Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Overall integrated design method for the fully enclosed CO2 turbine-generator","authors":"Zhi Ling ,&nbsp;Xuan Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Tian ,&nbsp;Ligeng Li ,&nbsp;Yurong Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Gequn Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When integrating the supercritical carbon dioxide(sCO₂) power cycle with micro-reactors for self-sufficient energy systems in isolated scenarios, zero leakage is a core requirement, as it directly determines the feasibility and reliability of long-term system operation. The fully enclosed integrated unit structure is an ideal solution to eliminate leakage, but thermo-mechanical-electrical integration brings multi-field coupling challenges.Traditional decoupled design (TDD) suffers from issues such as difficult optimization, inaccurate efficiency prediction, and unclear loss coupling relationships, which severely restrict overall efficiency. To address this, this study proposes an overall integrated design (OID) method for the first time, and designs a 100 kW opposed-arrangement axial-flow fully enclosed CO₂ turbine generation (TG) integrated unit. By comparing the optimal overall efficiency design results of TDD and OID under multiple optimization parameters, it is found that the OID can theoretically maximize overall efficiency by up to 1–15% and even when its rotational speed is 15,000 rpm lower than TDD, it can still achieve equivalent efficiency. The analysis clarifies the distribution laws, proportions of various losses, and the collaborative optimization mechanism of OID, and identifies the optimal operating range of this fully enclosed integrated TG to be approximately 1 MW. Finally, experiments verified the rationality of the layout and cooling scheme, as well as the feasibility of parameter optimization based on the OID method. The developed integrated unit achieved an efficiency of 61.5% and a power output of 97.7 kW. This design method provides a new pathway for the design and efficiency enhancement of fully enclosed CO₂ TG units.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130052"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on the thermo-hydrodynamic behavior of two-phase loop thermosyphon","authors":"Jian Qu ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Guoqing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two-phase loop thermosyphon (TPLT), with its pumpless long-distance heat transport capacity and high efficiency, is a promising candidate for various energy- and thermal-related applications. This paper presents a numerical study of a TPLT to deepen the understanding of thermo-hydrodynamic behavior using R141b as the working fluid. To describe mass transfer behavior in the phase transition model, a new dynamic condensation mass transfer time-relaxation coefficient was proposed by introducing a convergence factor for the self-regulation of mass transfer balance of evaporation and condensation efficiently. Using the present model of condensation time relaxation coefficient, the total mass can be maintained nearly unchanged with negligible mass loss. The liquid-vapor distribution and flow pattern within the TPLT, as obtained from numerical simulations, were verified by a high-speed visualization experiment. Additionally, the simulated temperature distributions along the TPLT agreed well with experimental data at different heating power inputs and filling ratios, with a relative error of less than 1.8%, indicating the reliability of the model. This work serves as a reference for predicting the heat transfer characteristics of a TPLT and can guide its design and practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130331"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced direct-contact condensation and entrainment in a three-nozzle eductor for thermal vacuum desalination: experimental and CFD study","authors":"Ratan Kumar Das,&nbsp;Oranit Traisak,&nbsp;Wai Hong Lai,&nbsp;Kiao Inthavong,&nbsp;Abhijit Date","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eductors offer a compact and low-maintenance alternative to conventional thermally driven vacuum systems in desalination, which typically rely on energy-intensive condensers and pumps. By employing direct-contact condensation (DCC), eductors can simultaneously generate a vacuum and entrain vapor, enabling simpler and more energy-efficient desalination modules. However, optimization of multi-nozzle geometries for two-phase flows remains limited. This study presents a combined experimental and numerical investigation of single- and three-nozzle eductors, focusing on the effects of inter-nozzle spacing ratio (D_n/D) and nozzle splitting ratio (R_s) under two-phase steam–water operation. Three-dimensional ANSYS Fluent simulations were validated against experimental pressure and temperature data at five axial stations, showing RMSE within 2–3%. Results indicate that inter-nozzle spacing significantly affects