Yago Tomaz Vieira da Silva, Larissa Alves Honorato Ferreira, Samara Fontes de Lima Gomes, Beatriz Helena Dantas Rodrigues De Albuquerque, Maryana Thalyta Ferreira Câmara De Oliveira, Alice Dantas Leite, José Veríssimo Fernandes, Ricardo Ney Oliveira Cobucci, Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza
{"title":"Type-specific sensitivity versus detection breadth in HPV diagnostics: improved analytical detection of HPV16/18 by nested PCR","authors":"Yago Tomaz Vieira da Silva, Larissa Alves Honorato Ferreira, Samara Fontes de Lima Gomes, Beatriz Helena Dantas Rodrigues De Albuquerque, Maryana Thalyta Ferreira Câmara De Oliveira, Alice Dantas Leite, José Veríssimo Fernandes, Ricardo Ney Oliveira Cobucci, Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06691-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06691-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is central to cervical cancer screening. Current diagnostic strategies increasingly prioritize broad-spectrum assays to maximize genotype coverage. However, theoretical genotype breadth does not necessarily translate into effective sample-level detection when clinically dominant targets are present at low copy number. Here, we evaluated this analytical trade-off using conventional PCR as a controlled experimental framework. Type-specific nested PCR assays targeting HPV16 and HPV18 were developed and applied to 41 cervical samples. Nested PCR showed markedly higher relative analytical sensitivity than single-round amplification and produced a greater proportion of specific and interpretable detections than the broad-spectrum consensus systems tested here (MY09/11 and GP5/6). HPV16 and/or HPV18 DNA was detected by nested PCR in 22/41 samples, whereas MY09/11 and GP5/6 detected 11/41 and 2/41 samples, respectively, under the tested conditions. These findings indicate that broad genotype coverage and effective detection of positive samples are distinct analytical properties. In settings where prevalent HPV targets occur at low abundance, a highly sensitive genotype-focused assay may reveal more target-positive samples than a broader but less sensitive consensus approach. The results are not intended to replace clinically validated broad-spectrum screening assays, but they support explicit preservation of per-target analytical sensitivity in reflex testing and future multi-target HPV assay design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385011/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148519634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcelo H. O. Gonçalves, Ayane F. F. Quadros, Mayra M. M. Ferro, Anelise F. Orílio, João Paulo H. Silva, Julia B. Lage, Sarah J. C. Silva, F. Murilo Zerbini
{"title":"Genetic variability of blainvillea yellow spot virus (Begomovirus blainvilleae) reveals recombinant variants and a distinct nonanucleotide motif","authors":"Marcelo H. O. Gonçalves, Ayane F. F. Quadros, Mayra M. M. Ferro, Anelise F. Orílio, João Paulo H. Silva, Julia B. Lage, Sarah J. C. Silva, F. Murilo Zerbini","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06689-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06689-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viruses from wild plants may emerge as new economically important agricultural pathogens through spillover events. Blainvillea yellow spot virus (<i>Begomovirus blainvilleae</i>, BlYSV) is a bipartite geminivirus which is ubiquitous in the non-cultivated plant <i>Blainvillea rhomboidea</i>. To better understand the ecological and evolutionary aspects of this virus, we sampled <i>B. rhomboidea</i> in three Brazilian states between 2020 and 2023. Following rolling-circle amplification, cloning and Sanger sequencing, a dataset was assembled with 23 complete DNA-A sequences plus an additional set of 30 BlYSV sequences retrieved from GenBank. Four variants (named A to D) were identified based on sequence comparisons, one of which (variant A) was classified as a different strain. A recombination event in variant B isolates, followed by positive selection in their <i>AC4</i> gene, may have increased the fitness of these isolates, which replaced variant C isolates in Viçosa and Coimbra between 2014 and 2022. Four sequences in variant A exhibited a nucleotide substitution (A2667G) within the geminivirus conserved nonanucleotide motif (from TAATATTAC to TAATGTTAC). Our results confirm the high genetic variability of this virus which was hinted at in previous studies. Future studies will be directed at understanding the impact of the observed mutations in viral fitness, and whether this could facilitate spillover of BlYSV to other hosts, including cultivated plants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148519719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trung Tran Nguyen, Dieu Thuy Thi Nguyen, Dung Quoc Tran, Diem Thanh Nguyen, Khanh Linh Hoang Nguyen
