Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Numerical investigation for a rotating cavity with axial throughflow with asymmetric heating in different flow patterns in a compressor","authors":"Yu Zhao,&nbsp;Shuiting Ding,&nbsp;Tian Qiu,&nbsp;Yang Xu,&nbsp;Peng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the flow and heat transfer mechanisms of the disk cavities with axial throughflow with asymmetric heating in different patterns by numerical simulation. At present, much progress has been made in the study of the disk cavities with axial throughflow with symmetric heating. However, the asymmetric heating has become a non-negligible factor as the pressure ratio of the compressor has increased. According to the two patterns of the symmetric heating disk cavity (shear-induced and buoyancy-induced), the flow in the asymmetric heating disk cavity is divided into four different patterns with different buoyancy parameters. Pattern I is the fusion of two shear-induced flow structures. Pattern II is the fusion of a shear-induced flow structure and a buoyancy-induced flow structure. Pattern III is the fusion of two buoyancy-induced flow structures. In addition, the shroud average temperature of the Pattern II_a is lower than critical value and that of the Pattern II_b is higher than critical value. Large eddy simulation was used for the calculation to study the flow and heat transfer in each pattern, and the numerical simulation was compared with the Bath test results, indicating that the numerical results have reliable engineering accuracy. For each asymmetric heating disk cavity, a comparative analysis was performed with three corresponding symmetric heating disc cavities.</div><div>The results of the numerical simulation show that in pattern I, the radial temperature difference is small and the additional effect of the axial temperature difference is obvious. The heat transfer of the shroud is significantly greater under asymmetric heating conditions. In pattern III, radial heating dominates under asymmetric heating, but the presence of axial heating changes the velocity distribution of the left, middle, and right planes inside the disk cavity. Pattern II_a and patterns II_b are intermediate transition states. Compared with pattern I, the radial velocity in the disk cavity in pattern II_a increases significantly. Therefore, the heat transfer of the downstream disk and the right side of the shroud is higher in pattern II_a. Compared with pattern III, the tangential velocity in the disk cavity in patterns II_b has not evolved completely. Therefore, the heat transfer of the upstream disk and the left side of the shroud is lower in pattern II_b. In engineering calculations, considering the flow and heat transfer mechanisms of each pattern can help to evaluate the compressor rotor temperature field and tip clearance more accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127293"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy inference method for superheat online optimization in vapor compression air-conditioning system balancing energy-saving and stability","authors":"Ce Zhang ,&nbsp;Minxia Li ,&nbsp;Zhigang Wu ,&nbsp;Chaobin Dang ,&nbsp;Xiuming Li ,&nbsp;Zongwei Han ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superheat is the crucial controlled index of vapor compression air-conditioning system. Too low superheat will cause the compressor liquid hammer problem and reduce the system life. Too high superheat will reduce the heat exchanger area and affect the system energy efficiency. In this study, a novel online superheat optimization method is proposed. The construction process of the novel method is based on the minimum temperature superheat theory and fuzzy mathematics theory. The application process of the novel method does not require offline experimental data and is universal. Based on the novel method, the system can dynamically adjust the superheat setting value to adapt to different working conditions. Taking the conventional constant superheat setting value method as the comparison object, the feasibility of the novel method is verified by experimental study. The results show that the novel method can effectively avoid the superheat oscillation problem under the step response experiment, and the coefficient of performance can be improved by more than 6.3 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127304"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-temperature heat pumps for geothermal applications in Africa: thermodynamic, economic and environmental evaluation","authors":"Zuffi Claudio,&nbsp;Fiaschi Daniele","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal resources in Africa, from low- to high-enthalpy, remain underutilized despite their vast potential. The Rift Valley is rich in high-enthalpy resources for electricity generation, while the mainland offers abundant medium- and low-enthalpy sources suitable for diverse applications. This study explores the use of high-temperature heat pumps (HTHPs) with geothermal energy. The research develops a predictive model to assess the thermodynamic performance, economic viability, and environmental impact of large-scale HTHP deployment. The metamodels estimate key parameters such as installed capacity, heat output, and the Levelized Cost of Heat (LCOH). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) quantifies environmental impact using a parametric Life Cycle Inventory (pLCI), linking HTHP construction impacts with thermodynamic performance. A key innovation of this study is its holistic approach, integrating technical, economic, and environmental evaluations to provide a comprehensive sustainability assessment. Environmental aspects focused exclusively on the Climate Change (CC) indicator. Unlike previous research, focused mainly on thermodynamics, this study includes cost analysis and environmental impact assessments using LCA methodologies. It also emphasizes real-world applications in Africa, where geothermal resources remain largely untapped. To bridge this gap, the model is applied to a Malawi case study, assessing hot-spring resources for sustainable cooking and vegetable drying, with direct socio-economic benefits. Population density maps identify optimal user areas, showcasing HTHP feasibility in off-grid settings. Results highlight the potential of low-enthalpy geothermal energy for cost-effective, sustainable heating and industrial applications, reinforcing its role in Africa’s energy transition. This study provides a replicable framework for advancing geothermal resource utilization and supporting sustainability goals within the LEAP-RE Project.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127302"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flame-retardant phase-change aerogel: Experimental characterization and battery thermal management simulation","authors":"Danfeng Du,&nbsp;Zhisong Han,&nbsp;Fengmei Zhang,&nbsp;Zexin Liu,&nbsp;Liyun Sun,&nbsp;Chaowei Sun,&nbsp;Xiurong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the primary energy source for electric vehicles, maintaining an appropriate working temperature is essential for improving the lifespan of electric vehicle batteries. In addition, it is critical to prevent the damage and loss associated with thermal runaway, which can lead to fire and explosion. To address the need, a phase-change material aerogel is introduced that is created by embedding microencapsulated phase-change materials (MEPCMs) into silica aerogel. MEPCMs utilize n-octadecane as a phase-change material, which exhibits a phase-change enthalpy of 180 J/g and an encapsulation efficiency of 77 %, while also demonstrating stability in retaining their fundamental properties after 200 cycles. In addition, the method of physically blending and employing van der Waals forces to bond MEPCMs with the aerogel effectively avoids the cumbersome procedures and leakage problems caused by pouring molten phase-change materials into aerogels, as seen in previous studies. The approximate phase transition temperature and high enthalpy ensure that the composite can absorb excess heat. Moreover, the composite aerogel maintains a lightweight density of 0.2 g/cm³ and LOI of around 25 %. Additionally, the data measured during the experimental characterization were used to study the thermal management performance of phase-change aerogels through Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis. The results indicate that the temperature of lithium-ion batteries can be controlled within a reasonable range during operation at different discharge rates. The research has the potential to inspire innovative material designs for enhancing battery thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127295"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of non-equilibrium condensation onset in a methane–carbon dioxide gas mixture flow through a supersonic separator nozzle and its operational parameters","authors":"Vinicius H. de Freitas,&nbsp;Julián C. Restrepo,&nbsp;José R. Simões-Moreira","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid rising energy demand and global efforts to reduce fossil fuel use, natural gas remains a critical energy source. A key challenge in its processing is the removal of carbon dioxide (CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>). Supersonic separators have emerged as promising passive devices for this purpose. However, most existing studies focus on limited operating conditions or rely on computationally expensive CFD models. This study presents and validates a numerical routine to predict the operational conditions under which phase change occurs in a supersonic separator nozzle. The approach combines the internally consistent homogeneous nucleation model with isentropic expansion and real-gas properties to compute nucleation rates. The working fluid is modeled as a binary mixture of methane and CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, considering real-gas effects for mixture properties after using a state-of-the-art equation-of-state. The influence of the critical nucleation rate on non-equilibrium condensation was examined to assess condensation onset. Despite variations across several orders of magnitude, Wilson lines showed minimal divergence for the same stagnation conditions, indicating low sensitivity to this parameter in the evaluated conditions. Model validation against experimental data revealed small differences, supporting the method’s reliability in capturing condensation