entrainment and condensation. At D_n/D = 0.29, the three-nozzle eductor achieved optimum performance, improving the entrainment ratio by 107–163% compared with the single-nozzle design. Flow visualizations confirmed enhanced vapor entrainment and intensified condensation within inter-nozzle gaps. Lower suction vapor temperature deepened the vacuum and extended the condensation region, while higher back pressure suppressed entrainment. The optimized three-nozzle eductor entrained up to 24 kg/h of vapor, corresponding to ∼24 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ VMD flux for a 1 m² membrane, with specific energy consumption reduced by ∼2 kWh·m⁻³ relative to the single nozzle. These findings establish condensation-driven entrainment, rather than vacuum generation alone, as the dominant vapor entrainment mechanism and demonstrate that optimized multi-nozzle eductors can substantially enhance the performance and compactness of thermal vacuum desalination systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130418"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural evolution of laser cladding IN718 coatings: Multiscale numerical simulation and experiment","authors":"Guofu Lian,&nbsp;Zhaoyuan Cai,&nbsp;Changrong Chen,&nbsp;Meiyan Feng,&nbsp;Zhigang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The process parameters of laser cladding have a significant impact on the melt pool flow and microstructure. However, the evolution of both the melt pool flow and the microstructure during the cladding process is difficult to observe in real-time, which limits the study of the underlying control mechanisms. This study aims to explore the mechanisms by which process parameters affect the melt pool solidification behavior and microstructural evolution during the laser cladding process. To achieve this, a coupled model of macroscopic temperature field and microscopic cellular automaton (CA) interpolation was established. The model was used to investigate the temperature field, thermal cycle, solidification parameters, and microstructural evolution mechanisms under different process parameters. This approach constructs a continuous quantitative relationship between process parameters, solidification parameters, and microstructural evolution. Dynamic solidification simulations based on the macroscopic model indicate the transition from columnar to equiaxed transformation (CET) in the cladding layer. The temperature field distribution, thermal cycle characteristics, and solidification parameters (temperature gradient G, solidification rate R, and cooling rate G × R) under different process parameters were systematically analyzed. Quantitative studies determined the solidification zone of equiaxed grains and the average area of equiaxed grains during solidification under different process parameters. The results show that lower laser power or higher scanning speed leads to faster cooling rates in the cladding layer, promoting the formation of equiaxed crystals and suppressing the extension of columnar crystals. The area size of equiaxed grains decreases as the cooling rate increases. Based on cellular automaton (CA) simulations, when the scanning speed is fixed at 8 mm/s, the proportion of equiaxed grains decreases from 45.78% at 2000 W to 24.22% at 3000 W as laser power increases. Conversely, when the laser power was fixed at 2500 W, the proportion of equiaxed grains increased from 26.11% at 4 mm/s to 48.18% at 12 mm/s as the scanning speed increased. Experimental verification showed that the maximum error in microstructure was 9.32%. This study provides a theoretical basis for controlling dendrite content through process parameters and for the directional fabrication of microstructures with different characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130357"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity, energy, and economic feasibility analysis of a developed tubular solar still coupled with evacuated tube collectors","authors":"Ashraf Mimi Elsaid ,&nbsp;Ahmed Nour ,&nbsp;Swellam W. Sharshir ,&nbsp;M. Salem Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water shortage is a significant issue in dry and isolated areas where centralized water systems are not readily available. Solar desalination provides an eco-friendly solution, but its broad implementation is limited by the low output and thermal effectiveness of traditional solar stills. This research tackles this limitation by creating and testing a new tubular solar still combined with evacuated tube collectors (EVTs) to improve thermal efficiency and freshwater output. The suggested system employs high-efficiency EVTs to preheat saline feedwater prior to its entry into a cylindrical distillation chamber that is optimized for maximum solar absorption and evaporation rates.