Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献_第9页

Impingement cooling by high-speed air-jet arrays for the green quenching of turbine disc 涡轮盘绿色淬火的高速喷气阵冲击冷却

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130385

Yahao Chen , Shengyu Liu , Renyou Zhang , Yingqi Hou , Jiaying Jiang , Zhibiao Wang , Zhuo Zhang , Kailun Zheng , Lei Zhao

{"title":"Impingement cooling by high-speed air-jet arrays for the green quenching of turbine disc","authors":"Yahao Chen , Shengyu Liu , Renyou Zhang , Yingqi Hou , Jiaying Jiang , Zhibiao Wang , Zhuo Zhang , Kailun Zheng , Lei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quenching of extremely high-temperature components (above 1100 °C) with complex geometries, such as aerospace turbine discs, remains a critical challenge for green and controllable manufacturing. Conventional immersion quenching using water or oil often leads to non-uniform cooling, excessive thermal stresses, and high consumption of cooling media, which limits component quality and environmental sustainability. In this study, high-speed air jet impingement with jet velocities up to 150 m/s is investigated as a green quenching strategy for turbine discs subjected to extreme thermal conditions. Both experimental measurements and transient conjugate heat transfer simulations are employed to analyze the cooling behavior of a steel disc initially heated to above 1100 °C. Particular attention is paid to the strong spatial non-uniformity between the rim (outer annular region) and the bore (central hole), which represents a critical cooling bottleneck in thick discs with internal cavities. The results show that high-speed air jet quenching can achieve rapid and stable cooling, achieving maximum cooling rate of 516 °C /min even for the bore region during phase transformation, greatly exceeding the critical cooling rate 200 °C/min under optimized jet configurations. A sensitivity analysis further reveals that temperature-dependent air density plays a dominant role in determining the transient cooling intensity under extreme thermal conditions. The present work demonstrates that high-speed air jet impingement provides a viable and environmentally friendly alternative for quenching extremely high-temperature components with complex geometries, offering a promising pathway toward green, controllable, and scalable quenching processes in advanced manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130385"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mode-dependent reconfiguration of exergy destruction and optimization of an air-source heat pump with a liquid-storage gas-liquid separator 带储液气液分离器的空气源热泵用能破坏模式重构与优化

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130458

Longxia Ma , Fenghao Wang , Ming Wang , Jinghua Jiang , Qing Xia , Yongjun Sun , Sheng Zhang , Zhihua Wang , Mengjie Song

{"title":"Mode-dependent reconfiguration of exergy destruction and optimization of an air-source heat pump with a liquid-storage gas-liquid separator","authors":"Longxia Ma , Fenghao Wang , Ming Wang , Jinghua Jiang , Qing Xia , Yongjun Sun , Sheng Zhang , Zhihua Wang , Mengjie Song","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost formation significantly degrades the performance of air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) in cold climates. A previous study on a novel ASHP incorporating a liquid-storage gas-liquid separator (Ls-Gls) demonstrated effective frost suppression based on first-law analysis. However, second-law aspects-particularly the reorganization of irreversibility across operational modes-remain insufficiently understood. To address this gap, this study proposes a coupled exergy-pinch analysis framework for both heating and defrosting modes. The results reveal a clear mode-dependent reconfiguration of dominant exergy destruction sources: despite increased compressor work, total system exergy destruction during defrosting is 7.9% lower than during heating,mainly due to a reduced pressure ratio that suppresses compressor-related irreversibility while heat-transfer losses intensify in the outdoor heat exchanger under the fixed 0 °C frost-layer constraint. Pinch analysis further quantifies the spatial shift of dominant irreversibility from the evaporator outlet during heating to the frost-layer interface during defrosting. Compressor isentropic efficiency is identified as the most influential parameter governing overall exergy performance. More importantly, a mode-specific optimization principle is established: an optimal internal heat-transfer temperature difference of 5 K is identified for the Ls-Gls in heating mode, while defrosting performance is primarily governed by the energy grade of the stored refrigerant. Collectively, these findings establish mode-specific principles to guide strategic optimization. This study shifts the optimization paradigm from component-based to mode-aware system design, providing a foundational guideline for next-generation adaptive ASHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130458"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preliminary experimental investigation of an afterburner combustion enhancement method employing streamwise vortices for flame expansion 利用流动涡旋增强火焰扩展的加力燃烧室燃烧增强方法的初步实验研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130416

