Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Eutectic hydrated salt composite phase change material for enhancing thermal safety of batteries","authors":"Zikai Guo ,&nbsp;Zixiong Zhou ,&nbsp;Xinxi Li ,&nbsp;Likun Yin ,&nbsp;Shuangyi zhang ,&nbsp;Wensheng Yang ,&nbsp;Yuhang Wu ,&nbsp;Di Wu ,&nbsp;Canbing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) face serious safety threats owing to their susceptibility to thermal runaway (TR), particularly under extreme operating conditions, which compromise the reliability of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Herein, an innovative inorganic hydrated salt composite phase change material (HSCPCM) has proposed for the thermal management of battery modules, aiming to improve the safety of LIBs under both normal operating conditions and TR scenarios. The developed binary eutectic system (DPES2), composed of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, substantially reduces supercooling. Additionally, the incorporation of polyacrylic acid sodium, expanded graphite, and superabsorbent polymer addresses phase separation, leakage, and cycling stability issues. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized DPES2 demonstrates excellent thermal management and effectively suppresses TR for battery module, reducing the risk of fires and explosions at high temperatures. Therefore, this research suggests that the inorganic synergistic strategy can achieve dual-level thermal regulation by integrating latent heat storage with thermochemical heat storage to ensure long-term cycling stability. These findings suggest that the HSCPCM offers a practical solution for enhancing the safety and reliability of power batteries and energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127262"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active regulation of droplet division in microfluidic chips: multi-physics coupled model prediction and high-throughput experimental validation","authors":"Jianhong Dong ,&nbsp;Huimei Lin ,&nbsp;Wen Liu ,&nbsp;Yuezhu Wang ,&nbsp;Junsheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The controllable splitting of droplets is vital in the field of microfluidics, playing a crucial role in high-throughput reactions, analyses, and syntheses. In this study, we innovatively construct a microdroplet precision splitting system based on multi-level fluid control, and realize the control of droplet dynamic behavior. Initially, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to comprehensively analyze the generation, transportation, and splitting processes of droplets. Subsequently, a series of experiments are executed within the microfluidic systems. We proposed three chip designs with progressive control functions: basic unregulated structure (Chip I), single-channel controlled structure (Chip II), and dual-channel co-regulatory structure (Chip III). The remarkable consistency between the simulation results and experimental data validates the exceptional controllability of microdroplet splitting. This study makes a breakthrough in combining fluid dynamics focusing with active flow control, and establishes a multi-parameter collaborative regulation mechanism for the microdroplet splitting process. Additionally, it validates the effectiveness of our new microfluidic structures in droplet splitting and paves the way for optimizing high-throughput processes in various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127253"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-chip hotspot thermal delay and peak clipping using a heterogeneously integrated micro-thermoelectric cooler","authors":"Tingrui Gong ,&nbsp;Chuangwei Ma ,&nbsp;Linwei Cao ,&nbsp;Wei Su","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro-thermoelectric coolers have emerged as a promising solution for on-chip dynamic thermal management due to their ability to provide localized, on-demand cooling. However, their practical implementation faces several challenges, including packaging integration, parasitic thermal resistance, and proper pulse current control. In this work, we characterize the performance of on-chip dynamic thermal management using a micro-thermoelectric cooler integrated into a thermal test vehicle within a flip-chip ball grid array package. We propose two dynamic thermal management strategies to investigate the time delay and peak clipping performance of hotspot temperature. Experimental results demonstrate that simultaneously activating the micro-TEC and the chip significantly enhances the performance of dynamic thermal management. Transient Peltier cooling immediately reduces the hotspot temperature by 10 °C below the ambient temperature under varying hotspot heat fluxes (150, 200, and 250 W/cm²). At a hotspot heat flux of 250 W/cm², the micro-thermoelectric cooler consumes only 20 % of the chip power consumption while achieving an 8.24 s time delay and a 20.64 °C post-pulse temperature reduction using the time delay strategy. The peak clipping strategy consumes 80 % of the chip power consumption, resulting in a peak temperature reduction of 21.48 °C and a post-pulse temperature reduction of 20.79 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127258"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-perfect nonreciprocal radiation with a 0.3 T magnetic field for near normal incidence","authors":"Jun Wu ,&nbsp;Ye Ming Qing","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breaking the traditional Kirchhoff’s law opens new avenues for enhancing energy harvesting efficiency and advancing thermal management. However, current approaches that violating Kirchhoff’s law by using magnetic optical materials (MO) often face challenges due to the necessity of strong magnetic excitation and large incident angles, which limit their practical applications. We propose a novel photonic design featuring a cascaded metal-dielectric periodic resonant array situated on a dielectric-MO material planar structure backed with a metallic reflector. This design achieves significant nonreciprocity between absorptivity and emissivity for near-normal incident light with only a 0.3 T magnetic field strength. The required magnetic excitation