Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Techno-economic analysis of a novel liquid air energy storage integrated with thermochemical energy storage","authors":"Xinyi Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Fan ,&nbsp;Tianle Xu ,&nbsp;Zhaozhao Gao ,&nbsp;Liubiao Chen ,&nbsp;Junjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As renewable energy integration into power grids increases, liquid air energy storage (LAES) technology presents an effective solution to address the intermittency and volatility of renewable sources, facilitating peak shaving and valley filling. LAES is characterized by its high energy density and independence from geographical constraints. It can be efficiently integrated with thermal energy systems, leveraging both cold and heat to improve performance and broaden its application scope. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES), on the other hand, exhibits excellent performance in thermal storage due to its improved grade heat storage and high energy density, making it particularly well-suited for integration with LAES. However, few studies to date have explored the integration of these two technologies. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid power plant that integrates LAES and TCES. The integrated system stores electricity by harnessing both the cryogenic energy of liquid air and the chemical energy from thermochemical reactions, enabling multi-energy supply and cascading energy utilization. It achieves an exceptionally high energy storage density of 113.28 kWh/m³. The thermodynamic and economic models are established. Through comprehensive energy and exergy analyses, the study examines the electrical energy conversion performance and energy transfer characteristics of the integrated system. The thermodynamic analysis and economic evaluation reveal that the integrated system achieves a round-trip efficiency (RTE) of 209.30 %, an exergy efficiency of 51.16 %, a levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of 0.1038 USD/kWh, a net present value (NPV) of 507.314 million USD, and a dynamic payback period (DPP) of 5.79 years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128582"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of structural parameters on flow and heat transfer characteristics of LBE in zigzag and airfoil channels of PCHEs","authors":"Zhiyuan Luo ,&nbsp;Gen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is a promising candidate for utilization as the intermediate heat exchanger of the liquid lead or lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) cooled fast reactor coupled with the supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) Brayton cycle system, with its advantages in terms of compactness, efficiency, and resistance to pressure and temperature. As the typical channel configuration of PCHEs, the structural parameters of zigzag and airfoil channels can significantly influence thermal–hydraulic characteristics. However, the research on the structural optimization of the LBE side channel is insufficient, and the local flow and heat transfer characteristics of LBE remain unclear. In this study, the numerical simulations of the zigzag channel with different pitches, bend angles, and bend radius, as well as the airfoil channel with different vertical pitches, horizontal pitches, and staggered pitches are conducted to analyze the influence on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of LBE. The results showed that the Nusselt number and friction factor of LBE in the zigzag channel presented a fluctuation change due to the flow contractions and separation flow. Meanwhile, the contribution ratios of channel performance with different structural parameters were investigated, which found that the bend radius of the zigzag channel and the vertical pitch of the airfoil channel exerted the most profound influence on channel performance. Furthermore, combining the structural factors, the heat transfer and friction correlations for LBE were developed, and the optimal structural parameters of both channels were obtained by genetic algorithm. Compared to the reference channel, the comprehensive performances were improved by 46 % and 16 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128572"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrete Boltzmann method with chemical reactive mechanism for reacting flows","authors":"Wenhao Huang ,&nbsp;Chuandong Lin ,&nbsp;Xianli Su ,&nbsp;Jian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A multiple-relaxation-time discrete Boltzmann method coupled with a chemical reactive mechanism is proposed for reacting flows with flexible specific heat ratios and Prandtl numbers. The approach integrates species transport equations for chemical species during convection, diffusion, and chemical reactions. A twelve-step skeletal mechanism is adopted for hydrogen-air combustion. Additionally, the discrete Boltzmann equations control the evolution of discrete distribution functions associated with density, momentum, energy, and