Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effects of surface hydroxylation density on nanoscale boiling at silica–water interfaces: insights from molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Qing-Yao Luo,&nbsp;Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Liang Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid increase in heat flux of modern electronic devices, especially in high-performance computing and artificial intelligence systems, has made efficient hotspot dissipation a critical challenge, making boiling-based liquid cooling an attractive solution. However, the nanoscale interfacial phase-change mechanisms governing heterogeneous boiling, particularly the role of silica surface hydroxylation under gradual heating conditions, remain poorly understood. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate water boiling on silica surfaces with silanol densities ranging from 0 to 4.7/nm². By adopting a gradual heating scheme that mimics practical electronic cooling, we show that increasing surface hydroxylation significantly delays the onset of nucleate boiling by strengthening the interfacial hydrogen-bond network and increasing the nucleation barrier. Meanwhile, enhanced interfacial thermal conductance plays a limited role in boiling incipience but accelerates the transition from nucleate to explosive boiling. A unique boiling pattern, tear-like liquid rupture, is also identified under specific chemical heterogeneity. Overall, increasing surface hydroxylation delays boiling incipience, whereas enhanced interfacial thermal conductance promotes the subsequent boiling transition. These findings provide molecular-level insights into the influence of surface chemistry on phase-change heat transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132829"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wet-spun thermoelectric fibers for smart wearable systems: from materials design to device integration","authors":"Cheng Zhang,&nbsp;Yao Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoyue Zhang,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhangqi Xia,&nbsp;Fayun Wei,&nbsp;Hailou Wang,&nbsp;Jiamu Dai,&nbsp;Xinyang He,&nbsp;Ding Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid development of wearable electronics and smart textiles has created increasing demand for flexible, lightweight, deformable, and sustainably powered energy and sensing units for next-generation wearable systems. Thermoelectric technology, which directly converts ubiquitous temperature gradients between the human body and the environment into electricity, offers a promising self-powered strategy without external power supplies or frequent recharging. In this context, fiber-based thermoelectric materials have emerged as attractive candidates owing to their flexibility, weavability, structural tunability, and compatibility with textile integration. Among various fabrication methods, wet spinning has become an important route for constructing high-performance flexible thermoelectric fibers because of its solution processability, continuous fiber formation, broad material compatibility, and capability for multiscale structural regulation. However, a systematic review specifically focused on wet-spun thermoelectric fibers remains lacking. This review therefore provides the first comprehensive overview of wet-spun flexible thermoelectric fibers and their integration into smart wearable systems. The fundamentals of thermoelectric effects, wet-spinning mechanisms, representative material systems, structural optimization strategies, and wearable applications are systematically discussed, together with current challenges and future perspectives for scalable fabrication, device integration, and long-term stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133016"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engine-aircraft trade-offs in reconfigurable hydrogen turbofan thermal management","authors":"Le Kang,&nbsp;Shengze Bao,&nbsp;Shixuan Lin,&nbsp;Junkui Mao,&nbsp;Zaixing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen-fuelled turbofan engines can reduce aviation emissions, but their mission benefit is constrained by the integration of liquid‑hydrogen storage and thermal-management hardware. This study develops a coupled engine-aircraft evaluation framework to quantify the propulsion and aircraft-level effects of liquid hydrogen (LH₂) heat-sink utilisation. Four thermal-management configurations are analysed: the pre-cooling, heat-recovery, cooled-cooling-air (CCA), and integrated configurations. They are evaluated using thermodynamic cycle modelling, exergy analysis, and endurance-based mission assessment. The results show that heat-sink utilisation reduces thrust-specific fuel consumption and improves exergy efficiency by redistributing thermal loads within the engine. The integrated configuration provides the most balanced improvement by combining low- and high-temperature heat absorption, but aircraft-level gains are limited by storage and heat-exchanger mass. For a 70-seat regional aircraft, endurance-oriented optimisation reduces hydrogen fuel