Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Adaptive thermal regulation enabled by synergistic radiative cooling and phase change energy storage","authors":"Wenzhu Lin,&nbsp;Jing He,&nbsp;Huahui Dai,&nbsp;Wen Su,&nbsp;Changhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiative cooling is a promising passive strategy for temperature reduction without energy input, yet its application is often limited by overcooling and poor thermal stability under dynamic conditions. Here, a dual-layer adaptive cooling system integrating a radiative cooling (RA) layer with a phase change material (PCM) is developed to achieve continuous day-night thermal regulation. The electrospun PVDF-HFP membrane exhibits high solar reflectivity (&gt;96.2%) and strong infrared emissivity (&gt;95%), enabling efficient solar rejection and radiative heat dissipation, while the paraffin-based PCM provides a large latent heat of 158 J/g for thermal storage. The synergistic coupling of radiative cooling and phase-change heat storage enables dynamic temperature regulation across the diurnal cycle. Under solar irradiation, the RA layer suppresses heat gain and dissipates thermal energy, while the PCM absorbs excess heat, achieving sub-ambient cooling. At night, PCM releases stored heat to prevent overcooling and maintain thermal stability. Outdoor experiments demonstrate a maximum cooling of 9 °C below ambient and a delayed temperature rise of ∼45 min. To further evaluate its application potential, the system is investigated through building energy simulations and climate-based performance analysis. The results indicate reduced cooling-energy demand and carbon emissions across representative climate regions, with annual cooling-energy savings of up to 79.16 GJ. This work demonstrates an adaptive passive thermal-regulation strategy by integrating radiative cooling with phase-change thermal storage, providing a promising approach for energy-efficient thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133029"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of heat-release performance of a dual-tank molten-salt–water/steam cascaded heat-exchange system under multiple operating conditions","authors":"Feng Wang,&nbsp;Jianlong Ma,&nbsp;Xiaoming Dong,&nbsp;Wenli Pan,&nbsp;Shuolin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molten-salt thermal energy storage systems offer strong heat-transfer performance, high thermal-storage density, and long service life. These systems can effectively alleviate the insufficient peak-shaving depth commonly observed in coal-fired power units and support stable operation at lower loads. In this study, experiments were conducted on a 90 kW-class molten-salt–water/steam heat-exchange test platform. The applicability of the Qian and Zhukauskas correlations was first verified against the experimental data, and both correlations showed good agreement with the measured shell-side molten-salt Nusselt numbers. On this basis, typical operating conditions were selected, including an initial molten-salt temperature of 623.15–673.15 K, a molten-salt flow rate of 0.6–1.43 m3/h, and a superheater outlet steam-valve opening of 40%–100%. The effects of these conditions on system thermal efficiency, heat loss, and steam parameters were then investigated. The results show that increasing the molten-salt temperature simultaneously increased the effective heat transfer and heat loss. However, the increase in heat loss was more pronounced, resulting in a minor decrease in system thermal efficiency. Increasing the molten-salt flow rate enhanced heat exchange, but the increase in heat loss far exceeded that in effective heat transfer; as a result, the system thermal efficiency first decreased and then tended to level off. Reducing the superheater outlet steam-valve opening improved system thermal efficiency, increased effective heat transfer, and reduced heat loss. This study clarifies the effects of key operating parameters and provides experimental support for optimizing operating conditions and improving thermal efficiency in molten-salt heat-exchange systems for coal-fired power units. The findings have practical significance for promoting the engineering application of molten-salt heat-exchange technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132942"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermophysical properties and pumping characteristics of near-eutectic NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 molten salts for heat transfer and storage","authors":"Zhenzhou Rong,&nbsp;Jianhui Gui,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Chengbo Lin,&nbsp;Desheng Zhang,&nbsp;Fen Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The eutectic NaCl-KCl-MgCl₂ molten salt has been considered as one of the most promising materials for high-temperature heat transfer and storage applications. Multiple reports indicate that there are various compositions of NaCl-KCl-MgCl₂ near the eutectic point, and the variation of MgCl₂ content by 35–50 mol% creates confusion in the composition selection. In this work, a deep neural network-based machine learning method was employed to construct an interatomic potential for the NaCl-KCl-MgCl₂ molten salts, and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to investigate the influence of temperatures and compositions on its microstructures and thermophysical properties. The thermal property differences and pumping characteristics on a series of compositions near the eutectic point were elucidated. Structural