Zhixiang Zhu , Gang Dong , Yakun Huang , Huanyu Zhu , Zhentan Yu , Xiaomin He

{"title":"Preliminary experimental investigation of an afterburner combustion enhancement method employing streamwise vortices for flame expansion","authors":"Zhixiang Zhu , Gang Dong , Yakun Huang , Huanyu Zhu , Zhentan Yu , Xiaomin He","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional bluff-body flameholders in afterburners suffer from limited flame propagation from the recirculation zone into the mainstream, restricting combustion space utilization and efficiency. This paper proposes a shear-layer transport-enhanced flameholder (STF). Unlike lobed mixers installed upstream to enhance inlet airflow mixing in afterburners, the STF integrates small-scale lobed devices directly onto the sidewalls of the flameholder. Streamwise vortices are generated at the trailing edge, specifically enhancing mass and heat exchange between the recirculation zone and the mainstream flow. The flow field, fuel spray, and combustion characteristics of the STF are experimentally investigated. Additionally, an aerodynamic wake width evaporating flameholder (AWEF) and an AWEF with plain plates (AWEF_P) are set as contrast flameholders for comparison. Results reveal that the STF introduces spatially alternating flow patterns. The crest section promotes outward transport from the recirculation zone to the mainstream, while the trough section facilitates inward transport from the mainstream to the recirculation zone. This mechanism is fundamentally distinct from conventional lobed mixers, which target bulk stream mixing without direct interaction with a recirculation zone. Under the tested conditions, the STF crest section increases fuel penetration depth by 21.9% and 56.6%, and flame width by 20.6% and 50.8%, relative to the AWEF and AWEF_P, respectively. Flame projection area is enlarged by 27.1% and 48.1%, and combustion efficiency is improved by up to 10.4% at an equivalence ratio of 0.62. The present study is conducted as a proof-of-concept investigation. A new design method is proposed to enhance afterburner performance through localized aerodynamic modifications rather than global scaling or auxiliary systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130416"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional layer-level model of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries 圆柱形锂离子电池的三维层级模型

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130124

Junghyun Nam, Seunghun Jung

{"title":"Three-dimensional layer-level model of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Junghyun Nam, Seunghun Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shift toward large-format cylindrical lithium-ion batteries necessitates precise modeling of electro-thermal non-uniformity. However, conventional distributed equivalent circuit models (Distributed ECMs) oversimplify the spiral-wound structure as a homogeneous layer, neglecting the critical coupling between through-plane ionic transport and in-plane electronic conduction. To address this, we propose a three-dimensional layer-level overlapped potential-pair network (OPPN) framework. This electro-thermal model, implemented using the finite volume method, physically reconstructs the bipolar connectivity through the jellyroll thickness. Validation against Panasonic NCR18650B experiments confirmed high predictive accuracy. Crucially, comparative analysis reveals that the Distributed ECM fundamentally miscalculates internal current distribution. Specifically, while the Distributed ECM predicted negligible variations across tab configurations (potential drop <0.001 V, temperature difference < 0.4 °C), the layer-level OPPN model captured significant structure-induced gradients, revealing potential drops and temperature deviations up to 0.04 V and 1.7 °C, respectively. This confirms that Distributed ECMs predict unrealistic uniformity in State-of-Charge (SOC) and temperature fields. Since overlooking these gradients poses severe risks for thermal design and lifetime estimation, this study establishes the OPPN framework as an essential engineering tool for the robust design of modern, scaling cylindrical batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130124"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advanced polyethylene glycol based flexible composite phase change materials enabling stable and efficient lithium-ion battery thermal safety management 先进的聚乙二醇基柔性复合相变材料，实现稳定高效的锂离子电池热安全管理