consumption by 15.4% and increases endurance by 8.98%, while propulsion-system mass increases by 24.4%. Sensitivity analysis indicates that a hydrogen-storage-system gravimetric efficiency of 24.51%, defined as the usable LH₂ mass divided by the combined mass of usable LH₂ and the empty tank, is required to achieve endurance parity with a kerosene baseline. The optimal flow-allocation strategy also differs between cruise and take-off, demonstrating the need for reconfigurable thermal management in hydrogen-powered aviation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133024"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of fouling thermal resistance in high-salinity wastewater heat exchangers using inner superhydrophobic coating modification","authors":"Zihan Yan,&nbsp;Yuchi Liu,&nbsp;Zhigen Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The treatment of high-salt wastewater in thermal evaporation systems was severely hampered by heat exchanger fouling. While superhydrophobic coatings offer a potential solution, their application has been largely confined to planar geometries, failing to address the complex internal channels of industrial plate-type and coil-type heat exchangers. This study overcomes this critical gap by developing a cyclic chemical etching-dipping method integrated with a custom circulation system for uniform superhydrophobic coating of internal SS304 channels. The etching method generated hierarchical micro/nanostructures on stainless steel substrates, subsequently modified with a fluorosilane-based nanocomposite named ER-SiO₂/PVDF/SFT, yielding a static water contact angle (WCA) of 152.3° ± 1.1°. The coating reduced deposition by about 70% (vs. uncoated controls) and retained superhydrophobicity after 48 h under Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) conditions, confirming exceptional mechanical stability. Continuous 48-h operation demonstrated sustained heat transfer coefficients of 518.9 W/(m²·K) (plate-type) and 322.5 W/(m²·K) (coil-type), representing 5.4-fold and 1.75-fold enhancements over conventional systems, corresponding to reductions in fouling thermal resistance (<em>R</em>_<em>f</em>) of over 80%, respectively. This work provides a scalable strategy for fabricating fouling-resistant heat exchangers, presenting a viable technical pathway for enhancing the efficiency and longevity of ZLD systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132943"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the optimum operating conditions of a two-phase closed thermosiphon using water at sub-atmospheric pressure","authors":"Frédy Abadassi,&nbsp;Ahmed G. Rahma,&nbsp;Pierre François,&nbsp;Fabrice Lawniczak,&nbsp;Abdellah Ghenaim,&nbsp;Abderahmane Marouf,&nbsp;Denis Funfschilling","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-phase closed thermosiphon (TPCT) heat exchangers have been widely investigated due to their high efficiency in heat transfer and heat recovery applications. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted to assess the feasibility of using water as a working fluid at a boiling temperature compatible with the operating temperature of central processing units (CPUs) in servers (55 °C recommended for long-term operation), while maintaining the cooling fluid temperature as high as possible for heat recovery. Four cooling temperatures (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) and six filling ratios (FRs) (<span><math><mrow><mn>20</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mo>≤</mo><mi>FR</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>150</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>) were tested under sub-atmospheric pressure. The heat input ranged from 40.9 W to 201.9 W. A copper tube (500 mm length, 20 mm inner diameter, 1 mm thickness) was used. Temperature distribution and vapor pressure were measured to determine evaporator and condenser heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and thermal resistance. Stable and unstable regimes were identified depending on FR and heat input. The best operating conditions of the system were achieved at moderate to high FRs (80%–100%) and coolant temperatures of 25–30 °C, with evaporator temperatures below 40 °C at 201.9 W. Low FRs led to intermittent boiling and large fluctuations, while excessively high FRs slightly reduced performance coming from the increased hydrostatic pressure. In the stable regime, no superheating was observed, and the liquid temperature at the evaporator bottom matched the saturation temperature. Water demonstrates high heat transfer under conditions that promote continuous vapor generation and stable two-phase flow, with a heat transfer rate of 201.9 <span><math><mi>W</mi></math></span> for an average <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>6</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> (temperature difference between the evaporator and the condenser), supporting its potential application in sustainable thermal management for data centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132915"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive and ultrafast solar-thermal latent heat storage via feedback-controlled close contact melting","authors":"Mengyu Sun,&nbsp;Zhichao Song,&nbsp;Zhenhao Cai,&nbsp;Hefu Li,&nbsp;Ranran Hou,&nbsp;Hua Bao,&nbsp;Tao Deng,&nbsp;Peng Tao,&nbsp;Zhongyong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Latent-heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is frequently limited by the growing, low-conductivity melt layer that separates the heat source from the phase boundary. Here we report a motor-driven close-contact melting architecture and its feedback-regulated operating mode for solar-thermal charging. Under constant irradiation, fixed-speed motor-driven close-contact melting (MD-CCM) increases the average paraffin melting-front velocity by 3.7-fold relative to thermal charging and by 1.5-fold relative to magnetically enhanced optical charging. A slice-by-slice model identifies a matched melt-displacement rate that suppresses liquid-phase overheating. Under programmed intermittent irradiation, dynamically regulated close-contact melting (DR-CCM) adjusts the piston velocity from the measured interface thermal state and limits temperature deviation to within 1.2 °C. The same control principle is demonstrated in stearic acid, where MD-CCM increases melting-front displacement by about 2.5-fold and DR-CCM maintains the temperature within ∼1 °C after the initial transient. A system-level engineering estimate gives stored thermal energy approximately 11 times the auxiliary electrical energy in the present benchtop implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133014"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed machine learning for condensation heat transfer with non-condensable gases","authors":"Bing Tan,&nbsp;Dong Wang,&nbsp;Xi Liu,&nbsp;Kai Lu,&nbsp;Jiyun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Condensation heat transfer in the presence of non-condensable gases is a critical phenomenon in nuclear safety and energy recovery systems, where the accumulation of non-condensable gases significantly degrades heat transfer coefficient. Traditional empirical correlations often lack generalizability, while standard data-driven machine learning models suffer from poor extrapolation performance in unseen operating regimes. To bridge this gap, this study proposes a physics-informed neural network framework integrated with the XGBoost architecture, which embeds diffusion boundary layer theory directly into the loss function to enforce physical consistency. The model was initially trained on a compiled database of 510 data points from literature. To rigorously evaluate generalization capabilities, a dedicated experimental facility was constructed to generate an extrapolative test dataset covering extended non-condensable gases mass fractions (0.6–69%) distinct from the training domain. Comparative analysis against 12 conventional regression algorithms (including Random Forest, LightGBM, and standard XGBoost) demonstrated that while standard models failed in extrapolation (MAPE &gt;20%), the physics-informed neural network model achieved superior predictive accuracy with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error of 7.86% and an R² of 0.95 on the extrapolation test set. Furthermore, Shapley additive explanations and partial dependence analyses confirmed that the physics-informed neural network correctly captures the governing physics, identifying non-condensable gases mass fraction and steam temperature as dominant drivers. This study bridging the gap between theoretical heat-mass transfer analogies and data-driven techniques, providing a generalizable framework for data-scarce environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132967"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of scaling effects for heavy-duty ammonia/diesel dual fuel engines","authors":"Weijian Zhou,&nbsp;Huanhuan Huang,&nbsp;Jian Gao,&nbsp;Wanli Zhu,&nbsp;Zhao Zhang,&nbsp;Fei Xiong,&nbsp;Hongnan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical scaled-model investigations based on similarity theory provide an effective way to accelerate engine development while reducing costs and time. However, their application in ammonia/diesel dual fuel engines is still rarely reported. This study establishes and numerically validates for the first time a scaling method for the low-pressure dual fuel (LPDF) mode of heavy-duty ammonia/diesel engines based on the speed law of similarity theory. Five geometrically similar engines were simulated with scaling factors ranging from 0.8 to 2.08, and the models were rigorously validated based on experimental data. The results show that under the speed law, spray penetration and shape, cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), ignition timing, flame propagation, and combustion phase show excellent similarity across all scales, while emissions exhibit good overall similarity with minor quantitative deviations attributable to the temperature-sensitive nature of pollutant formation. Due to the larger surface to volume ratio (S/V) of smaller engines, heat transfer losses increase, but the exponential function accurately