{"title":"First molecular detection of porcine parvovirus 5 in slaughtered pigs from Southern Vietnam","authors":"Trung Tran Nguyen, Dieu Thuy Thi Nguyen, Dung Quoc Tran, Diem Thanh Nguyen, Khanh Linh Hoang Nguyen","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06692-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06692-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5) has been increasingly reported in swine populations in several countries, but no molecular evidence of this virus has been documented in Vietnam. This study investigated the molecular positivity rate of PPV5 in slaughtered pigs from southern Vietnam, assessed its co-detection patterns with porcine circoviruses (PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4), and preliminarily characterized Vietnamese PPV5 strains based on partial VP1 gene sequences. Eighty lung samples collected from four localities in southern Vietnam during 2024–2025 were examined by PCR. PPV5 DNA was detected in 44/80 samples (55.0%), providing the first molecular evidence of PPV5 detection in Vietnamese pigs. PPV5 was co-detected with PCV2 in 28.8% of samples and with PCV3 in 5.0% of samples, whereas PCV4 was not detected. Representative PPV5-positive samples were selected for partial VP1 gene sequencing (GenBank accession numbers PX233317-PX233319). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Vietnamese PPV5 strains clustered within the global PPV5 lineage and shared ≥ 99.0% nucleotide identity with previously reported PPV5 reference strains from the United States, Poland, South Korea, China, Colombia, and Russia. One strain (HCMC22) carried two distinct amino acid substitutions (T150A and T163P) within the analyzed VP1 fragment. These findings provide the first molecular evidence of PPV5 detection in Vietnamese pigs, contribute additional sequence data from Vietnam, and support the need for broader surveillance and genome-scale studies to better understand the epidemiology and genetic diversity of PPV5 in swine populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human parvovirus B19 small 11-kDa protein competitively disrupts Grb2–SOS interaction by to the N-Terminal SH3 domain of Grb2","authors":"Sakika Kimura, Keiya Uriu, Masashi Arakawa, Hirotaka Ebina, Eiji Morita","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06695-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06695-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human parvovirus B19 infects erythroid progenitor cells and inhibits erythropoiesis. The small 11-kDa (s11-kDa) protein of the virus interacts with the host adaptor Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2) and suppresses downstream kinase phosphorylation to promote viral genome replication; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that s11-kDa competitively disrupts the Grb2–SOS (Son of Sevenless) interaction by binding to the N-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2. Structural modeling indicated that the proline-rich region of the s11-kDa protein engage Grb2 molecules, potentially generating a high-affinity interaction that blocks SOS binding. These findings revealed a sophisticated viral replication strategy mediated by a viral accessory protein.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inci Durukan, Mine Egin, Ülkü Z. Ureyen-Esertas, Leman Binokay, Bayram Toraman, Sengul A. Karaoglu, Ali O. Kiliç
{"title":"Dose-and regimen-dependent therapeutic efficacy of the lytic Klebsiella phage TRK61 in a Galleria mellonella infection model","authors":"Inci Durukan, Mine Egin, Ülkü Z. Ureyen-Esertas, Leman Binokay, Bayram Toraman, Sengul A. Karaoglu, Ali O. Kiliç","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06693-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06693-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Klebsiella</i> infections pose a significant challenge and necessitate alternative antimicrobial approaches. Bacteriophage therapy represents a promising option; however, therapeutic outcomes depend on phage dose, dosing strategy, and host–pathogen interactions. In this study, we isolated and characterized a lytic <i>Klebsiella</i> phage, vB_KpnS_TRK61 (TRK61), from municipal wastewater. Electron microscopy revealed that TRK61 has an icosahedral head and a long, flexible tail, consistent with members of the family <i>Demerecviridae</i>. Host range analysis demonstrated lytic activity against clinical isolates of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>K. oxytoca</i>, as well as <i>K. quasipneumoniae</i> ATCC 700,603 and <i>K. michiganensis</i> ATCC 43,086. Genome sequencing revealed a 113,941 bp double-stranded DNA genome encoding 147 predicted proteins and 24 tRNA genes, with no identifiable antibiotic resistance, toxin, or virulence-associated genes. One-step growth experiments indicated a latent period of approximately 30 min and a burst size of ~ 50 plaque-forming units per infected cell. The <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of TRK61 was evaluated using the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> infection model at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 10, 100, and 1,000 under single- and double-dose regimens. Phage-mediated protection was strongly influenced by both MOI and dosing frequency. Moderate MOIs combined with repeated dosing produced the highest survival rates, whereas excessively high MOIs occasionally reduced efficacy. Overall, TRK61 shows strong lytic activity and <i>in vivo</i> efficacy, supporting its potential as a therapeutic or biocontrol agent against MDR <i>Klebsiella</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naomi Beddoe, Sam McGreig, Adrian Fox, Ian P. Adams, Alec Forsyth