phenomena. Phase-change onset and stagnation properties were analyzed for different methane–CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> mixtures. Increasing CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> content narrows the stagnation fields, suggesting reduced operational flexibility at higher CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> fractions—an important consideration for carbon capture applications. This methodology offers a practical tool for designing supersonic separators and evaluating new operating scenarios. It also identifies the Mach number range necessary to achieve phase change, supporting the development of efficient separation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127199"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal-organic framework-based desiccant-coated heat and mass exchanger to engineer effective bus air conditioning systems utilising latent and sensible heat recovery","authors":"Jongsoo Jeong ,&nbsp;Mrinal Bhowmik ,&nbsp;Kiyoshi Saito ,&nbsp;Ohkyung Kwon ,&nbsp;Jinyoung Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study evaluates the performance of desiccant-coated heat exchangers (DCHE) that utilise both latent and sensible heat recovery for an energy-efficient bus air-conditioning system. A prototype unit incorporating a metal–organic framework (MOF)-coated DCHE was experimentally and numerically analysed under different environmental conditions. Key performance metrics included humidity ratio difference (<em>Δx</em>) of air supplied to the indoor environment. The prototype unit demonstrated a dehumidification ability of around 2.7 g/kg(DA) with a coolant temperature of 20 °C and a heating fluid temperature of 50 °C. The integration of heat recovery ventilation (HRV) reduced the cooling load by around 15 % compared to without HRV configurations. Geometric modifications, such as increasing the DCHE width to about 2.2 times larger that of the prototype, enabled the DCHE unit to achieve the target <em>Δx</em> of 4.88 g/kg(DA). These results highlight the potential of MOF-based DCHE units to reduce energy consumption in bus HVAC systems, thus contributing to more sustainable transportation solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127321"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study of optimizing thermal and electrical performances of the photovoltaic wall through array row spacing","authors":"Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Dangdang Dong ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facade-integrated photovoltaic modules are often restricted to parallel walls, causing poor heat dissipation and leading to overheating as well as power loss. This study combines experimental and numerical approaches to optimize vertical (height) and horizontal (width) inter-row spacings for photovoltaic panel with optimal layout graphene sheet, enhancing heat dissipation and maximizing installation density. Experiments reveal that two vertically stacked panels with zero spacing compared with the single panel, exhibits an average temperature rise of 1.93°C, power reduction of 0.68 W/m², and exterior wall temperature increase of 1.16°C. In contrast, two horizontally stacked panels with zero spacing show milder performance degradation, which exhibits 0.97 °C increase in average temperature, 0.35 W/m² decrease in average output power and 0.78 °C rise in average exterior wall temperature. Furthermore, experiment conducted with height spacings of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mm demonstrate that the rate of thermal and electrical performance improvement plateaus when height spacing surpasses 150 mm. Similarly, experiments on different width spacings show that performance improvement becomes marginal when width spacing exceeds 100 mm. Numerical simulations of 2 × 2 panel arrays confirm that height spacing of 150 mm and width spacing of 100 mm optimally balance cooling and spatial efficiency, with results aligning with experimental data and highlighting the dominant role of height spacing in natural convection. Finally, the airflow velocity images in air gap are analyzed, and results mechanistically validate experimental observations. Our findings provide more comprehensive and practical solution for enhancing photovoltaic wall performance in urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127317"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal insulation performance evaluation of liquid helium tank based on insulation of liquid nitrogen cooled shield","authors":"Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Zhu ,&nbsp;Wenchao Han ,&nbsp;Dongliang Cui ,&nbsp;Yaohua Chen ,&nbsp;Shuping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid helium (LHe) is a critical and non-renewable resource, but its storage and transportation face challenges such as high evaporation losses and economic costs. The use of the advanced liquid nitrogen cooled shield (LNCS) insulation system to protect LHe is an efficient and economical solution. In this paper, an experimental setup was established to investigate the thermal insulation performance of the LHe tank based on the LNCS insulation system. The transient heat transfer characteristics and heat flux