essential high-order kinetic moments. To achieve a natural coupling of chemical reactions, external forces, and multi-physical fields, reaction and force terms are incorporated into the discrete Boltzmann equations. Finally, the effectiveness of the model is validated through classical benchmarks. The results confirm its capability to capture both hydrodynamic and thermodynamic nonequilibrium behaviors in multi-component reactive flows. This work provides a valuable tool for studying complex compressible reacting flow phenomena in scientific and engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128524"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer calculation and correction for 3D printed walls incorporating surface geometry effects","authors":"Zhengrong Li ,&nbsp;Wenjing Xing ,&nbsp;Jingting Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As critical components of the building envelope, the thermal performance of 3D printed walls significantly influences indoor thermal environments and energy efficiency. However, their inherent non-uniform surface geometries affect thermal behaviour and present unique analytical challenges. This study systematically investigates the impact of layered surface morphology on the heat transfer characteristics of 3D printed walls through integrated experimental testing and numerical simulations. Experimental results reveal that the combined effect of surface geometries and the thermally conductive silica gel significantly modifies thermal resistances, yielding discrepancies exceeding 11% from theoretical values calculated using thermal conductivity. Numerical simulations incorporating surface geometries exhibit markedly improved accuracy, reducing average relative errors by approximately 50% in temperature predictions and approximately one-third in heat flux estimations. The validated numerical model provides quantitative insights into how geometric variations influence key thermal performance metrics, including surface-averaged temperature, heat flux magnitude, and total heat transfer. Building on these findings, the study introduces correction factors to accurately predict heat transfer in 3D printed walls with layered surface geometries. These advances provide a practical methodology for performance-driven material selection and thermal optimisation of 3D printed wall components, bridging the gap between structural properties and architectural thermal design objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128567"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding fuel uniformity effects on wall-film dynamics and combustion performance in micro turbojet engines with evaporating tube-type combustors","authors":"Zhiteng Zhu ,&nbsp;Chuang Chen ,&nbsp;Yanzhao An ,&nbsp;Shicheng Shen ,&nbsp;Yuzhang Wang ,&nbsp;Yiqiang Pei ,&nbsp;Xueqing Fu ,&nbsp;Wei Zhu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro turbojet engines with evaporating tube-type combustor are vastly employed in small-scale propulsion and generators. However, their ultra-compact annular geometry and short fuel residence lead to severe fuel–air maldistribution and pronounced outlet temperature non-uniformity that directly threaten turbine durability. Although the fuel supply ring is known to be the origin of circumferential flow imbalance, the standardized metrics to measure circumferential non-uniformity and its influence on system performance remains unclear. To bridge this gap, this study proposes an overall fuel non-uniformity index σ method to characterize the mixture distribution in fuel supply ring. Radial cross-section average temperature corrected algorithm is applied to authentically reflect axial temperature variation as well. Validated by MTE experiments, this study numerically analyzes three engine speeds and three fuel non-uniformity levels in the evaporating tube-type combustors. Results reveal that fuel droplets form the wall film and distribute in a semi annular structure within evaporation tubes. Increased uneven fuel distribution enlarges films in over-fueled tubes, elevating evaporation rates to a maximum of 0.92 at 80,000 rpm but inducing film breakup at maximum speeds. Although higher σ lead to fuel maldistribution, it can expand overall wall film coverage and enhance heat transfer, consequently improving the evaporation efficiency. A persistent high temperature zone extending from evaporation tube outlets toward chamber walls, influenced by both flow structure and fuel distribution asymmetry. Fuel uniformity significantly impacts the outlet temperature distribution factor (OTDF) and combustion efficiency with speed dependent effects. At the speed of 40,000 rpm, combustion efficiency drops to 0.73 under the highest fuel non-uniformity. At the maximum speed of 98,000 rpm, combustion efficiency declines from 0.90 to 0.83 as σ worsens from 5 % to 10 %. OTDF worsens markedly at extreme fuel non-uniformity under 40,000 rpm and 98,000 rpm conditions, while 80,000 rpm condition shows minimal sensitivity because of its high evaporation