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130112

Adili Aliya , Yan Gong , Yin Chen , Ruichao Wei , Mingyi Chen

{"title":"Advanced polyethylene glycol based flexible composite phase change materials enabling stable and efficient lithium-ion battery thermal safety management","authors":"Adili Aliya , Yan Gong , Yin Chen , Ruichao Wei , Mingyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid economic development has led to a significant increase in the demand for new energy across countries. Due to their high energy density and long cycle life, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in new-energy vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. However, lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant sensitivity to temperature fluctuations, highlighting the necessity of effective and energy-efficient thermal management. Phase change materials (PCMs) offer a promising passive cooling solution but are hindered by inherent drawbacks such as low thermal conductivity and leakage, which significantly limit their application in thermal management. In this study, a novel flexible composite phase change material (FCPCMs) is developed, which utilizes polyethylene glycol as the phase change core. It is effectively encapsulated and supported by a rigid matrix of styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene block copolymer and the flexibility of polyolefin elastomer, which confers excellent form stability. Furthermore, a ternary thermally conductive network comprising expanded graphite, carbon nanotubes, and copper powder is incorporated, dramatically enhancing the thermal conductivity of the FCPCM to 1.47 W/m K, with an increase of 374%. The FCPCMs reduce the peak battery temperature by up to 19.1 °C (corresponding to a 26.6% decrease from the natural air-cooling baseline of 71.7 °C) and the maximum temperature difference by up to 78.43%. This work provides an effective material strategy for developing high-performance, leakage-resistant PCMs for enhanced battery safety and longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130112"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal analysis of a solar-assisted pyrolysis drop tube reactor with radiation heat transfer 太阳辅助热解落管反应器辐射传热的热分析

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033

Amir Hossein Bashiri , Shervin Karimkashi , Vignesvar Krish Subramani , Sylvain Rodat , Stéphane Abanades , Mika Järvinen , Ville Vuorinen

{"title":"Thermal analysis of a solar-assisted pyrolysis drop tube reactor with radiation heat transfer","authors":"Amir Hossein Bashiri , Shervin Karimkashi , Vignesvar Krish Subramani , Sylvain Rodat , Stéphane Abanades , Mika Järvinen , Ville Vuorinen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast pyrolysis of biomass is recognized as a promising method for bio-oil production which can be further utilized in the production of sustainable fuels. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to verify the discrete ordinate method (DOM) implementation in OpenFOAM open-source software. 1D and 3D test problems are investigated including conjugate and radiative heat transfer in addition to a 2D test case. The main application of interest is a 3D solar-assisted drop tube reactor, which is studied from the viewpoint of heat distribution within the reactor. The main results of the research are as follows: (1) 1D modeling indicates that the heat fluxes are correctly implemented for transient and steady state configurations. (2) 2D rectangular enclosure study indicate correct heat flux implementation in OpenFOAM for the <span>viewFactor</span> and <span>fvDOM</span> methods. (3) 3D reactor studies in OpenFOAM and STAR-CCM+ indicate that the heat distributions are highly similar within 2% deviation in peak temperature values. The final 3D results are noted to be grid independent and independent on the angular discretization number when <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≥</mo><mn>16</mn></mrow></math></span>. As a conclusion, the validated/verified numerical approach offers a general open-source framework for coupled CHT-radiation problems with applicability beyond the studied drop tube reactor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130033"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of a solar powered automatic milk pasteurization system 太阳能自动牛奶巴氏杀菌系统的实验研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130452

Arijit Ray , Chitranayak Sinha , Kaushik Khamrui , Shaik Abdul Hussain , J.K. Dabas