analysis reveals that cation-centered clusters tend to form a connected network via shared Cl⁻, while the anion-cation distances remain nearly constant as MgCl₂ content increases. The formed ionic network structure significantly increases the viscosity and thermal conductivity for the ternary system with NaCl/MgCl₂ ≈ 0.7 near the eutectic composition. Nonetheless, as the MgCl₂ content increases from 35% to 50%, the pumping power per unit thermal energy continuously drops, owing to the dominant positive contributions of density and specific heat capacity. The 50% MgCl₂ composition therefore exhibits the best figure of merit among the compositions studied, combining the relatively low pumping energy consumption with high storage density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133027"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive daytime radiative cooling enabled high-efficiency geothermal control with enhanced environmental tolerance","authors":"Minqiang Zhou,&nbsp;Mingrui Du,&nbsp;Jinyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Xupei Yao,&nbsp;Wenhui Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat accumulation in the underground soil poses a great risk to the geotechnical integrity, resulting in severe ground settlement and foundation deformation, especially in permafrost region. Current passive geothermal control technologies provide an energy-free pathway for cooling the underground soil. However, their cooling mechanism relies solely on heat convection, where the fluctuation of weather conditions can significantly degrade their cooling capacity and even lead to operation failure. Here, we integrate passive daytime radiative cooling technologies (PDRC) for underground thermal control, providing additional heat dissipation through heat radiation to the ultracold outer space (∼3 K) apart from convection, which significantly improves the cooling capacity and presents an environment-tolerant operation. Using thermosyphons as examples, our simulations validated by experiments indicate the integration of PDRC enhanced the cooling power by at least 65.9% in all investigated weather conditions. Moreover, under summer condition, the PDRC thermosyphon sustained heat extraction even when the soil surrounding the evaporator was approximately 6 K colder than the ambient air, extending the allowable soil-to-ambient temperature range by up to approximately 8 K compared with conventional thermosyphons. Furthermore, we also estimated the capacity of PDRC thermosyphons in stabilizing the permafrost that subjected to seasonal weather change. Under representative winter conditions, the PDRC thermosyphon deepens the 272.15 K critical isotherm by 1.20–1.30 m relative to conventional thermosyphons and by 2.38 m relative to the case without a thermosyphon, and maintains the efficient operation even in warm seasons. This study has realized the potential of PDRC in designing high-efficiency and stable geothermal control strategies and offers a pathway for the long-term stabilization of the permafrost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133020"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and CFD investigation of heat transfer in high-power avionics equipment","authors":"Myeong-Jin Seo,&nbsp;Ho-Yong Jang,&nbsp;Min-Jae Kim,&nbsp;Hideo Mori,&nbsp;Kyoung-Su Park,&nbsp;Jae-Ho Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable thermal verification of high-power-density avionics is challenging because densely packed circuit boards and narrow cooling passages complicate detailed modeling and experimental validation. This study evaluates the thermal performance of an avionics enclosure using an integrated SpaceClaim–Icepak workflow combining CAD simplification with conjugate computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Thermally noncritical geometric details were removed while preserving key heat-transfer features, and a 9.5-million-cell mesh was generated with grid independence confirmed within 0.2 °C. Forced convection from two intake fans, conduction through the aluminum housing, and flow redistribution by an air-control plate were modeled using the Zero-Equation turbulence model with temperature-dependent properties. Experimental validation was performed in a climatic chamber at 43 °C and approximately sea-level pressure. All evaluated components remained below allowable junction-temperature limits. Predicted hot-spot locations agreed well with measurements, with an RMSE of 4.1 °C and a maximum deviation of 6.2 °C. Boundary-layer analysis of the 8 mm inter-CCA gaps showed that the local Nusselt number varied by a factor of 3.7, while the velocity-to-thermal boundary-layer thickness ratio ranged from approximately 0.43 to 2.19, compared with an equilibrium reference value of approximately 0.89 for air. These results demonstrate strongly non-equilibrium local heat-transfer behavior and support preliminary thermal screening and relative design comparison under the tested condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133015"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction mechanisms of injection parameters and multi-pollutant trade-off optimization for a B30-fueled large-bore marine two-stroke engine","authors":"Jiaqi Li,&nbsp;Gang Wu,&nbsp;Jingjun Zhong,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhou,&nbsp;Ang Sun,&nbsp;Jiachen Chen,&nbsp;Yuhao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To comply with the stringent IMO Net Zero Framework Strategy, B30 biofuel has emerged as a promising transition fuel for the maritime industry. However, its distinct thermochemical properties at high blending ratios make it difficult to simultaneously control nitrogen oxides (NOx), soot, and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in large-bore marine low-speed engines. In particular, the coupled effects of injection timing (IT), spray cone angle (SCA), and nozzle diameter (ND) during B30 combustion remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated these interaction mechanisms using high-fidelity three-dimensional CFD simulations. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) surrogate models, validated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealed a clear sensitivity hierarchy of ND &gt; IT &gt; SCA for all emission responses. Significant interactions between IT and ND, and between SCA and ND, were found to govern soot formation through coupled spray-wall impingement and air-fuel mixing. Moreover, the significant quadratic term of SCA revealed a nonlinear influence on HC emissions, which was attributed to wall-impingement-induced flame quenching and the viscosity characteristics of B30 fuel. An unfavorable IT-SCA coupling region was also identified. A Pareto-optimal trade-off among HC, NOx, and soot was obtained using the established NSGA-III-TOPSIS optimization approach. Compared with the baseline B30 operating condition, the optimized strategy reduced NOx, HC, and soot emissions by 9.12%, 15.92%, and 11.55%, respectively. The resulting NOx emission level approached the IMO Tier II limit, while the simultaneous reductions in HC and soot further enhanced the environmental performance of B30 fuel. Post-optimization performance evaluation showed only a slight fuel-economy penalty, with BSFC increasing by 1.53% and BTE decreasing by 1.35%. The elucidated interaction mechanisms provide a scientific basis for understanding biofuel combustion in large-bore marine low-speed engines and offer practical guidance for injection parameter calibration under low-carbon fuel operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132885"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topology optimization and experimental study of 3D-printed microchannel cold plates for multi-chip heat dissipation","authors":"Weiping Li,&nbsp;Xue Wang,&nbsp;Linjun He,&nbsp;Chen Yang,&nbsp;Jiangen Zheng,&nbsp;Shuai Feng,&nbsp;Ziqiang He,&nbsp;Jie Song,&nbsp;Dongyang Li,&nbsp;Ranran Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To develop an efficient and practicable microchannel design method achieving a balance between the low flow resistance and high heat exchange efficiency, a 3D printed microchannel cold plate based on the turbulent topology optimization is proposed for the multi-chip components with the non-uniform heat source distribution. The regulation mechanism of the multi-chip spatial distribution and non-uniform heat power on the performance of topology-optimized microchannel cold plates is systematically investigated with numerical and experimental analysis. A dimensionless parameter D* is proposed to describe the spacing distribution of multiple heat sources. The results show that the topology-optimized cold plate with the “2–3-4” configuration (D* = 1.5) for multiple heat sources achieves the best thermal-hydraulic performance. The optimized cold plate reduces the maximum temperature by 1.57 °C compared to parallel channels. Additionally, the maximum temperature difference decreases by 5.94 °C and 1.81 °C compared to parallel and S-shaped channels, respectively, with corresponding pressure drop reductions of 35% and 87.1%. Moreover, the performance evaluation criterion of the optimized cold plate increases by up to 62%, which demonstrates a significant improvement over conventional designs. This study develops a numerical and experimental analysis scheme from topology optimization design to 3D printing of microchannel cold plates, providing technical support for the design of multi-chip thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133011"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel municipal solid waste–driven energy conversion system with a molten carbonate fuel cell for power, cooling, and freshwater: Thermo-economic and environmental optimization","authors":"Imran Ali Chaudhry,&nbsp;Ali B.M. Ali,&nbsp;Naglaa F. Soliman,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Abdul Khaliq,&nbsp;Sanjarbek Madaminov,&nbsp;Dilshodbek Sotvoldiav,&nbsp;Ergash Bobobekov,&nbsp;Ibrahim Mahariq,&nbsp;Yasser Fouad","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal solid waste management, low-carbon energy supply, and freshwater scarcity are closely connected challenges in modern urban and coastal regions. This study proposes a novel waste-to-energy multigeneration system that converts municipal solid waste into electricity, cooling, and desalinated water while reducing CO₂ emissions. The system integrates a molten carbonate fuel cell, a supercritical CO₂ recompression power cycle, an ejector refrigeration unit, a multi-effect desalination unit, and carbon capture. Detailed energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental models are developed, and a multi-objective optimization is performed using a hybrid artificial neural network–grey wolf optimizer framework. Under base conditions, the system produces 8.25 MW of net power, 1.09 MW of cooling, and 5.51 m³/h of freshwater, with an exergy efficiency of 37.8%, a total exergy destruction rate of 14.95 MW, and normalized CO₂ emissions of 170 kg/MWh. The