rate and combustion efficiency. This work demonstrates that optimizing fuel uniformity is critical for balancing adequate evaporation efficiency and excellent combustion performance in micro turbojet engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient working performance of liquid droplet radiator in space Brayton system","authors":"Yiheng Fei ,&nbsp;Jianghan Fu ,&nbsp;Yihao Yang ,&nbsp;Chenglong Wang ,&nbsp;Shuangfei Li ,&nbsp;Yiying Bao ,&nbsp;Suizheng Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR) is a space radiation waste heat dissipation system with a high heat dissipation-to-mass ratio, considered the ideal heat management solution for spacecraft systems, propulsion, or space power plants. Current research on LDR mainly focuses on the steady-state performance of individual ideal LDR, lacking research on the transient working characteristics when LDR is coupled with space nuclear power systems. Moreover, the Monte Carlo method (MCM), commonly used in LDR research, is not suitable for simulating the transient working characteristics within the space nuclear system. This work combines MCM with nonlinear system identification to develop a novel transient nonlinear model for LDR in space nuclear system simulations, with a correlation of 99.98 %. The safety boundaries and transient conditions of a 416 kWh space He/Xe closed Brayton cycle (CBC) system coupled with LDR have been investigated for the first time. Results indicate that during positive reactivity insertion accidents, the LDR reactivity limits exceed that of the core fuel and cladding, requiring a reactivity insertion not exceeding 0.14$ to ensure cladding safety. In the Turbine-Alternator-Compressor (T-A-C) shaft load loss accident, the LDR temperature limit dictates that the TAC load loss cannot exceed 22 kW (17 % of steady-state load). In the LDR flow loss accident, the LDR temperature limit dictates that the LDR flow rate cannot decrease by more than 3.2 m/s (44 % of LDR steady-state flow rate). The latter two safety limits represent novel findings. This work reveals a new safety boundary for space nuclear power systems using LDR and proposes that the compressor-LDR interaction system is the main mechanism between the primary and secondary loops in the system, laid a theoretical foundation for the thermal design and safety analysis of LDRs in space power applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128545"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key characteristics of e-fuels for lean burn in passive pre-chamber ignition","authors":"Satoshi Sakaida ,&nbsp;Kotaro Yokoi ,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Oryoji ,&nbsp;Yoshifumi Uchise ,&nbsp;Kotaro Tanaka","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To mitigate global warming, e-fuels synthesized from H₂ and CO₂ have emerged as a promising option for spark-ignition engines. Pre-chamber ignition, which distributes ignition across a wide area by ejecting flame jets from the pre-chamber into the main chamber, offers significant potential to improve engine performance with e-fuels. While optimization of e-fuels could improve thermal efficiency, most existing studies have focused primarily on fluid-dynamic effects, with limited investigation of how multiple e-fuels compare in terms of ignition properties. Consequently, the current basis for defining fuel indices to guide combustion optimization remains insufficient. In this study, the combustion phases and lean limits of several e-fuels (methane, methanol, methyl formate, ethanol, and dimethyl carbonate) were examined using a rapid compression machine with a passive pre-chamber. The results demonstrated that, at an excess air ratio of 1.4, reducing the Lewis number was more effective than increasing laminar flame speed in shortening ignition and combustion duration. This outcome is attributed to the significant role of the Lewis number in flame growth, both near the spark plug and at the orifice exit, under conditions of flame stretching. Moreover, lowering the Lewis number nonlinearly enhanced turbulent burning velocity, thereby compensating for reduced laminar flame speed under lean conditions and ultimately extending the lean limit. These findings identify a novel role of the Lewis number as a decisive fuel index in passive pre-chamber ignition and underscore the need to incorporate it as a key index in e-fuel design for enhancing spark-ignition engine efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128535"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards cost-effective concentrating solar power: Techno-economic insights on transcritical CO2-based power cycles","authors":"Pablo Rodríguez-deArriba,&nbsp;Francesco Crespi,&nbsp;David Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a techno-economic analysis of two innovative CSP configurations within the SCARABEUS project, both employing a transcritical recompression cycle using a CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-based mixture consisting of 80% CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and 20% SO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. Generation I utilises molten salts, while Generation II employs solid particles, enabling higher cycle temperatures of 700 °C compared to 550 °C in Generation I.