Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing hydrogen production and efficiency in biomass gasification through advanced CFD modeling","authors":"Rafael D. Gomez Vásquez ,&nbsp;Jesús D. Rhenals-Julio ,&nbsp;Jorge M. Mendoza ,&nbsp;Juan Acevedo ,&nbsp;Antonio José Bula Silvera","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gasification is a thermochemical process that converts biomass into biochar, bio-oil, and syngas. This study applies Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) and hydrogen yield (yH₂), integrating a pyrolysis submodel and an average intrinsic reactivity approach for solid–gas reactions to assess the influence of temperature on gas composition and reaction kinetics.</div><div>A two-dimensional downdraft gasifier model was developed to simulate species transport and reaction mechanisms under four experimental treatments: gasification with air (B), with CaCO₃ as a catalyst (BC), with steam addition (BS), and with both steam and CaCO₃ (BCS). Model validation demonstrated that CFD accurately captured the effects observed experimentally, predicting syngas composition with a global error of 7.71 %. The highest CGE achieved was 61.6 %, and the maximum yH₂ reached 308 ml H₂/g biomass under the BCS condition, where the combination of steam and CaCO₃ enhanced hydrogen production by promoting tar reforming and CO₂ capture. The results confirm that steam and CaCO₃ improve cold gas efficiency and hydrogen yield, aligning with experimental observations. This study highlights CFD as a reliable tool for predicting biomass gasification performance, particularly for hydrogen-rich syngas production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 126454"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance enhancement of disk-shaped flat loop heat pipe","authors":"Yong-Hu Wang ,&nbsp;Ting-Hsiang Chiu ,&nbsp;Tsung-Ju Lu ,&nbsp;Wei-Chen Lo ,&nbsp;Shen-Chun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the challenge of effective heat dissipation in electronic systems, a critical issue as increased thermal loads demand improved thermal management to ensure reliable performance and longevity. We investigated the performance of disk-shaped flat loop heat pipes by comparing copper and nickel wick materials, using a 6% butanol aqueous self-rewetting fluid as the working fluid. This fluid was chosen for its rapid evaporation characteristics, which help mitigate heat leakage by promoting phase change removal before excessive heat penetration, and for its surface tension reversal property that facilitates prompt fluid replenishment. Experimental results revealed that the copper wick configuration achieved a maximum heat load of 440 Watts, corresponding to a heat flux of approximately 50 Watts per square centimeter, which is significantly higher than the 360 Watts obtained with the nickel wick. Moreover, the copper wick exhibited a performance improvement exceeding 200 percent compared to systems operating with water as the working fluid. These findings indicate that the incorporation of a self-rewetting fluid not only suppresses heat leakage but also enhances overall thermal performance, thereby establishing copper as a viable wick material in such applications. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive quantitative evaluation of self-rewetting fluids in disk-shaped flat loop heat pipes, advancing previous efforts by demonstrating marked improvements in heat transfer efficiency and suggesting new design strategies for industrial thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 126431"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and optimized design of water-cooled volute for turbine-based air compressor used in automotive fuel cells","authors":"Xinrong Yang ,&nbsp;Zhihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinhang Liu ,&nbsp;Kai Ou ,&nbsp;Xuezhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingjing Yang ,&nbsp;Ya-Xiong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water-cooled components of air compressor provide a feasible way to improve the performance of automotive fuel cells. Due to the large heat generation during air compression, the efficiency of air compressor is normally not easily enhanced. To recover power and prevent excessive gas temperature, this paper has proposed an optimized water-cooled volute for the turbine-based air compressor used for automotive fuel cells. Firstly, a three-dimensional numerical model of the volute integrated with impeller has been developed, upon comparison with the measured isentropic efficiency and pressure ratio, the mean absolute errors were found to be 0.0669 and 0.0117, respectively. Then, a closed flow passage on the volute outer wall is constructed to form an initial water-cooled volute structure. Numerical simulation analysis is then conducted on the initial water-cooled volute under different cooling water inlet conditions. The Box-Behnken method is used to generate the design space for the water-cooled volute structure, and a response surface model is fitted using a second-order function. The response surface model is then used as the