can be conveniently provided by a permanent magnet, thereby facilitating real-world implementations. Furthermore, this effect can be attributed to guided mode resonance, as confirmed by the distributions of the magnetic field magnitude. Additionally, we investigate how geometrical dimensions influence nonreciprocal radiation properties. These findings offer new opportunities for the development of nonreciprocal radiation devices capable of operating under near-normal incidence with moderate magnetic excitation, making them suitable for practical implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127243"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A streamlined universal method for VRF unit configuration in the early design stage","authors":"Jaesuk Park ,&nbsp;Jae Hwan Cha ,&nbsp;Kwang Ho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a streamlined and practical methodology for optimizing variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system configurations during the early design stage, using only basic weather data and building type as input. Recognizing the substantial impact of HVAC systems on building energy use and emissions, the proposed strategy addresses the limitations of conventional selection approaches that overlook building-specific and climate-specific factors. An artificial neural network (ANN) model, trained on 2,470 simulation cases, encompassing 13 building types across 10 locations and spanning all 19 ASHRAE climate zones, was developed to predict hourly part load ratios (PLRs), achieving high accuracy with R² values of 0.85 (cooling) and 0.78 (heating), and RMSE values of 0.068 and 0.035, respectively. These predictions were used in conjunction with a curve-based approach to estimate annual energy consumption across various configuration scenarios. Results reveal that optimal VRF configurations differ significantly depending on building type and climate zone, with energy use varying by an average of 4.0% between best and worst cases. Compared to conventional selection methods, the proposed approach achieved an average energy savings of 2.9%, with savings reaching up to 7.0% in specific scenarios such as hospitals and climate zone 3C. The methodology offers a widely applicable, data-efficient solution that supports improved energy performance and emissions reduction in diverse building sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127237"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing PV performance using a novel water jacket and humidified air-cooling systems in arid climates","authors":"Hesham S. Abdelmohsen,&nbsp;Ayman Alrashedy,&nbsp;Salama Abdelhady,&nbsp;Ahmed Rekaby","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy is a crucial solution for sustainable power, but high photovoltaic (PV) cell temperatures, especially in arid regions like Aswan, Egypt, reduce its efficiency. This work presents a comparative study of two cooling techniques to enhance PV performance, tested on two different PV panel capacities of 250 W and 50 W. The first uses intermittently humidified air on the PV of 250 W to cool and clean the panel surface, reducing the temperature by 26 °C and increasing power by 7.3 % when air flows from the bottom to the top of the PV panel. The second method involves installing a water jacket on the rear PV surface of 50 W with evaporative cooling, lowering temperatures by 30 °C and improving output by 9.8 %. A simple economic study including cost analysis revealed that the levelized costs of PV electricity (LCOE) are 0.12 $/kWh for humidified air cooling and 0.0064 $/kWh for water jacket cooling. Furthermore, an environmental impact assessment reveals that over PV lifespans, the humidified air and water jacket cooling methods produce 1.44 and 8.81 tons of CO₂ emissions reduction, respectively. Additionally, a mathematical model is introduced to validate the experimental results and predict panel efficiency with ±3 % accuracy. These findings provide a practical roadmap for improving PV efficiency in harsh climates, making solar energy even more viable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127259"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and analysis of heat rejection subsystems for space power systems: steady-state and transient thermal management","authors":"Jianghan Fu,&nbsp;Yiheng Fei,&nbsp;Chenglong Wang,&nbsp;G.H. Su,&nbsp;Wenxi Tian,&nbsp;Suizheng Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-power space nuclear power systems are the development direction for future deep space exploration, aiming to provide stable and reliable power to loads in environments lacking solar energy and in complex conditions. However, only a small portion of the heat generated by space nuclear power systems is converted into electric energy through the power conversion system, while most of the heat must be effectively dissipated into outer space to ensure the Heat Rejection Subsystem (HRS) operates within its normal temperature range. Therefore, space power systems require a reliable heat rejection subsystem to dissipate excess heat via radiation. This study develops a detailed mathematical-physical model for the heat rejection subsystem of space power systems, and constructs a transient analysis model based on a heat pipe-fin unit consisting of a single titanium-water heat pipe and radiation fins. Considering the operational characteristics of the space environment, the study designs different steady-state and transient conditions for the space heat rejection subsystem and conducts an analysis of the operational characteristics, providing recommendations for the design of the space nuclear power system’s heat rejection subsystem and factors to consider during transient operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and performance evaluation of an anti-expansion 3D vapor chamber for multi-chip cooling in high heat flux applications","authors":"Shiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Boyang Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Shubin Yin ,&nbsp;Wei Ji ,&nbsp;Yong Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diamond substrate-based liquid cooling effectively addresses the