</div><div>Cost analysis estimates specific power block costs of 1353 and 1508 €/kW for Generation I and II, respectively, which are comparable to state-of-the-art steam turbines but offer efficiency gains of 3.8 and 11 p.p. The primary heat exchanger is the dominant cost driver, accounting for up to 48% of direct costs.</div><div>An optimisation of the solar multiple and storage hours for a reference site in Seville (1773 kWh/m²/year) indicates that SCARABEUS CSP concepts can significantly reduce the levelised cost of electricity by 4.4 €/MWh and 20.5 €/MWh with respect to SoA (135 €/MWh). A Pareto-based analysis explores trade-offs between total plant cost and levelised cost of electricity, identifying cost-effective designs that reduce total plant cost and levelised cost of electricity by 3.9% for Generation I and 14.5% for Generation II. These outcomes confirm the SCARABEUS concept as a promising alternative to enhance the economic competitiveness of next-generation CSP plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128369"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online junction temperature monitoring via breakdown voltage for avalanche ruggedness evaluation in silicon carbide metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors","authors":"Tao Luo ,&nbsp;Zaiman Xiang ,&nbsp;Guoxing Yin ,&nbsp;Zezhan Li ,&nbsp;Xueliang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Du ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Xu ,&nbsp;Jianjun Zhuang ,&nbsp;Jiajie Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Online junction temperature monitoring during unclamped inductive switching (UIS) testing of silicon carbide metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (SiC MOSFETs) represents a critical research focus with significant technical challenges. Conventional approaches predominantly employ the thermo-sensitive electrical parameter method, utilizing on-state resistance (<em>R_ds,on</em>) as the sensing metric. However, during repetitive unclamped inductive switching testing, degradation of <em>R_ds,on</em> compromises temperature measurement accuracy. To address this limitation, this study proposes an online junction temperature monitoring methodology based on a hierarchical Bayesian linear regression machine learning framework that establishes the breakdown voltage (<em>BV</em>)-junction temperature (<em>T_j</em>) correlation. This approach enables real-time <em>T_j</em> tracking during UIS testing by monitoring <em>BV</em> variations, eliminating the need for auxiliary control circuits. Experimental validation was conducted through UIS testing of 1200 V/40 mΩ SiC MOSFETs in quad flat no-leads packages featuring distinct die-attach sintered-Ag layers. Results confirm the efficacy of the proposed monitoring technique and demonstrate that thermal resistance optimization of the die-attach layer reduces the <em>R_ds,on</em> degradation by 70.5 % during 30,000-cycle UIS testing, thereby enhancing avalanche ruggedness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128533"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NH3 Co-firing strategy in bubbling fluidized bed reactor: experimental and numerical analysis for CO2 and NOx reduction","authors":"Min-Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Dae-Gyun Lee ,&nbsp;Jae-Sung Kim ,&nbsp;Joonwoo Kweon ,&nbsp;Chung-Hwan Jeon","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the co-firing of zero-carbon fuel (NH₃) in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) reactor to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions. Experiments were performed under 100% coal and 20% NH₃ co-firing conditions with various NH₃, SA (Secondary air) injection point, and PA/SA (Primary air/Secondary air) ratio. Also, a computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) simulation was conducted for 100 % NH₃ combustion to provide reference data for NO formation combined with the 100% coal combustion case. The predicted NO concentrations, estimated from a mass-balance-based conversion ratio approach, were compared with experimental measurements to analyze NO formation and reduction mechanisms. Results showed that CO₂ emissions decreased proportionally to the NH₃ co-firing ratio, while NO emissions were strongly dependent on the PA/SA ratio and the injection positions of NH₃ and secondary air. Among the tested conditions, case (c) with a PA:SA ratio of 6:4–7:3 achieved the lowest NO emissions, comparable to pure coal combustion, while maintaining significant CO₂ reduction. These findings highlight that proper air-staging and injection strategies are crucial for optimizing NH₃ co-firing in fluidized bed systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128534"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}