{"title":"Sequence analysis of a viral strain isolated for the first time in the UK, clarifies the identity of a novel species of fabavirus","authors":"Naomi Beddoe, Sam McGreig, Adrian Fox, Ian P. Adams, Alec Forsyth","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06690-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06690-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For the first time sequence data of a fabavirus was identified in dahlia from the UK, which was similar to virus sequence reported from dahlia in China. Initial sequences were determined by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and were verified by Sanger sequencing and 5’ and 3’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genome comprised two RNAs that were 5,851 nucleotide (nt) and 3,468 nt long, excluding the 3’-end poly-A tails, each RNA coded for a single polyprotein. The amino acid (aa) sequence identity percentages shared with recognised <i>Fabavirus</i> members over the protease-polymerase (Pro-Pol), Large Coat Protein (LCP) and combined Coat protein (CP) regions were in range with current demarcation thresholds for a distinct <i>Secoviridae</i> species. These sequence data analyses indicate that the fabavirus sequences identified in dahlia in both China and the UK represent a novel species in the family <i>Secoviridae</i>, genus <i>Fabavirus</i>. The name dahlia fabavirus (DFV) is proposed for this putative novel species tentatively named “<i>Fabavirus dahliae</i>”.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00705-026-06690-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148444132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sidra Hassan, Zhao Yangie, Syun-ichi Urayama, Hiromitsu Moriyama, Robert H. A. Coutts, Ioly Kotta-Loizou, Atif Jamal
{"title":"A penta-segmented chrysovirus from Penicillium rubens expands the genomic diversity of alphachrysoviruses","authors":"Sidra Hassan, Zhao Yangie, Syun-ichi Urayama, Hiromitsu Moriyama, Robert H. A. Coutts, Ioly Kotta-Loizou, Atif Jamal","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06687-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06687-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, a Pakistani isolate of a known chrysovirus was identified in <i>Penicillium rubens</i> strain S25 tentatively named as Penicillium rubens chrysovirus 1 (PrCV1). PrCV1 has five genomic segments, ranging from 0.5 to 3.7 kbp in length. Analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) amino acid sequence revealed a 99.28% identity with the genome of Penicillium chrysogenum chrysovirus, suggesting a close evolutionary relationship. Notably, a fifth segment, absent in <i>P. chrysogenum</i>, was identified and is described here for the first time in <i>P. rubens</i>. Sequence analysis showed that this fifth segment is 514 bp in length and has a 5'-terminus identical to the other four segments but it differs in the Box-1 region and lacks the characteristic CAA repeats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148418236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular epidemiological investigation of viruses in Amur tigers in Northeast China","authors":"Hongyu Jiang, Luyao Wang, Siyu Huo, Yucheng Qiu, Ziyi Chen, Wei Wang, Songtao Zhang, Hongliang Chai, Xiangwei Zeng, Siyuan Yang, Haitao Xu, Yajun Wang, Haitao","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06644-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06644-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A systematic molecular epidemiology survey was conducted on ten viruses in 226 captive and two wild Amur tigers from Northeast China. The target viruses were: feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), canine distemper virus (CDV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline calicivirus (FCV), influenza A virus (IAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and rotavirus A (RVA). The overall infection prevalence in captive tigers was 45.6% (103/226), with FPV (25.2%) and FHV-1 (20.4%) identified as the dominant pathogens. Other viruses detected at lower frequencies were FIV (3.1%), CDV (1.8%), FCoV (0.9%), and FeLV (0.4%); FCV, IAV, HEV, and RVA were not detected. This study reports the first detection of FeLV in this subspecies. Infection prevalence exhibited marked age and regional dependence, being highest in juveniles (56.5%) and in the facilities of Shenyang (55.8%) and Harbin (52.6%). Phylogenetic analysis of partial VP2 sequences indicated that FPV strains from captive tigers formed a