variation through multi-layer insulation (MLI) were analyzed under three conditions: without LNCS, with LNCS, and with intermittent nitrogen venting. Results show that the LNCS system expands the low-temperature region of MLI, reducing heat flux. The maximum temperature difference with LNCS reaches 112 K, and a 14.9 K increase in LNCS temperature leads to a 23.6 % rise in heat flux. The apparent thermal conductivity of MLI increases with the average MLI temperature. The study quantifies MLI thermal conductivity in the LHe region, providing valuable data for insulation design. Economic analysis reveals significant cost savings for LHe with LNCS, with return rates above 74 %, highlighting its potential for efficient and cost-effective LHe storage, also providing reference experience for efficient storage of other cryogenic energy sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127310"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization investigation on the loop thermosyphon system by Taguchi-grey method under fan failure conditions","authors":"Sikai Zou,&nbsp;Ting Xiao,&nbsp;Yanjin Wang,&nbsp;Jiahao Zhang,&nbsp;Jianliang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fan failure in loop thermosyphon systems (LTS) is a major factor that increases the thermal risk in data centers. To reduce this risk, an optimization framework for a LTS based on the Taguchi-grey relational analysis method is proposed to enhance its performance under fan failure conditions. To accurately predict the heat transfer performance, a one-dimensional steady-state model is established. Leveraging the Taguchi method, the effects of flat tube height (<em>H_to</em>), fin thickness (<em>δ_f</em>), fin spacing (<em>P_f</em>), fin height (<em>H_f</em>), number of micro-channels (<em>N_m</em>), and collector tube diameter (<em>D_j</em>) on the energy efficiency ratio (EER), anti-failure performance index (API), and economic efficiency index (EEI) are comprehensively analyzed. The results indicate that for EER, the <em>H_f</em> and <em>H_to</em> are key design factors, accounting for 26.1% and 25.5%, respectively. In terms of API, the <em>H_f</em> and <em>P_f</em> dominate, comprising 39.2% and 37.6%. For EEI, the <em>H_f</em> and <em>H_to</em> are the main contributors, with contributions of 29.8% and 20.6%, respectively. Comprehensive analysis reveals that <em>H_f</em> is the most influential factor on LTS performance, and reducing <em>H_f</em> helps simultaneously improve EER, API, and EEI. In addition, a multi-objective optimization based on grey relational analysis is used to optimize the anti-failure performance and the economic efficiency of the loop thermosyphon system. After multi-objective optimization, the EER, API, and EEI are increased by 28.6%, 96.6%, and 25.4%, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127294"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drag reduction and thermal protection efficiencies of combinational spike and opposing jet with different forebody geometries in hypersonic flows","authors":"Shibin Luo ,&nbsp;Daiwei Li ,&nbsp;Junfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Yicong Dai ,&nbsp;Yanbin Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extreme aerodynamic heating and shock-dominated flow fields encountered during hypersonic flight present formidable challenges for vehicle integrity. To address these dual challenges, integrated aerodynamic solutions combining spike with opposing jet have been developed, with their efficacy in drag attenuation and thermal mitigation systematically validated through extensive computational and experimental investigations. Nevertheless, current research remains predominantly constrained to simplified hemisphere-cylinder configurations, limiting the generalizability of derived optimization strategies across diverse geometries. This study conducts a comprehensive numerical evaluation of six distinct geometries. The systematic analysis encompasses flow field modulation mechanisms, parametric dependencies on spike dimensions, and angle-of-attack effects on coupled aerodynamic-thermal performance. The results show that a significant geometric dependence exists in both drag reduction and thermal mitigation efficiencies of the combined configurations. Through the integrated application of spike and opposing jet configurations, maximum drag reduction (79.5 %) was achieved in hemisphere-cylinder models, while double-cone geometries exhibited optimal heat flux attenuation at 90.9 %. In contrast, the waverider configuration showed minimal performance improvements. Notable variations in recirculation zone morphology were observed with progressive elongation of the spike apparatus, accompanied by corresponding reductions in surface pressure distribution and thermal loading across all test configurations. Aerodynamic analysis revealed that incremental elevation of the angle of attack from 0° to 8° resulted in progressive augmentation of both drag forces and heat flux intensities. Nevertheless, the spike-jet combination maintained protection for conventional geometries in this angular range, except for the waverider configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127298"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}