</div><div>An extensive experimental study was carried out in real climatic conditions in Upper Egypt, with geographical coordinates of latitude 26°33′39′′ N and longitude 31.41°E, operating under an arid climate from 8 a.m., to 18 p.m., comparing the developed tubular solar still (DTSS) to a traditional tubular solar still functioning simultaneously. The impact of water depth in the basin (10–50 mm) and the quantity of evacuated tubes (2−10) was thoroughly analyzed. Performance indicators encompassed daily freshwater output, thermal efficiency, temperature distribution, and economic viability. Findings show that incorporating evacuated tubes greatly improves system efficiency, resulting in a 297.76% rise in daily water output relative to the traditional tubular still in the same conditions. The highest freshwater output attained was 7.12 kg/m²^.day, accompanied by a thermal efficiency of 63.84%. Additionally, the price of produced water was lowered by 66.14%, decreasing from 0.0818 $/L for the traditional design to 0.0277 $/L for the improved system. These results affirm that EVT-enhanced tubular solar stills offer an economical and high-efficiency solution for decentralized freshwater generation in arid areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130054"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on defrosting characteristics of air source heat pump with novel heating terminals","authors":"Jianhui Niu ,&nbsp;Chenyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Nan Zeng ,&nbsp;Shuxue Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, most of the research on thermal storage defrosting of air source heat pump (ASHP) is based on traditional heating terminal, and the thermal storage can only be used for defrosting with reduced energy efficiency and poor defrosting effect. To simultaneously meet the demands of household room heating, domestic hot water supply, and improving the defrosting performance of ASHP, a novel heating terminal coupled natural convection and thermal storage (<strong>CTS</strong>) was proposed. The experimental prototype of ASHP with natural convection heat dissipation and thermal storage terminal (<strong>ASHPCT</strong>S) was built and thermal storage defrosting was tested in different outdoor conditions. The results indicate that the newly designed terminal enables high-efficiency heat transfer for air, refrigerant and water, with uniform surface temperature and fast heating performance. Thermal storage defrosting causes a 7–12 °C drop in CTS surface temperature, with the entire process taking only 1.0–1.7 min. Compared with conventional reverse-cycle defrosting, both the terminal surface temperature drop and the defrosting duration are significantly reduced. Even when the outdoor temperature drops to −10 °C, the heating Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) can still be maintained at 2.72 with better energy saving effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on effects of enhanced vapor injection on heat storage performance of heat pump","authors":"Yihua Yu ,&nbsp;Qiu Tu ,&nbsp;Xinyue Hao ,&nbsp;Lu Liu ,&nbsp;Luka Boban ,&nbsp;Vladimir Soldo","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To efficiently obtain heat storage hot water as heat source for the active enhanced vapor injection, the heat storage performance of a solar-driven heat pump with two self-contained heat storage modes has been investigated. This study explores effects of conventional vapor injection on the heat storage performance using the sub-cooling degree as the control target. The results indicate that essential difference between the two heat storage modes lies in the different characteristic sub-cooling degree, which leads to different heat storage performance and vapor injection effect. For non-injection heat pump, the static heat storage mode has a greater characteristic sub-cooling degree and better performance than the dynamic heat storage mode. The former achieves higher heat storage rate by 24.2% and greater coefficient of performance by 11.7% than the latter. For the vapor injection heat pump, the heat storage rate and coefficient of performance increased by 34.3% and 13.3% under the dynamic heat storage mode are significantly higher than those with improvements of 11.3% and 5.7% under the static heat storage mode. The system under both modes achieved the optimal performance at the sub-cooling degree of 10 °C. The findings provide a basis and guidance for the formulation of control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130160"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-energy complementary heat pumps for low-carbon integrated cooling, heating, and water supply in districts: case study of a school campus","authors":"Xudong Ma ,&nbsp;Yanjun Du ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiong Li ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Yuting Wu ,&nbsp;Shunan Li ,&nbsp;Yu Li ,&nbsp;Youdong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated multi-energy complementary approaches constitute effective low-carbon solutions for mitigating energy consumption and emissions within decentralized settings such as campuses and industrial facilities. This study investigates