distinct, well-supported monophyletic clade (bootstrap = 99). In contrast, the VP2 sequence from the wild tiger (YINGCHUN) did not group within the captive tiger clade; instead, it occupied a separate position within the broader FPV cluster. FIV strains from tigers were phylogenetically interspersed with strains from domestic cats in China. Despite existing vaccination protocols, the persistent high prevalence of FPV and FHV-1 indicates suboptimal immunoprotection. These findings clarify the current viral pathogen profile in captive Amur tigers and underscore the necessity for optimizing disease management strategies, including age-stratified immunization, enhanced biosecurity, and the establishment of transboundary surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification of novel hepaciviruses in rock pigeon (Columba livia [Gmelin, 1789]), rusty-margined flycatcher (Myiozetetes cayanensis [Linnaeus, 1766]), and Hispaniolan amazon (Amazona ventralis [Statius Muller, 1776])","authors":"Sae Kawano, Mai Kishimoto, Sakiho Imai, Tomohisa Tanaka, Kohji Moriishi, Masayuki Horie","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06680-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06680-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advances in sequencing technology and transcriptome mining have revealed highly divergent hepaciviruses in birds. However, only a limited number of avian hepaciviruses have been identified to date, leaving their diversity and evolutionary history poorly understood. Moreover, deep phylogenetic gaps among known avian hepaciviruses suggest that additional lineages remain undiscovered. Here, we screened publicly available RNA-seq data and identified three previously undescribed hepaciviruses from rock pigeon (<i>Columba livia</i>), rusty-margined flycatcher (<i>Myiozetetes cayanensis</i>), and Hispaniolan amazon (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>), named rock pigeon hepacivirus (RpHV), rusty-margined flycatcher hepacivirus (RfHV), and Hispaniolan amazon hepacivirus (HaHV). Although these three viruses meet the ICTV species demarcation criteria relative to their closest known relatives, the NS5B-based criterion was not satisfied between RfHV and HaHV. Notably, however, their genome sequence identity is low at 43.2%, and their hosts differ at the order level, suggesting that their classification warrants further consideration. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that avian hepaciviruses, including those found in this study, are monophyletic, but phylogenetic incongruence was observed between avian hepaciviruses and their hosts, suggesting past cross-species transmission among avian hepaciviruses. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the diversity and evolution of hepaciviruses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jhon Eric Alves Fernandes, Tatsuya Nagata, Fernando Lucas Melo
{"title":"Mining viruses in public databases unveils the diversity within the Deltaflexiviridae family","authors":"Jhon Eric Alves Fernandes, Tatsuya Nagata, Fernando Lucas Melo","doi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06648-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00705-026-06648-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cloud computing platforms aided the scalability and applicability of viral mining in genomic databases. The Serratus project reported SRA accessions that may contain viral sequences. This study analyzed SRA accessions containing sequences similar to <i>Tymovirales</i> members to verify the presence of sequence data derived from viral genomes. All steps in the genome mining analysis were performed by a pipeline running on virtual machines hosted on the Google Cloud Platform. Manual curation of the pipeline output discovered 111 putative genomes in the analyzed SRAs. Among the genomes identified, four were classified as isolates within the <i>Betaflexiviridae</i> family, and two were putative new members of the <i>Alphaflexiviridae</i> family. Another four sequences were likely classified in a family not yet accepted by the ICTV. The phylogenetic reconstruction of the <i>Deltaflexiviridae</i> family revealed three distinct clades, one of them containing 81 genomes (34 putative new species), a second clade with 18 novel genomes (7 putative new species), and a third with one putative new species. Given the high divergence between these three groups, we suggest the establishment of a new family, “<i>Epsilonflexiviridae”</i>, and the split of the <i>Deltaflexiviridae</i> family into two by establishing the family “<i>Zetaflexiviridae”</i>. The results of this work provide insight into important aspects of the evolutionary history of the order <i>Tymovirales</i> and offer new ways for virus-mining projects in genomic databases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8359,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Virology","volume":"171 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00705-026-06648-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}