Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Structural optimization model of oil-natural air-natural transformer radiator based on data-model hybrid-driven","authors":"Chuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Gao ,&nbsp;Yujun Guo ,&nbsp;Yijie Liu ,&nbsp;Yicen Liu ,&nbsp;Guangning Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The power transformer is the central equipment of the power system. Establishing a model between radiator structural parameters and hot spot temperature (HST) is crucial for optimizing transformer cooling structures, enhancing transformer cooling capabilities, and ensuring the safe and stable operation of power systems. Existing models typically utilize data-driven methods. However, due to their lack of reasonable physical significance, existing models often suffer from issues such as insufficient generalization capability, high computational complexity, and poor interpretability, restricting their predictive accuracy and applicability. Therefore, this paper proposes a data-model hybrid-driven model (DMHDM) that integrates the radiator heat transfer physical model of the oil-natural air-natural (ONAN) transformer with HST data obtained from a finite element simulation model. Firstly, a theoretical analysis of the heat transfer process of the radiator fins is conducted, leading to the establishment of a low-fidelity physics model. Then, employing the full factorial design method and CFD model, sample data is obtained to develop a high-fidelity HST prediction model based on the data-driven method. Finally, a CFD model of a single-phase ONAN transformer was constructed. The DMHDM was compared with the traditional response surface methodology (RSM), and the sources of errors were analyzed. The results indicate that DMHDM provides better interpretability, improves accuracy by 20.5% within the sample set, enhances generalization capability by 98.6%, and reduces computational complexity by 92.5%. This study provides an efficient and feasible framework for establishing the relationship between structural parameters of ONAN transformer radiators and HST.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125016"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing discharge pressure control in carbon dioxide heat pumps using particle swarm optimization","authors":"Yabin Guo,&nbsp;Yuhua Wang,&nbsp;Yaxin Liu,&nbsp;Congcong Du,&nbsp;Yuduo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The provision of hot water constitutes a substantial fraction in the composition of household energy consumption. The deployment of carbon dioxide (CO₂) heat pump technology for water heating shows notable benefits, which are critical for enhancing the energy performance of buildings. An effective control strategy for CO₂ heat pump systems is indispensable for stable operation, system safety, user comfort, and optimal energy conservation. However, the majority of existing control strategies primarily investigate system performance under steady-state conditions, thus limiting their practical applicability. Consequently, this study conducts a dynamic experiment of a circulating heating heat pump water heater system. The findings indicate that maintaining a discharge pressure of 8.5 MPa during the heating stage can sustain the system’s coefficient of performance (COP) close to 3. Conversely, increasing the discharge pressure beyond 9.0 MPa during the frequency reduction stage mitigates the COP’s decline. During the start-up stage, the compressor speed is increased from 50 to 60 rps to expedite the start-up process in the shortest possible time (120 s), while ensuring system safety. Based on the experimental results, a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control strategy is introduced, integrating both electronic expansion valve and compressor regulation. This strategy enhances total heating capacity by 20 % and the overall COP by 12 %. Subsequently, the PID parameters are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to achieve precise control and minimize overshoot of target parameters. Experiments evidence the superiority of the optimized PSO-PID control strategy, with a stable stage deviation of less than 0.1 MPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125008"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigeration: A comprehensive review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges","authors":"Mahyar Fazli ,&nbsp;Karim Mazaheri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ja’fari ,&nbsp;Artur J. Jaworski ,&nbsp;Abbas Babaei Zarch","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigerators (HDTARs) are not widely utilized in the refrigeration industry despite their high potential to utilize medium- and high-grade heat sources for cooling purposes. However, the current scenario of diminishing energy reservoirs and escalating environmental concerns has highlighted the necessity for pioneering refrigeration and heat pump technologies such as HDTAR that can reduce carbon emissions and energy usage. Thermoacoustic refrigeration is recognized as a promising solution in the quest for environmentally friendly technology due to the absence of detrimental refrigerants in the system. This article examines the extensive body of research dedicated to exploring and improving HDTAR systems. A primary focus is placed on categorizing HDTAR according to their diverse configurations and essential performance factors, enabling a thorough understanding of the technological progress, limitations, and potential real-world applications of these innovative refrigeration systems. By systematically classifying HDTAR configurations, this analysis provides valuable insights into the state-of-the-art in the field, the challenges that need to be addressed, and the various practical uses to which these systems can be applied. Each configuration is meticulously examined to uncover the underlying fundamental principles that govern their operation, the unique characteristics that define their performance, the innovative design strategies employed, the wide-ranging applications they can serve, the current trends shaping their development, the obstacles they encounter, and the promising future prospects that lie ahead. Through this detailed exploration, readers will gain a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the intricate landscape of the HDTAR technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124996"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pin