objective function of multi-objective genetic algorithm to perform global optimization and generate the Pareto front. The combinations of parameters for the water-cooled volute structures are determined from the optimal solution set. The results showed that the isentropic efficiency of the optimized water-cooled volute was improved by 12.43 % compared to the original volute, and the outlet gas temperature was reduced by 1.29 % compared to the initial water-cooled volute. The proposed water-cooled volute and its design method can enhance the overall performance of the air compressor for automotive fuel cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 126474"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of crossflow on smooth and ribbed rectangular and curved channels during jet impingement","authors":"Suresh Gogada,&nbsp;Alankrita Singh,&nbsp;Sushanta Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The crossflow is a crucial impingement cooling phenomenon, and it has a complex impact on heat transfer. In practical scenarios, multi-jets and ribbed curved and ribbed rectangular channels are involved. Therefore, it is necessary to understand flow physics and heat transfer characteristics of multi-jet impingement of curved and rectangular channels under crossflow to optimize the cooling strategies in practical applications of gas turbine blade cooling, electronics cooling, and heat exchanger design. The present numerical study addresses this gap by analyzing three configurations: multi-jet impingement without crossflow, multi-jet impingement with crossflow, and multi-jet impingement with crossflow and ribs on rectangular and curved channels. A jet Reynolds number of 7500 and a blowing ratio of 0.25 were<!--> <!-->used in this study. The maximum stagnation Nusselt number values of rectangular and curved channels are decreased by 27 % and 49 %, respectively, with the introduction of crossflow. In contrast, it is observed that average Nusselt number values increase when crossflow and<!--> <!-->ribs are introduced in rectangular and curved channels. The jet deflection angles of ribbed curved channels’ first and second jets are 7 % and 14 % higher than those of ribbed rectangular channels with crossflow. The average Nusselt number is 17 % higher for the rectangular channel over the corresponding curved channel with an 11 % lower pumping power requirement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 126470"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A three-dimensional particles-based numerical model for ortho-para hydrogen continuous conversion heat exchangers in hydrogen liquefaction","authors":"Junjie Teng,&nbsp;Xinyu Wei,&nbsp;Shaolong Zhu,&nbsp;Song Fang,&nbsp;Shiran Bao,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Zhi,&nbsp;Limin Qiu,&nbsp;Kai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid hydrogen (LH₂) is a promising hydrogen storage option considering its high energy density and convenience in storage and transportation. Ortho-para hydrogen conversion during hydrogen liquefaction is essential for reducing the boil-off loss of the LH₂ product, of which the continuous catalytic conversion is the most energy efficient. However, most existing researches adopted the homogeneous porous media model for the catalysts-filled zones, which is different from the actual layout of catalytic particles. The impact of packed catalytic particles remains unclear and requires further revelation. A three-dimensional particles-based numerical model, considering the geometry and space layout of catalytic particles, is constructed in this work. The impact of packed particles on heat transfer and conversion performance as well as internal physical fields are evaluated. Increasing flowrate ratios enhances convective heat transfer between the fluid and particles slightly and leads to improvements in conversion performance due to greater temperature gradient. Besides, a high Reynolds number enhances heat transfer performance but limits conversion efficiency, even though the conversion heat increases. Both of the concentration and conversion heat distributions are influenced by the inlet concentration of para-hydrogen. When the inlet composition deviates significantly from the equilibrium state, a substantial heat load is concentrated near the entrance, reaching 1.56 × 10⁶ W/m³ within the 80 K to 70 K range. A uniform concentration distribution along the flow directions is observed. In contrast, when the inlet composition is closer to equilibrium, the heat load is significantly lower and is expected to be released further downstream in the channels and the concentration exhibits a parabolic distribution. The work offers a new simulation method for ortho–para hydrogen continuous conversion heat exchangers, which would be useful for studying more detailed information at the particle pore scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 126436"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer enhancement for high power chips in immersion cooling by ducted propellers","authors":"Puhang Jin ,&nbsp;Jinhong Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaoteng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xue Zhang ,&nbsp;Gongnan Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immersion cooling offers significant potential for various scenarios facing increasingly severe heat dissipation challenges. Increasing the overall flowrate of immersion cooling is a non-efficient method to enhance the heat dissipation for high power chips, since most of components can be cooled with very small flow velocity. To alleviate the hotspots issues while minimizing cooling power consumption, this study proposes a design of installing ducted propellers to accelerate the local fluid flow around the high power chips to improve their heat dissipation performance. The numerical simulations were conducted with varied installation position and duct shape, and dual-propeller configurations. The coolant is FC40, the heat load for a 40*40 mm heat source is 400 W, the free stream velocity is 0.5 m/s, and the propellers is working under 2500 revolutions per minute (rpm). The ducted propeller positioned at the rear of the heat sink reduces the average temperature of the heat source by 6.2 °C, and the inlet velocity is increased by 15.9 % and the outlet velocity is increased by 213.0 %. The rear-mounted propeller covered a wider area than the front-mounted one, while the front-mounted ducted propeller exhibited better local heat transfer enhancement in central channels of the heat sink. The rectangular duct positively contributes to improving the uniformity of the heat source surface temperature and performs better than the circular duct in the front-mounted configuration with a 1.5°C lower maximum temperature. Single propeller exhibits the intrinsic weakness that the side channels can hardly by influenced by suction effect, resulting the hot spots at the side region near the outlet. The dual-propeller design provided a pronounced enhancement in heat dissipation, lowering the maximum temperature of the heat source surface by 15.6 °C and reducing the temperature difference by 10.4 °C compared to the case without propellers. The maximum power consumption for single and dual propellers is 0.31 W and 0.56 W, respectively. The results demonstrate that the ducted propeller is a good candidate for heat transfer enhancement, hotspot temperature control and cooling power saving for immersion cooling server with high power chips.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 126469"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid absorption chiller to improve energy efficiency in combined cooling, heating, and power system","authors":"Hyunuk Cho ,&nbsp;Yongsun Cho ,&nbsp;Ji Hwan Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As urban energy demands continue to rise, hybrid systems capable of utilizing diverse waste heat sources—including LNG combustion, exhaust gases, steam, and hot water—provide a sustainable solution by maximizing energy recovery and enhancing operational flexibility. This study presents the design, simulation, and experimental performance evaluation of a hybrid absorption chiller system utilizing multiple heat sources to improve energy efficiency in combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) applications. Simulation analyses compared the energy performance of series and parallel flow configurations, revealing that the hybrid system delivers significantly higher cooling capacity and performance than conventional single-source absorption chillers when total energy input is considered.</div><div>Simulation results indicated that the series flow configuration enhanced both cooling capacity and the coefficient of performance (COP) by 69% compared to conventional systems. Experimental results further demonstrated that, in hybrid mode-—integrating LNG and waste heat— the COP reached 2.27, representing a 74.9% improvement over single-source LNG-powered absorption chillers. Moreover, the hybrid system reduced LNG consumption by approximately 43%, highlighting its potential for significant energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. This study underscores the feasibility of multi-source hybrid absorption chillers as an environmentally sustainable and economically viable alternative for industrial and commercial CCHP applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 126440"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow and thermochemical dynamic characteristics in calcium-looping energy storage","authors":"Hongchuan Jiang,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Cai Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium looping-thermochemical energy storage (CaL-TCES) based on dense particle flow is a promising technology for large-scale long-duration energy storage and industrial decarbonization. However, Energy-mass conversion transfer characteristics in the CaL-TCES fluidized bed reactor are unclear. In this study, the fluidization and thermochemical behaviors in the CaL-TCES reactor are investigated, using Computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupled with comprehensive heat transfer and inhomogeneous reaction models. Moreover, the