Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A study on the evolution of gaseous products, carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation effects during pyrolysis of low-rank coal and their relationships with coal structure evolution","authors":"Kuo Jian , Daping Xia , Hongyu Guo , Zhaoying Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the unclear evolution patterns of gas products and micro-mechanisms underlying low-rank coal pyrolysis, this study systematically elucidated the multi-dimensional correlation among pyrolysis gas components, yields, isotope composition, and coal structural evolution via high-pressure autoclave closed-system pyrolysis experiments. Results showed that: During pyrolysis, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration consistently decreased, while CH<sub>4</sub> concentration significantly increased. For heavy hydrocarbon gases, the yield of alkane components gradually rose and peaked before the critical threshold of <em>R</em><sub>o,max</sub> = 2.0 %, then dropped sharply beyond this threshold; alkene components, however, rapidly attenuated to negligible levels shortly after initial generation. The evolution of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> yields exhibited distinct “three-stage” differential characteristics. Mathematical modeling revealed that CH<sub>4</sub> yield followed an exponential growth function, while CO<sub>2</sub> yield conformed to a logarithmic growth function. Additionally, this study uncovered the synergistic evolution patterns between coal proximate analysis parameters and pyrolyzed solid residues, verifying a carbonization path where mobile phases (volatiles, moisture) are progressively expelled, and refractory carbon structures gradually solidify. Coal structural evolution indicators exhibited divergent trends before and after <em>R</em><sub>o,max</sub> = 1.3 %; similarly, δ<sup>13</sup>C values of pyrolyzed alkanes (CH<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) and these coal lipid-chain structure indicators also showed inflection points at <em>R</em><sub>o,max</sub> = 1.3 %, confirming that δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub> and δ<sup>13</sup>C-C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> can serve as sensitive proxies for lipid-chain evolution. Specifically, δ<sup>13</sup>C values of CH<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> first decreased (<sup>13</sup>C-depleted) then increased (<sup>13</sup>C-enriched), reaching minima near <em>R</em><sub>o,max</sub> = 1.3 %; in contrast, δ<sup>13</sup>C values of propane remained consistently <sup>13</sup>C-enriched throughout thermal maturation. These isotopic behavior stems from the synergistic interplay of three factors: uneven carbon isotope distribution between aromatic cores and aliphatic side chains in coal macromolecules, differential C–C bond cleavage propensities of lipid-like side chains, and thermal maturation-driven fractionation effects. Notably, the cyclization–polymerization of aromatic rings releases <sup>13</sup>C-enriched components into gaseous hydrocarbons, whereas later-stage thermal evolution not only accelerates aromatic ring decomposition but also incorporates the liberated <sup>13</sup>C—collectively driving a sharp increase in δ<sup>13</sup>C values of pyrolytic heavy hydrocarbon gases. Furthermore, the δD value of CH<sub>4</sub> displayed a polynomial positive correlation ","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128596"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas–solid flow and numerical simulation of novel deep peak–shaving swirl burner burning faulty coal","authors":"Chunchao Huang ,&nbsp;Jingjie Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengqi Li ,&nbsp;Jingyu Guan ,&nbsp;Huacai Liu ,&nbsp;Liguo Bian ,&nbsp;Xin Song ,&nbsp;Zhenying Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing swirl burners faced issues such as bluff body wear, insufficient understanding of concentration ring, and limitations of numerical simulation conditions, making it difficult to support stable combustion under deep peak–shaving. To address this issue in boilers firing faulty coal, the novel swirl stable combustion technology was developed. It was applied to prototype swirl burners used in a 700 MW utility boiler. Cold–state gas–particle experiments using phase doppler anemometry (PDA) and full–scale numerical simulations were conducted on the novel burner. With three–stage CR, the recirculation zone (RZ) was annular, measuring 2.5<em>d</em> in length and 0.50<em>d</em> in diameter, where <em>d</em> denoted the burner outlet inner diameter. With two–stage CR, it shortened to 1.5<em>d</em> and 0.46<em>d</em>, respectively. Without CR, the RZ became a heart–shaped central zone, 2.5<em>d</em> long and 0.70<em>d</em> in diameter, originating 1.0<em>d</em> downstream of burner outlet. Burner with three–stage CR exhibited a higher recirculation ratio, stronger turbulence kinetic energy, and better particle confinement near centerline compared to the two–stage CR case. <em>r</em> denoted the radial distance measured from a given point to the centerline. Compared to the two–stage CR case, the three–stage CR case also produced a broader and stronger region of negative particle volumetric flux at <em>r</em>/<em>d</em> = 0.2–0.4. Numerical simulations showed that the new burner could raise the gas temperature to 1000 °C within 0.25  m. Compared to the original design, the retrofitted boiler, where the middle and lower burner layers were replaced with new burners, showed an overall increase in furnace temperature, about 25 % reduction in fly ash unburned carbon and 70 mg/m³@6%O₂ reduction in NO_x emissions. Even at 30 % load, the new burners alone maintained temperatures above 1300 °C at the main combustion zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128594"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on the combustion and emission characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual direct injection engine under low-load conditions","authors":"Haolan Cheng ,&nbsp;Qinglong Tang ,&nbsp;Dazhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Zunqing Zheng ,&nbsp;Linhui Huang ,&nbsp;Shouzhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingfa Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia has attracted significant attention for its potential to achieve zero carbon emissions in internal combustion engines. However, the fumigating ammonia/diesel dual-fuel mode suffers from low combustion efficiency and high unburned ammonia emissions under low-load conditions. Ammonia/diesel dual direct injection holds the key to high-efficiency ammonia engines. However, its potential in increasing ammonia energy ratio and combustion efficiency has not been fully investigated under low engine loads; meanwhile, detailed formation kinetics of key species, such as NH₂, NO, and N₂O, in ammonia diffusion combustion need to be analyzed. In this study, the ammonia/diesel dual direct-injection combustion mode was implemented under low engine loads; ammonia is directly injected to promote diffusion combustion. The results show that the ammonia/diesel dual direct-injection combustion mode significantly enhances combustion performance and reduces ammonia slip. When ammonia is injected at the compression top dead center, unburned ammonia emissions are substantially reduced by 72% compared to the premixed ammonia case. The advantage of ammonia direct-injection combustion lies in its relatively small spatial distribution range that overlaps with the high-temperature combustion zone of diesel combustion, providing favorable thermal conditions for ammonia oxidation. When ammonia is injected after high-temperature reactions, the local temperature and OH concentration in the cylinder increase, promoting ammonia decomposition into NH₂ and combustion. Finally, we explored the effects of the spatial relationship between the ammonia spray and the diesel spray on ammonia combustion under low-load operating conditions. The ammonia combustion performance is improved when there is a spatial separation between the ammonia and diesel fuel sprays under low-load conditions. This is due to the endothermic evaporation of the liquid ammonia, which can lead to diesel flame quenching and the consumption of OH radicals in the diesel flames when NH₃ decomposes into NH₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar energy conversion in CO2–particle solar receivers: A single-particle study","authors":"Dan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuhang Chen ,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoze Du ,&nbsp;Jiangbo Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In counter–flow particle solar receiver (PSR), the falling particles absorb solar irradiation and heat up the counter flowing air simultaneously, generating high–temperature air as product. To improve its performance, CO₂–PSR is proposed by replacing air with CO₂. The radiative participating CO₂ cannot only absorb the convective heat dissipation from particles, but can also directly absorb its radiative dissipation in preferred band of CO₂ (2.5–4.5, 13–17 μm). The sum of the two dissipations is the usable energy for CO₂ (UE–CO₂). To examine particle’s performance on energy conversion from solar irradiation to UE–CO₂. This study focused on a single particle in CO₂–PSR, set up a calculation model at spectral level according to the zone method, and carried out numerical simulation. Results suggested that, particle’s radiative and convective dissipations were tightly coupled. The radiative proportion depended mainly on spectral absorptivity of particle, according to which the <em>Z</em> number was introduced. The particle with <em>Z</em> &gt; 1 was suitable for CO₂–PSR. It could supply UE–CO₂ either primarily through radiation (radiation–control mode, RC) or primarily through convection (convection–control mode, CC). Particle working in RC provided UE–CO₂ with higher temperature and intensity; but with higher efficiency in CC. The two modes could be switched by altering solar irradiation flux or convective heat transfer coefficient at particle surface. The ratio of particle radiative heat dissipation in CO₂′s preferred band to its total received irradiation was defined as the efficiency of spectral modulation (<em>ESM</em>). The state <em>ESM</em> reached the maximum value in RC was the optimum working state, for which a series of empirical formulae for <em>ESM</em>, equilibrium temperature and corresponding solar irradiation flux were proposed. These results provide particle selection criterion and also technical support for design/operation of CO₂–PSR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128605"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of injection parameters on combustion characteristics of an aviation kerosene piston engine with blended alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffin kerosene (ATJ-SPK)","authors":"Zhigang Wang,&nbsp;Jian Meng,&nbsp;Zhihao Hu,&nbsp;Hang Yuan,&nbsp;Shaopan Su,&nbsp;Bin Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of ATJ-SPK is critical for carbon emission reduction in the aviation industry. However, its relatively high viscosity may deteriorate the engine’s power performance, while appropriate injection parameters can enhance combustion