fin heat bridge-based CPV-TEG hybrid system performance enhancement and optimization design","authors":"Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Bing-Qi Zhao ,&nbsp;Gui Lu ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing-Hui Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concentrated photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator (CPV-TEG) hybrid system can enhance solar energy utilization and demonstrate superior performance. However, the performance of the CPV-TEG hybrid system is unsatisfactory due to the limited downward conduction of unused photovoltaic (PV) heat, which results in suboptimal PV and TEG performance. To address this issue, this paper proposes the addition of pin fin heat bridges between the PV and TEG components to reduce thermal resistance, and the introduction of functionally gradient thermoelectric materials to further enhance TEG performance. To achieve optimal performance, an intelligent optimization method is proposed for designing the optimal arrangement of pin fin heat bridges and the distribution of functionally graded thermoelectric materials. This method utilizes a multi-objective Archimedean optimization algorithm (MAOA) in conjunction with the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) decision-making process. Initially, various distributions of functionally graded thermoelectric materials are compared. Subsequently, three typical models for pin fin heat bridge arrangements are constructed and subjected to preliminary analysis. Finally, the joint optimization method, combining the MAOA algorithm and TOPSIS decision-making, is implemented. This method considers the distribution of functionally graded thermoelectric materials and the arrangement of pin fin heat bridges as optimization variables, with TEG module output power (<em>P_TEG</em>) and CPV module output power (<em>P_PV</em>) serving as objective functions. Following optimization, the CPV-TEG hybrid system achieves an optimal balance between <em>P_TEG</em> and <em>P_PV</em>. Specifically, the optimal design results in increases of 22.89% and 19.58% in <em>P_TEG</em> and <em>P_PV</em>, respectively, compared to the initial solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125005"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lattice Boltzmann modeling for enhanced membrane separation of geothermal energy utilization","authors":"Youfei Tang,&nbsp;Zongliang Qiao,&nbsp;Yue Cao,&nbsp;Chengbin Zhang,&nbsp;Fengqi Si","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing carbon emissions and utilizing geothermal energy via supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from reservoirs for direct power generation necessitates the removal of mixed vapor. A shell-tube hollow fiber membrane contactor, utilizing differential pressure and absorption fluid, is devised for vapor absorption. This membrane-based separation process encompasses a multicomponent multiphase system of supercritical carbon dioxide and water, water-salt transport, and mass transfer across the porous membrane. To investigate pore-scale mass transfer, a multicomponent multiphase pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model is established, simulating carbon dioxide-water two-phase flow, coupled with a continuous species transfer model for salt behavior in the absorbent. Flow direction analysis reveals countercurrent flow as superior to cocurrent for vapor absorption. Augmenting the original membrane with equal macropore counts enhances mass transfer, with increasing size amplifying the effect. Macropore arrangements at constant porosity suggest minimizing resistance in the propagation path as crucial for mass transport improvement. A left-small-right-large macropore size gradient distribution outperforms its reverse counterpart, enhancing performance by approximately 20%. This is attributed to larger macropores in high-concentration regions facilitating localized vapor transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124912"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid synthetic jets for high flux electronics cooling","authors":"Mohammad Azarifar ,&nbsp;Mehmet Arik","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an approach to high-efficiency, low-energy liquid cooling using liquid synthetic jet devices. These devices generate dynamic pressure exactly where needed, addressing the inefficiencies of conventional liquid cooling systems. Powered by a piezoelectric actuator, localized, high-velocity jet impingement is achieved with minimal power consumption as low as 50 mW. With a dielectric working fluid as deionized water, liquid synthetic jet impingement showed a heat transfer coefficient of up to 1.52 W/(cm²·K). Compared to existing methods, superior heat removal per unit of consumed power is achieved. This work presents an advancement in sustainable thermal management, with broad potential applications, including immersion cooling in data centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 125007"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the influence of lubricant oil on CO2 nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteristics","authors":"Yongfang Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Xu ,&nbsp;MingWen Luo ,&nbsp;Chaobin Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a natural working fluid, CO₂ is considered the most promising alternative refrigerant to hydrofluorocarbons. In the fields of automotive air conditioning and commercial heat pumps, transcritical CO₂ cycles show significant potential for performance enhancement. Although there are many studies on CO₂ flow boiling in the open literature, few studies involve CO₂ nucleate boiling heat transfer, which is the dominant mechanism of CO₂ flow boiling heat transfer process. This study is proposed to conduct experimental investigations of CO₂ nucleate boiling heat transfer. The influences of evaporation temperature, heat flux and lubricant oil addition on boiling heat transfer performance and bubble dynamic characteristics are discussed. The results show that in pure CO₂ nucleate boiling, heat flux increase leads to higher bubble density and bubble diameter in bulk liquid, which in turn enhances boiling heat transfer. The effect of evaporation temperature increases on bubble diameter is significant. The reduction in bubble diameter weakens the convective heat