the integration and operational performance of a distributed multi-energy complementary system designed for near-zero carbon campus operation. The primary scientific objective is to evaluate the synergistic control and energy efficiency of a triple-hybrid (ground-source + solar + air-source) system under real-world conditions, with a focus on mitigating ground thermal imbalance. The system integrates ground-source heat pumps, solar thermal collectors, and air-source heat pumps to deliver space heating and cooling for 900 m² of classroom facilities while supplying domestic hot water for 750 residents. The innovative hierarchical control strategy prioritizes renewable sources and ensures stable operation under dynamic loads. Under demanding operating conditions, the system maintains a coefficient of performance (COP) exceeding 3.9. The study provides empirical long-term performance data, addressing a critical gap in the literature between simulation and real-world validation. Through synergistic integration of energy generation, storage, and intelligent control, the system achieves reliable cooling, heating, and hot water supply, establishing a replicable framework for low-carbon campuses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130030"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of MOF-303 based on the scalable continuous flow synthesis and its solar-driven adsorption refrigeration performance","authors":"Zhizhen Wang,&nbsp;Zhouhang Tian,&nbsp;Lin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhengfei Ma,&nbsp;Haiyan Wang,&nbsp;Qun Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The commercial viability of solar-driven adsorption refrigeration is currently hindered by two critical bottlenecks: the lack of scalable fabrication methods for high-performance Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and the need for efficient photothermal adsorption systems. This study addresses these challenges by developing a continuous-flow synthesis strategy for MOF-303 and engineering a high-efficiency composite adsorbent designated as CNT-CB@CFCM (Carbon Nanotube-Carbon Black @ Copper Foam Cured MOF). The continuous-flow method achieved a remarkable space-time yield 700 kg·m⁻³·day⁻¹, significantly outperforming the 287 kg·m⁻³·day⁻¹ achieved via traditional batch hydrothermal reflux, while maintaining high crystallinity and a specific surface area of 1294 m²·g⁻¹. The resulting MOF-303-CF-1.5 composite exhibited superior adsorption properties; at a relative pressure (P/P₀) of 0.2, the water adsorption capacity reached 455 cm³·g⁻¹, exceeding that of commercial silica gel by 56.9%. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed favorable desorption kinetics, with a peak temperature (Tm ≤80 °C) and an activation energy of approximately 49 kJ·mol⁻¹, verifying suitability for low-grade thermal energy utilization. In system-level tests under 1.8 kW·m⁻² illumination, the CNT-CB@CFCM-water working pair delivered a refrigeration capacity of 271.70 kJ·kg⁻¹, a specific refrigeration power (SCP) of 75.47 W·kg⁻¹, and a coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.154. These findings provide a theoretical basis and engineering demonstration for the transition of MOF-303 from laboratory-scale synthesis to ton-scale production and effective low-carbon refrigeration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129864"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable and high-efficiency cooling via capillary-confined interfacial evaporation","authors":"Zhipeng Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiling Luo ,&nbsp;Zhe Li ,&nbsp;Mengnan Wang ,&nbsp;Hai Lin ,&nbsp;Renhong Cheng ,&nbsp;Dalin Liao ,&nbsp;Zheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaporative cooling technology holds enormous potential due to the high latent heat of water. Conventional systems face efficiency limitations from excessive interfacial water thickness and unregulated replenishment. Inspired by the interfacial evaporation technology for extraction and desalination, this study proposes a capillary-confined interfacial evaporation (CIE) strategy for advanced thermal management. Water is spatially confined at the interface to form a thin water layer (∼190 μm) by the nonwoven fabric, effectively reducing thermal resistance. Meanwhile, continuous passive water transport via capillary forces in the nonwoven fabric, regulated by feedback from water saturation, establishes a dynamic balance between water evaporation and replenishment. The system achieves a temperature reduction of 49 °C. Using the evaporative cooling as a boundary condition in simulation can well explain the experimental phenomena. The pliable nonwoven fabric exhibits conformal adhesion to geometrically complex surfaces. With low cost, high cooling power, and ease of maintenance, this solution offers an efficient, scalable, and eco-friendly approach to passive cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130117"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}