correlates this loss with the scaling factor. This work proves for the first time that the scaling method based on the speed law can effectively retain the spray, combustion, emission and heat transfer characteristics of the engine size as long as the geometric similarity and single value conditions are met. These findings provide a theoretical basis for accelerating the development of ammonia engines using existing platforms, which may significantly shorten the development cycle and reduce costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133034"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and technoeconomic assessment of a self-powered thermoelectric steam trap monitoring system for energy efficiency and decarbonization in industrial steam networks","authors":"Yusuf Enes Tatar,&nbsp;Nehir Tokgoz,&nbsp;Ceyhun Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial steam systems are major energy consumers in manufacturing, and undetected steam-trap failures cause persistent steam losses, increased boiler fuel demand, and avoidable carbon emissions. This study evaluates a self-powered monitoring concept in which thermoelectric generators (TEGs) harvest heat at steam-trap locations to operate duty-cycled sensing and LoRaWAN communication nodes without routine battery replacement or dedicated field wiring. The steam network of a real textile facility was modeled in Engineering Equation Solver and assessed through integrated energy, exergy, economic, and environmental analyses. At the nominal conditions of 170 °C steam temperature and 25 °C ambient temperature, the calculated pipeline heat loss was 27.91 W/m; a single TEC1–12706 module generated 0.1722 W, corresponding to 6.887 W and 55.09 kWh/year for the 40-trap network. The resulting energy and exergy efficiencies were 1.02% and 5.86%, while a single module supplied approximately 129 times the assumed average monitoring-node demand. Sensitivity analyses of steam temperature, cold-side thermal resistance, and module number confirmed that performance is governed primarily by the available temperature difference and heat-rejection conditions. The complete installed network cost was estimated at 2890–9200 $, with 4800 $ adopted for the moderate scenario. Electricity generation alone yielded an impractical payback period of 580.8 years; assumed monitoring-enabled fuel-demand reductions of 2%, 5%, and 10% reduced it to 2.56, 0.98, and 0.48 years, with corresponding scenario-based total savings of 23.75, 59.35, and 118.7 t CO₂/year against only 0.0117 t CO₂/year from direct TEG output. These values are potential, scenario-based monitoring-enabled benefits rather than field-verified savings. The results indicate that TEGs are more appropriately regarded as autonomous power sources for intelligent steam-trap monitoring than as primary electricity-generation devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133023"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and evaluation of an adjustable wall-sharing liquid–suction heat exchanger for a vapour-compression freezing system","authors":"Malik N. Hawas,&nbsp;Ihab Hasan Hatif,&nbsp;Ali J. Talib,&nbsp;Huiyi Tan,&nbsp;Keng Yinn Wong,&nbsp;Kok Hwa Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid–suction heat exchangers (LSHEs) can improve vapour-compression refrigeration performance, but conventional designs are often constrained by interfacial thermal resistance and fixed heat-exchange lengths. This study proposes an adjustable wall-sharing LSHE (AWS-LSHE) that combines a direct shared copper-wall interface with selectable heat-exchange lengths while maintaining complete hydraulic separation between the liquid and suction streams. Three branches with effective contact lengths of 300, 600, and 900 mm were fabricated and tested separately under stabilized conditions in an R407C freezing system. Three-dimensional conjugate heat-transfer simulations were also conducted to examine thermal development within the shared-wall region. Increasing the contact length enhanced liquid subcooling, suction-vapour superheating, heat-transfer rate, effectiveness, and system COP, although it increased the pressure-drop penalty. Under low-ambient conditions, the 900 mm branch achieved the highest thermal performance, with a peak COP of 3.21, an effectiveness of 0.91, and an 11.0% reduction in metered 24 h energy consumption, from 17.21 to 15.31 kWh day⁻¹. The maximum COP improvement of 33.8% represents a stabilized pointwise comparison rather than a seasonal gain. A pressure-normalized screening index identified the 600 mm branch as the best heat-duty-to-pressure-loss compromise. Propagated uncertainties were ± 2.7% for COP and ± 2.3% for effectiveness, while CFD predictions agreed with measured outlet temperatures and branch pressure drops within 0.57% and 3.60%, respectively. The results demonstrate that selectable wall-sharing lengths provide a compact platform for balancing heat recovery and hydraulic penalty, with dynamic automatic switching requiring further validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133022"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}