transfer caused by bubble motion, which leads to less variation in the CO₂ nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient with evaporation temperature. Lubricant oil addition significantly changes the bubble dynamics of CO₂ nucleate boiling process, leading to larger bubble density and smaller bubble diameter. Moreover, the oil diffusion at the phase interface notably affects the heat transfer performance, resulting in greater differences in the boiling heat transfer characteristics of the mixtures compared to that of pure CO₂. The mixture boiling heat transfer coefficient is collectively influenced by evaporation temperature, heat flux and oil concentration. The experimental results suggest that the heat transfer coefficient of the mixture with an oil concentration of 0.5 % increases by an average of 25 % compared to pure CO₂ at an evaporation temperature of 0 °C. At higher evaporation temperatures and high oil concentrations (&gt;1%), oil addition leads to heat transfer deterioration. Findings from this work can provide a better understanding of oil effect on refrigerant boiling heat transfer and a fundamental basis for heat exchanger design of CO₂ systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124975"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into microwave heating patterns for sustainable decomposition of plastic wastes into hydrogen","authors":"Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Cai Liang,&nbsp;Xiaoping Chen,&nbsp;Daoyin Liu,&nbsp;Jiliang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The manufacture of sustainable fuels from renewable resources has become a prospective technology towards the waste-to-resource concept. In this paper, the rapid microwave-driven method was proposed, and two microwave heating patterns of volumetric heating and localized heating were revealed through experimental and numerical methods. On the one hand, the microwave energy was consumed and transformed into heat volumetrically via dielectric loss and magnetic loss. The temperature distribution inside the particle was consistent with the microwave power dissipation density, simultaneously influenced by the electric field and magnetic field. On the other hand, a considerable portion of microwave energy in the multiparticle system was expended by local plasma discharging with massive heat bursts. The temperature enhancement of about 3 times was achieved by the microwave plasma, indicating the intensified conversion of microwave energy. This localized heating pattern induced the concentrated hotspot and led to the radical temperature rise inwards with a temperature gradient of over 180 °C·s⁻¹. The coupling of volumetric heating by dissipation and localized heating by plasma facilitated the distinctive and efficient performance of plastic decomposition with the H₂ yield of 280 mmol·g⁻¹H_plastic. Altogether, this work promoted the insight into the microwave heating patterns and temperature distribution, which provided guidance for the further optimization of microwave catalysts for efficient and sustainable valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124954"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of cold plate with spoiler for battery thermal management system using whale optimization algorithm","authors":"Zeyuan Peng ,&nbsp;Jianxun Huang ,&nbsp;Junshuai Lv ,&nbsp;Jiedong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the high population of electric vehicle adoption, precisely controlling the temperature of the battery modules is essential to provide long-term sustainability and reliability. In the amount of battery thermal management techniques, adding spoilers is a promising method for enhancing the heat transfer performance of cold plates, but the performance of the system is highly sensitive to different geometry parameters. In this study, heat transfer performance for the cold plates battery thermal management system with a tesla flow channel was numerically and experimentally investigated with a focus on the geometry parameters, including spoiler length (<em>L</em>), mounting position (<em>X</em>), and coolant flow rate (<em>ν</em>). A modified heuristic-based swarm intelligence multi-objective optimization algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal spoiler parameters. The results show the maximum temperature of the battery module is reduced by 3.12 ℃ after adding the spoiler. The optimization spoilers maintain the maximum temperature of the battery module below 30.9 ℃, and the best spoiler parameters as <em>L</em> = 5.10 mm, <em>X</em>  = 14.3 mm, and <em>v</em> = 1.186 × 10^-2 m/s. This study uses a heuristic-based swarm intelligence multi-objective optimization algorithm to investigate the optimization process of the spoiler structural parameters and provides guidance for the application of advanced multi-objective optimization algorithms in cold plate design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124974"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of flow and heat transfer characteristics in a coupled cooling system of thermoelectric refrigeration and ion wind","authors":"Wen Su,&nbsp;Zhe Yan,&nbsp;Zhihui Zhang,&nbsp;Changhong Wang,&nbsp;Guanlong Chen,&nbsp;Zhiyu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a cooling system that combines thermoelectric cooling technology with ion wind technology. Through experimental exploration and data analysis, the factors affecting the performance of the sawtooth-plate ion wind were first investigated using the orthogonal experimental method. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was employed to visualize the internal flow field and investigate the impact of voltage and plate spacing on the performance of the ion wind generator with a mesh and a parallel plate receiving electrode. Lastly, the heat transfer characteristics of the standalone thermoelectric cooling system and the coupled system were compared. The study found that voltage has the greatest impact on the performance of the ion wind, followed by the spacing of the parallel plate electrodes. Compared to the standalone thermoelectric cooling system, the temperature drop of the heat source in the coupled system increased by 6.7%, and the COP increased by 7.9%, proving that the coupled system has significantly improved heat transfer performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124979"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}