efficiency and mitigate emissions. The effects of injection parameters on the combustion performance of an in-cylinder direct-injection aviation piston engine are systematically investigated in this study, based on the determination of the optimal blending ratio of ATJ-SPK. The results indicate that as the nozzle inclination angle increases, the maximum in-cylinder average pressure exhibits a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The peak value occurs at a nozzle inclination angle of 46°, where it is 10.3 % higher than that at 44°. Similarly, the maximum in-cylinder average pressure follows the same trend with the spray cone angle, reaching its peak value at 105°—51.2 % greater than that at 70°. The maximum in-cylinder average pressure also demonstrates a trend of increasing initially and then decreasing with the advancement of injection timing. It peaks at 288° CA BTDC, where the value is 32.7 % higher than that at 280° CA BTDC. The coupling of the three optimal injection parameters promotes the efficient combustion of the engine. Finally, the impact of injection parameters on engine power performance was quantitatively analyzed using the sensitivity coefficient. The parameters are prioritized in descending order of influence magnitude as follows: injection timing &gt; nozzle inclination angle &gt; spray cone angle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128577"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative machine learning prediction study of hybrid nanofluid flow in a magnetized dimpled tube","authors":"Mehmet Gürdal ,&nbsp;Muhammed Tan ,&nbsp;Emrehan Gürsoy ,&nbsp;Kamil Arslan ,&nbsp;Engin Gedik","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally examines thermo-hydraulic performance of mono and hybrid nanofluids (Fe₃O₄/H₂O, Cu/H₂O, and Fe₃O₄–Cu/H₂O) flowing through smooth (<em>ST</em>) and dimpled tubes (<em>DT</em>) under laminar conditions (<em>Re</em> = 1131–2102) with constant heat flux. A total of 95 cases were tested while a constant direct magnetic field (<em>MF</em> = 0.03, 0.16, 0.3 T) was applied via twin coils; performance was assessed using the Heat Convection Ratio (<em>HCR</em>), Pressure Ratio (<em>PR</em>), and Performance Evaluation Criterion (<em>PEC</em>). Baseline validation against Shah–London and Hagen–Poiseuille correlations showed deviations ≤5.85% (<em>Nu</em>) and ≤4.11% (<em>f</em>). <em>DTs</em> enhanced heat transfer substantially: with Fe₃O₄/H₂O, <em>HCR</em> in <em>DT</em> exceeded <em>ST</em> by up to 43.2% at <em>Re</em> = 2102, while pressure penalties remained moderate. <em>MF</em> strength critically shaped outcomes: 0.16 T consistently improved <em>HCR</em> and yielded the best thermo-hydraulic balance (higher <em>PEC</em>), whereas 0.3 T increased <em>PR</em> and could depress <em>PEC</em> below unity, especially in <em>ST</em>. Data-driven models (Linear, Polynomial, <em>XGBoost</em>, <em>ANN</em>) were trained to predict <em>HCR</em>, <em>PR</em>, and <em>PEC</em>. Polynomial Regression achieved the highest accuracy for <em>HCR</em> and <em>PR</em> on the test set (R² ≈ 0.99), while <em>XGBoost</em> provided slightly superior <em>PEC</em> predictions. <em>SHAP</em> analyses identified <em>MF</em> strength and dimple geometry as the dominant drivers across targets, with velocity/<em>Re</em> effects modulating performance. The results demonstrate that <em>DTs</em> combined with low-to-moderate <em>MF</em> intensities and Fe₃O₄-based nanofluids deliver practical heat-transfer gains with acceptable pumping costs; the accompanying predictive models furnish design-ready surrogates for rapid optimization of magnetically assisted compact heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128569"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated graphite–insulation sheet with cold plate for effective thermal management in pouch-type lithium-ion modules","authors":"Hemanth Dileep,&nbsp;Indrajith Mahadev Patil,&nbsp;Pallab Sinha Mahapatra,&nbsp;Arvind Pattamatta","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient battery thermal management remains a major challenge in electric vehicles (EVs), as Li-ion cells need to be operated in a desired temperature range to ensure safety, performance, and longevity. This study proposes a novel interface sheet that combines a graphite layer with an insulation sheet to enhance lateral heat conduction while preserving thermal insulation between cells, tailored for side cooling designs of modules. The proposed graphite integrated insulation sheet (GIS) is first evaluated through numerical simulations on a five-cell battery module across different coolant inlet temperatures and flow rates. Simulation results reveal that GIS reduced the maximum cell temperature by 2.8 °C and improved temperature uniformity by 3.6 °C compared to modules using conventional pure insulation sheets. The side-mounted cold plate is also optimised using the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method to identify the best-performing design. Subsequently, the GIS and optimised cold plates are experimentally tested on a two-cell module under different flow conditions to validate the concept. Experimental investigation further highlights the effectiveness of GIS, showing a maximum temperature drop of 10.8 to 12.8 °C, an average temperature reduction of 5 °C, and a temperature non-uniformity reduction of 10.4 to 13.5 °C for the module. Additionally, using GIS allows a 69 % reduction in coolant flow rate for the same thermal performance, underscoring its potential to reduce cooling system demands. This study highlights that the GIS concept offers a lightweight, scalable, and thermally efficient solution for