hegazy,&nbsp;Hani N. Sewilam,&nbsp;Tamer Shoeib,&nbsp;Anwar Abdelnaser","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02507-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02507-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a pressing global issue, particularly in developing countries like Egypt. These pervasive pesticides pose an environmental and public health concern in Egypt due to their historical use and frequent identification in soils, water bodies, and food products. These present a potential long-term risk to human health and ecosystems. We collected water and Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis Niloticus</i>) samples in four Egyptian governorates: Alexandria, Port Said, Ismailia, and Faiyum. Our analysis, through using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, spans 17 OCPs in depth. Our study revealed that certain OCPs, such as Heptachlor, Aldrin, Pentachloronitrobenzene, Heptachlor epoxide, and <i>β</i>-Endosulfan, are consistently found in higher concentrations among the 17 pesticides tested. Seasonal spikes were identified, particularly in Ismailia, Faiyum, and Alexandria, marking them as environmental risk hotspots. Certain OCPs demonstrated distinctive seasonal variations, such as 4,4′-DDE in Faiyum. Heptachlor, <i>β</i>-HCH, Endrin, and <i>α</i>-Endosulfan exhibited significant changes solely in Ismailia, while <i>α</i>-HCH, Heptachlor epoxide, and <i>γ</i>-HCH showed unique seasonal patterns only in Alexandria. The risk quotient (RQ) analysis highlighted that Aldrin, Heptachlor, 4,4′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and 2,4′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane pose a high environmental risk in all governorates, while 4,4′- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane showed high risk only in Port Said (RQ &gt; 1). Several OCPs posed an ecological risk with an RQ &gt; 1. In addition, our results emphasized that there is negligible non-carcinogenic risk associated with dermal water exposure or the consumption of Nile tilapia. There is, however, a minor risk of cancer associated with consuming Nile tilapia or dermal exposure. Therefore, we recommend advocating for strict regulations, implementing monitoring programs, initiating public health initiatives, adopting effective alternatives, developing new remediation approaches, conducting long-term and association studies, and examining the consequences of climate change on the persistence of OCPs in the environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02507-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable isotope tracing the transformation dynamics of diverse water bodies in the Manas River Basin, Northwest China","authors":"Heng Zhang,&nbsp;Lijun Tian,&nbsp;Hao Tian,&nbsp;Muhammad Arsalan Farid,&nbsp;Xiaolong Li,&nbsp;Bing Liu,&nbsp;Lianqing Xue,&nbsp;Yongli Gao,&nbsp;Yi Li,&nbsp;Fadong Li,&nbsp;Xinlin He,&nbsp;Hui Yong,&nbsp;Guang Yang","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02499-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02499-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The arid region of Northwest China is characterized by a typical continental climate with extremely limited water resources. To elucidate the transformation relationships among different water bodies in arid regions, samples of precipitation, surface water, soil water, and groundwater were collected from the Manas River Basin (MRB). This study delineated the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of stable isotopic composition of waters, and employed the MeteoInfo and MixSIAR models to elucidate the origins and transformation dynamics among the various water bodies in the MRB. The isotopic composition of precipitation exhibited significant seasonal variations, with depletion in winter and enrichment in summer. The smaller slope and intercept of the local meteoric water line relative to the global meteoric water line suggest a substantial sub-cloud evaporation effect. Surface and soil water isotopes gradually enriched from mountainous to desert regions in the MRB, inversely to those in groundwater. The conversions between groundwater and surface water predominantly occur in mountainous areas in the MRB, with an average exchange rate of 85%, while water transitions from oases to deserts are mainly driven by upstream processes. These findings enhance our understanding of water cycles in arid regions and offer guidance for sustainable water resource management strategies in the MRB.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02499-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control","authors":"Mohamed Sobhi,&nbsp;Belal N. Mahran,&nbsp;Saad S. M. Hassan","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02516-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02516-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Insufficient research on green antiscalants necessitates further investigations. In a comparative study, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), a non-green antiscalant, was assessed alongside three green antiscalants: a citric acid and sodium citrate mixture (CA-SC) with a 1:1 molar ratio, polyaspartic acid (PASP) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The saline solution 30 mM CaSO₄. The inhibitory efficiency (IE. %) of each antiscalant was determined based on dosage, pH and ionic strength (I) using the standard static test. Additionally, the current prices of the antiscalants were evaluated. PASP was identified through FTIR and GPC/SEC analyses. While XRD was employed to characterize the CaSO₄ crystals. The polymeric green antiscalants, PASP and CMC, exhibited higher IE.%. At the same pH, I and dosage PASP and CA-SC demonstrated an IE. of 96%, SHMP had 80% and CMC had 58%. Antiscalant performance was better in basic conditions than in acidic conditions, although CMC showed a consistent performance across both environments. An increase in I resulted in an increase in IE. %, but SHMP and CA-SC exhibited alternating IE. % due to variations in electrostatic interactions. PASP and CMC are a promising green antiscalants; however, PASP requires some structural modifications to enhance efficacy and reduce industrial production costs. In contrast, CMC needs a controlled dosage for ease of application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02516-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the relationship between groundwater level variations and geologic drought factor using MODFLOW and wavelet theory (case study: Southern Iran)","authors":"Mehrdad Donyadideh,&nbsp;Alireza Nikbakht Shahbazi,&nbsp;Narges Zohrabi,&nbsp;Hossein Fathian,&nbsp;Ali Afroos","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02501-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02501-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study employs a combination of hydrological relationships, numerical models, vulnerability indices, and segmentation techniques to extract the precipitation-drought relationships within the Bushkan Aquifer, a selected area in southern Iran. Determination of the volume and nature of groundwater flow distribution, which serves as the focal point of hydrological drought, is accomplished through regional analysis and extraction of historical return period droughts, along with examining hydrographs derived from the MODFLOW model. The outcomes of hydrological investigations prepared based on physiographic elements serve as inputs for groundwater flow distribution models in the specified region. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery processing is utilized to derive the normalized difference water index (NDWI) as a standardized indicator of water structure changes and land cover, establishing a framework for identifying drought-prone areas. Machine learning classification and Earth Object methods generate a refined land structure layer. This land structure layer, called \"Geology,\" is the criterion for classifying regions regarding groundwater drought priority. The accuracy assessment of this method involves the creation of a correlation table between NDWI changes and Geology layer classes. While no correlation is observed in the Geology layer classes regarding elevation changes, an analysis of the trend and frequency (wavelet) of temporal water variation series reveals a clear relationship with groundwater level decline. The results suggest that geological diversity should be a fundamental criterion in conjunction with regional agricultural development to identify drought-prone regions or groundwater drought factors. Based on the descriptions provided in this research, spatial ranges are classified to obtain the maximum NDWI changes using Sentinel satellite imagery. These spatial ranges facilitate decision-making for implementing flow diversion structures and even cultivation restrictions to mitigate agricultural-induced climate resilience against drought impacts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02501-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Endocrine disruptor (17 β-estradiol) removal by poly pyrrole-based molecularly imprinted polymer: kinetic, isotherms and thermodynamic studies","authors":"Samaneh Mohebbi,&nbsp;Aram Dokht Khatibi,&nbsp;Davoud Balarak,&nbsp;Maryam Khashij,&nbsp;Edris Bazrafshan,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehralian","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02514-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02514-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02514-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Easily recoverable paper-type AlOOH-incorporated PVDF adsorbents for efficient fluoride ion removal under diverse wastewater conditions","authors":"Wan-Tae Kim,&nbsp;Hong-Eun An,&nbsp;Youngkyun Jung,&nbsp;Dahyun Bae,&nbsp;Jin-sil Choi,&nbsp;Min Wook Lee,&nbsp;Jae-Woo Choi,&nbsp;Sohee Jeong","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02510-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02510-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the environmental regulations in industrial processes become more stringent, the demand for cost-effective and convenient pollutant adsorbents, particularly fluoride ions, has intensified. This study presents a paper-type adsorbent, PA-1.25, integrating synthesized AlOOH with a high fluoride ion removal rate into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Unlike powder-type adsorbents, PA-1.25 offers a simplified recovery process with a 100% adsorbent recovery rate, eliminating the risk of secondary contamination. By addressing the inherent hydrophobicity of PVDF, PA-1.25 achieves improved water compatibility, enhancing its practical applicability in aqueous environments. At the same time, 95% of the incorporated AlOOH engages in fluoride ion adsorption, with an adsorption capacity of 6.26 mg/g, effectively reducing fluoride levels to meet the WHO guidelines of 1.5 mg/L. The high point of zero charge (10.6) in synthesized AlOOH ensures PA-1.25 performs consistently across a wide pH range. Additionally, PA-1.25 shows stable performance with co-existing ions and in industrial wastewater. PA-1.25 prevents adsorbent leakage and shows high efficiency in diverse wastewater environments, promising broad applications in environmentally friendly water treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02510-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145161636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing endurance performance in elite swimmers: effects of L-carnitine supplementation and hydration strategies","authors":"Daoming Qian,&nbsp;Qiankun Cui","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02495-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02495-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water quality and hydration are crucial in optimizing athletic performance, particularly for elite swimmers who train in aquatic environments. This study introduces a novel split-dose L-carnitine (LC) supplementation protocol. It examines its combined effects with hydration strategies on endurance performance in swimmers, comparing it against a standard single-dose method: a standard protocol (2 g of LC taken 60 min before exercise) and an experimental protocol (1 g of LC taken 90 and 60 min before exercise). Seven highly trained swimmers (aged 23.7 ± 2.0 years; competitive training experience: 7.0 ± 1.0 years) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Performance assessments were conducted using a cycling ergometer test lasting 13 min, during which respiratory quotient, heart rate, and perceived exertion (Borg scale) were recorded at 1-min intervals. Results showed that the experimental protocol led to significantly lower respiratory quotient values at 4, 5, 7, 11, and 12 min, suggesting enhanced fat oxidation. The heart rate was considerably lower at 3 and 4 min, indicating improved cardiovascular efficiency. Perceived exertion was also significantly reduced from the 7th to the 13th minute under the experimental protocol. Additionally, hydration status and water intake were monitored to assess their influence on performance. These findings highlight the importance of effective supplementation and hydration strategies in enhancing endurance and reducing exertion in swimmers, contributing to sustainable water management practices for athletes in aquatic sports. This study provides insights into optimizing hydration strategies and nutrient intake to support performance and recovery, particularly in high-intensity swimming environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02495-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}