effects of process parameters on particle dispersion, heat transfer and thermal storage performance are systematically explored. The results show that wall-particle conduction and radiation are main heat transfer modes in wall zone, which dominates heat transfer pathway of the reactor, while central zone is governed by reaction heat and radiation. The reaction magnitude and homogeneity are significantly affected by particle temperature and CO₂ partial pressure. High temperature in bubble phase and low partial pressure at the reactor bottom induce them to become reaction hotspots. Moreover, gas velocity has more pronounced effects on particle dispersion than particle size and wall temperature. Compared to other gas velocities, 2.5 times the fluidization number not only achieves a balance between temperature and reaction uniformity but also offers high heat transfer coefficient, thermal efficiency and energy storage density. Small particles and low-temperature environments promote efficient and uniform heat transfer, while large particles and high-temperature environments enhance energy storage density. This study provides valuable guidance for optimizing reactor design and operation to achieve high heat transfer and thermal storage efficiency in fluidized bed reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 126405"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interval uncertainty analysis for the nozzle guide vane surface temperature profile in hydrogen-fueled gas turbine","authors":"Bangyan Ma,&nbsp;Xiaocheng Zhu,&nbsp;Zhaohui Du","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen has the advantages of zero-carbon emission, high heating value per mass, and wide distribution. Hydrogen-fueled gas turbines represent a highly promising way to take advantage of hydrogen energy. The ubiquitous uncertainties can cause significant variations in the performance of turbomachinery. In this paper, the uncertainty quantification of a turbine nozzle guide vane in a hydrogen-fueled gas turbine is conducted to investigate the effects of uncertainties on the vane surface temperature profile. The peak temperature on the vane surface and its location have been specified by the analytic cooling model. Due to the difficulty of obtaining the probability density function for uncertain parameters, the Chebyshev interval method and the Legendre interval method are used. The coolant flow rate and turbine inlet temperature radial profile are two uncertain-but-bounded parameters. A new sensitivity index is defined to conduct global sensitivity analysis and the satisfaction degree of interval is employed to measure the reliability of the guide vane. It has been observed that the uncertainty in the inlet temperature profile leads to a higher satisfaction degree, thus having a more negative impact on the reliability of the vane. Sensitivity analysis points out that the significance of coolant flow rate and inlet temperature profile in terms of the uncertainty in the vane peak temperature is essentially the same, contributing to about 50%. The research reveals that the Chebyshev method has smaller errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 126444"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy management strategy of flywheel hybrid electric vehicle based on driving condition recognition","authors":"Shulong Si ,&nbsp;Binbin Yang ,&nbsp;Bingqi Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaochen Hou ,&nbsp;Bo Zhao ,&nbsp;Tiezhu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flywheel hybrid electric vehicles (FHEVs) have shown great advantages in energy saving and emission reduction. For the further improvement of fuel economy and emission performance, a hybrid energy management strategy (EMS) coupled with learning vector quantization (LVQ) driving condition recognition, dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, and logic threshold control, referred to LVQ-DP rule EMS is proposed. First of all, a LVQ neural network is formulated to identify driving conditions. Then, the setting of the rule thresholds and the torque distribution of each power component is discussed using the DP optimization control results, and the control rules are established, the simulation is carried out under CLTC-C condition with the LVQ driving condition recognition. The results showed that the approximate DP minimum fuel consumption can be obtained under the LVQ-DP rule EMS. Besides, compared with the rule-based EMS, the fuel consumption and the total CO₂ emission of the FHEV can be reduced by 8.29 % and 5.64 %, while the emissions of CO, HC, and NO_X are decreased by 22.69 %, 25.18 %, and 25.67 %, respectively. The average thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engine is increased by 7.42 %, and the average efficiency of the motor/generator is increased by 4.46 %. In addition, the average energy storage of the energy storage flywheel (FW) is increased by 54.68 %, and the braking energy recovery is also improved by higher FW speed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 126445"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}