side-cooled battery modules and opens a new approach for future optimisation in EV thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128592"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the application of hydrogen plasma arc in electric arc furnace","authors":"Hong-Chun Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhuo-Wen Ni ,&nbsp;Zhou-Hua Jiang ,&nbsp;Teng Li ,&nbsp;Hua-Bing Li ,&nbsp;Zhi-Yu He ,&nbsp;Jun-Hao Yuan ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Ce Yang ,&nbsp;Hong-Bin Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incorporation of hydrogen energy into the EAF represents a promising approach to enhancing steelmaking efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. This study developed a plasma-molten pool coupling model to investigate the characteristics of hydrogen plasma arc and its influence on molten pool behavior. The results demonstrate that hydrogen plasma exhibits superior thermal and dynamic performance compared to conventional air plasma, with approximately 12.65 % higher peak temperature and 12.68 % greater maximum velocity. Notably, hydrogen plasma produces a molten pool cavity approximately 48.19 % deeper than air plasma, indicating significantly enhanced penetration capability. Flow pattern analysis reveals that hydrogen plasma generates distinctive vortex structures near the molten pool sidewall, contrasting with air plasma’s cavity-adjacent vortices. This altered flow pattern promotes more effective molten pool stirring and improves momentum and energy transfer efficiency. This research offers theoretical guidance for integrating hydrogen energy to enhance arc thermal efficiency and optimize smelting processes in short-process EAF steelmaking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128607"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance of phase change material integrated prismatic heat sinks for electric vehicle batteries: experimental and neuro-fuzzy analysis","authors":"S. Babusanker ,&nbsp;B. Girinath ,&nbsp;V.V. Darshana ,&nbsp;Rajesh Baby","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal instability in prismatic lithium-ion batteries limits the lifespan, performance, and safety of electric vehicles. This study experimentally evaluates aluminium prismatic heat sinks with fin volume fractions of 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, and 14 %, filled with paraffin-based phase change material (melting point 36.5 °C), under heat inputs ranging from 8 to 23 W to simulate battery discharge. The 10 % fin configuration demonstrated the best performance among the tested cases. Incorporation of phase change material extended the time to reach 50 °C from 13 min (without phase change material) to 50 min. A 400-minute test at 20 W confirmed uniform temperature distribution within the molten phase change material, enabled by enhanced conduction and natural convection. To complement the experiments, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model was developed to predict (i) the time to reach 36 °C and (ii) the temperature after 120 min, using fin volume and heat input as input variables. The model achieved high accuracy, with an average absolute error of 6.50 % (3.78 min) for the time to reach 36 °C and 1.90 % (1.28 °C) for the temperature after 120 min. This combined experimental–computational approach minimizes the need for physical prototyping and delivers scalable design insights for efficient passive thermal management of prismatic battery modules. The integration of PCM-finned prismatic heat sinks with advanced modelling represents a novel contribution, offering practical pathways for the development of next-generation electric vehicle batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128579"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of superheat on non-equilibrium condensation in nuclear steam turbines","authors":"Zhuojun Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Du ,&nbsp;Wan Sun ,&nbsp;Zhuhai Zhong ,&nbsp;Yan Wei ,&nbsp;Liangming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In nuclear power turbines, the inlet steam typically operates near saturation conditions, making non-equilibrium condensation of wet steam more severe. The presence of wet steam not only affects turbine performance but also poses safety concerns. This study investigates a large nine-stage nuclear power turbine to explore the impact of non-equilibrium condensation under varying inlet steam superheat levels on flow characteristics and performance losses. First, a suitable condensation model for nuclear turbines was selected and validated by comparing simulation results with experimental data from high- and low-pressure nozzles. Based on the Euler–Euler multiphase flow approach, the pressure, temperature, and wetness distributions were analyzed for superheat levels of 0 K, 1 K, 5 K, and 10 K. The associated stage losses and efficiency variations were also evaluated. Results indicate that appropriately increasing the steam superheat can effectively delay the onset of condensation, significantly reduce exit wetness and wet steam losses, and improve both the efficiency of the final stage and the overall thermodynamic performance. Specifically, increasing the superheat by 10 K reduces the exit wetness by 12.5 %, lowers wet steam losses by 14.3 %, and raises the final-stage efficiency to 83 %. The findings of this study offer theoretical insights and engineering references for understanding thermodynamic processes and ensuring the safe and efficient operation of large nuclear steam turbines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128559"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}