gasification and combustion section is the dominant source of irreversibility. Integrating the desalination unit enables freshwater production with less than 1% contribution to the total exergy destruction. Parametric analysis indicates that increasing the combustion temperature from 1230 K to 1350 K enhances the net power output by 12%. In addition, varying the sCO₂ split ratio identifies an optimal range of 0.70–0.75, which enables effective thermal recovery with minimal exergy losses. During the optimization stage, two scenarios are considered. In the emission-focused scenario, the exergetic performance reaches 38.93%, with a sum unit cost of products of 18.45 $/GJ and normalized CO₂ emissions of 163.6 kg/MWh. In the cooling-focused scenario, the system delivers 1298 kW of cooling at an exergy efficiency of 38.04% and a sum unit cost of products of 19.61 $/GJ. Over the 20-year project lifetime, the system achieves a net present value of $20.07–$54.12 million and a payback period of three to five years across the three pricing scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132832"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer characteristics and multi-parameter evaluation of hot air anti-icing performance on a rotating aero-engine spinner","authors":"Wenhao Deng,&nbsp;Shengguang Chen,&nbsp;Lingcheng Wang,&nbsp;Borong Qiu,&nbsp;Jiedong Ye,&nbsp;Yakang Xia,&nbsp;Lyes Khezzar,&nbsp;Haiwang Li,&nbsp;Xuan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When an aircraft flies through icing clouds, ice may accrete on the aero-engine spinner and threaten flight safety. Conventional indicators such as hot air flow rate and wall temperature cannot distinguish the coupled contributions of film coverage, wall thermal response, local heat transfer, droplet impingement, and ice accretion. To address this gap, a coupled numerical framework incorporating a complete rotational force model was validated against FL-16 icing wind tunnel measurements. This study provides the first systematic application of heat transfer evaluation parameters to hot air anti-icing assessment and establishes a multi-parameter framework comprising the blowing ratio, film heating effectiveness, overall heating effectiveness, Nusselt number ratio, surface heat transfer coefficient, local water collection efficiency, and ice thickness. Increasing the blowing ratio enhanced internal impingement and external surface heat transfer, with maximum values of 9.77 for the Nusselt number ratio and 891 W/(m²·°C) for the heat transfer coefficient, whereas excessive blowing degraded film attachment. Hot air injection reduced the maximum local water collection efficiency from 0.34 to 0.05 and altered the icing distribution. Joint density analysis further showed that film heating effectiveness exhibited the most consistent association with the local ice accretion amount across the investigated blowing ratios. The proposed framework links hot air supply, film coverage, wall thermal response, local heat transfer, droplet impingement, and ice accretion, providing a quantitative basis for anti-icing system assessment and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133013"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Region-aware neural network modeling for high-fidelity interpolative reconstruction of engine in-cylinder pressure traces","authors":"Qiao Huang,&nbsp;Tianfang Xie,&nbsp;Jinlong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate reconstruction of in-cylinder pressure traces at a held-out intermediate operating condition is important for combustion diagnostics and calibration-oriented analysis. Beyond scalar quantities such as peak pressure or IMEP, reconstruction of complete crank-angle-resolved pressure (P–CA) traces provides more detailed information on combustion evolution and enables the derivation of additional combustion-sensitive quantities. This work presents a region-aware neural network framework for high-fidelity reconstruction of full-cycle in-cylinder pressures. The model uses crank angle together with a scalar operating-condition variable as inputs and predicts pointwise in-cylinder pressure as the output, enabling assembly of continuous P–CA traces. To enhance local fidelity in combustion-sensitive regions, two alternative region-focused strategies are investigated: region-specific training, which segments the crank-angle domain into physically meaningful intervals based on pressure evolution and apparent heat-release characteristics, and combustion-zone-focused data augmentation, which increases representation of high-gradient pressure regions. The results show that all three methods accurately reconstruct the full-cycle pressure trace at the held-out intermediate condition, with R² &gt; 0.99 and full-cycle RMSE values below 0.30 bar. For the reported model realizations, the region-aware strategies show lower errors for several combustion-sensitive local features; for example, the error in maximum pressure-rise rate at the held-out condition decreases from more than 30% for the baseline ANN to below 4% for the region-aware approaches. Comparable accuracy is retained for global and integral quantities such as peak cylinder pressure and IMEP. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed region-aware framework for high-fidelity interpolative pressure reconstruction and combustion-sensitive analysis within the investigated operating domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133035"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}