heat dissipation of high-heat-flux multi-chip due to the superior thermal diffusion properties. However, the high cost and limited machinability restrict commercial application of diamond substrate. Vapor chambers, with customizable profiles and lower manufacturing costs, present a promising alternative for efficient multi-chip cooling. This paper introduces an anti-expansion 3D vapor chamber for high-heat-flux multi-chip cooling. The shell and wick structures are optimized based on thermal resistance network analysis to minimize thermal resistance between the heat source and the working fluid. The heat transfer performance of the vapor chamber is evaluated through comprehensive experiments, assessing the impact of processing parameters and service conditions. Results demonstrate that the vapor chamber with a GCBP2 wick delivers optimal thermal performance, achieving a maximum heat dissipation capacity of 339.4 W/cm² at a 95 °C threshold temperature, observing an improvement of 52.7 W/cm² over diamond aluminum. Additionally, the GCBP2 vapor chamber maintains stable heat dissipation across various operating positions, with a performance fluctuation of less than 3 %. This vapor chamber not only outperforms diamond aluminum thermally but also reduces costs by 90 %, highlighting the potential for commercial applications in high-heat-flux multi-chip cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127256"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Droplet dynamics on heated superhydrophobic substrates: Cassie-Wenzel transition to lift-off","authors":"V. Venkitesh ,&nbsp;Pranjal Agrawal ,&nbsp;Susmita Dash","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A water droplet on a textured superhydrophobic substrate can either rest on top of the pillars (Cassie state) or impale the surface textures (Wenzel state). Here, we report on the Cassie to Wenzel transition and associated dynamics of a water droplet on heated superhydrophobic substrates. Below the saturation temperature of the liquid, the Cassie to Wenzel transition of the droplet occurs at a specific droplet volume which is dependent on the surface morphology and temperature. Near the Leidenfrost temperature of the superhydrophobic substrate (140–170 °C), partial impalement into the textures and accompanying increased vapor pressure leads to an explosive out-of-plane lift-off behavior of the droplet. The substrate morphology affects the lubrication pressure due to vapor flow underneath the droplet which dictates the lift-off volume. In addition, the detachment of the droplet from the substrate is also observed to be caused by local bubble nucleation and resulting capillary wave along the liquid–vapor interface. We use the pressure-based analytical transition criteria to predict the volume of drop corresponding to Cassie-Wenzel transition for temperatures lower than the saturation temperature and that for the out-of-plane lift-off at higher temperatures. The predictions agree reasonably well with the experimental observation over the entire range of substrate temperatures and for different surface morphology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entransy-energy synergistic optimisation of thermodynamic performance in two-stage cascaded phase change materials for backfill body geothermal system","authors":"Hailong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yujiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Lang Liu ,&nbsp;Mei Wang ,&nbsp;Yuyan Liang ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cascaded latent heat storage technology has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance the stability and efficiency of geothermal storage systems by utilising latent heat release of phase change materials (PCMs) at specific temperatures. In this study, a novel backfill body cascaded latent heat storage geothermal utilisation (BCLHSGU) system was developed, using three paraffin wax types with distinct melting points as the backfill PCM. Heat release process of this system was simulated using ANSYS Fluent software. First, heat transfer performance along the paths of both single-stage and two-stage systems was comprehensively analysed. Next, thermodynamic performance of each phase change unit within the two-stage system was examined under varying operating conditions by adjusting inlet temperature and working fluid (WF) flow rate. Heat release performance of the two-stage system was further investigated through a synergistic entransy-energy analysis and sensitivity analysis, focusing on quantifying the influence of key factors on the heat release process. Finally, the impact of additional phase change stages on the overall heat release performance was thoroughly evaluated. Results revealed that the two-stage system exhibited a 14.15% reduction in heat release time compared to the single-stage system, with superior uniformity in heat transfer temperature differences along the path. By lowering WF inlet temperature, heat release efficiency and entransy efficiency of the two-stage system were enhanced by 9.51% and 9.5%, respectively, although entransy dissipation increased by 6.76%. Conversely, increasing the inlet flow rate of the WF led to significant improvements in heat release efficiency and entransy efficiency, by 31.59% and 31.31%, respectively, while dramatically reducing the entransy dissipation by 71.88%. Additionally, the sensitivity coefficient of WF inlet temperature to energy and entransy gains was nearly two orders of magnitude higher than WF inlet velocity. When compared to the two-stage system, the three-stage system did not show any major improvement in heat release performance. Instead, it led to increased system dissipation during the later heat release period. A novel entransy–energy synergistic analysis framework developed in this study effectively addresses the critical trade-off between heat extraction efficiency and dissipation within the BCLHSGU system. These findings provide a reference for the efficient heat extraction of the backfill body latent heat storage energy system (BLHESS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 127241"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}