{"title":"Experimental investigation of a solar powered automatic milk pasteurization system","authors":"Arijit Ray , Chitranayak Sinha , Kaushik Khamrui , Shaik Abdul Hussain , J.K. Dabas","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dairy sector is highly energy intensive, with pasteurization accounting for a major share of thermal and electrical demand. Although milk pasteurization systems have demonstrated potential, their wider adoption is limited by seasonal variability, lack of automation, insufficient thermal backup, and the absence of year-round energy–exergy and technoeconomic evaluation. This study addresses these gaps by developing a fully automated, hybrid solar-assisted milk pasteurization system integrating a high-performance heat exchanger. The novelty of this work lies in the year-round experimental validation of a hybrid pasteurization system combined with integrated thermal, exergy, environmental, and economic analyses within a single framework. The heat exchanger exhibited strong thermal performance (LMTD: 33.19 °C, Efficiency: 76.92%), and simulation results closely matched experimental trends, confirming reliable attainment of 72–78 °C. Seasonal solar variability influenced processing performance, with high-solar months enabling rapid pasteurization (23 ± 2 min) using 81–94 °C water without electrical input (Solar fraction:0.86–0.87), while winter temperatures (46–67 °C) were effectively managed through minimal supplemental heating (1.9kWh) to maintain reliable year-round operation. Environmental assessment showed 141–423kWh energy savings, 508–1523 MJ avoided primary energy, and reduced 116–347 kg CO₂ mitigation for 10–30batches. Technoeconomic analysis showed strong viability, with rapid payback (0.39–0.13 years), and a declining Levelized Cost of Energy (98.26–32.75 INR/kWh) as scale increased. Product physicochemical or microbiological quality was fully preserved (<em>p</em> > 0.05), including a negative alkaline phosphatase test. The proposed system offers a scalable and sustainable solution for decentralized dairy processing, advancing SDG 7 through renewable energy integration and reduced fossil-fuel dependence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130452"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of graded structures in thermal management of PDC cutters under thermo-mechanical coupling 热-力耦合下梯度结构在PDC切削齿热管理中的作用

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130225

Dongyu Wu , Maohua Jing , Dong Ge , Yi Lu , Xiangwang Kong , Shaohe Zhang

{"title":"The role of graded structures in thermal management of PDC cutters under thermo-mechanical coupling","authors":"Dongyu Wu , Maohua Jing , Dong Ge , Yi Lu , Xiangwang Kong , Shaohe Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In extreme drilling environments such as deep-space and deep-earth exploration, polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits often experience severe performance degradation due to localized high temperatures induced by dry drilling or abnormal operational conditions (i.e. inadequate cooling or poor cuttings removal), significantly limiting their service life and rock-breaking efficiency. Here, we systematically investigate the thermal behavior of PDC cutters under coupled thermo-mechanical loading using integrated numerical simulation and experimental testing. This work mainly focuses on the temperature field distribution and its dynamic evolution, specifically comparing graded structure PDC cutters with their conventional counterparts under various conditions, including weight on bit (WOB), rotational speed, and rock properties. The results show that the graded structure significantly enhances the thermal management performance of the cutter by optimizing heat transfer pathways. Compared to traditional homogeneous counterparts, the graded cutter exhibits superior suppression of temperature rise, with a notably lower thermal equilibrium temperature—up to 25% reduction under identical conditions. We demonstrate that introducing a compositionally graded interlayer between the PCD layer and WC-Co substrate systematically reduces interfacial thermal resistance, thereby achieving a substantial improvement in overall heat dissipation capacity at the cost of only a minor sacrifice in local thermal conductivity. This design strategy effectively mitigates thermal accumulation and extends the service life of PDC cutters in extreme drilling applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130225"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-integer dimension modeling and sensitivity diagnostics for thermal response tests 热响应测试的非整数维建模和灵敏度诊断

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130490

Hao-Chu Chen , Ting-Hsuan Chang , Yueh-Chie Lee , Li-Chen Cheng , Hsiang-Wen Wang , Jui-Pin Tsai , Ying-Fan Lin

{"title":"Non-integer dimension modeling and sensitivity diagnostics for thermal response tests","authors":"Hao-Chu Chen , Ting-Hsuan Chang , Yueh-Chie Lee , Li-Chen Cheng , Hsiang-Wen Wang , Jui-Pin Tsai , Ying-Fan Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Standard interpretation of thermal response tests (TRT) relies on the infinite line source (ILS) model, which assumes ideal conditions often violated in heterogeneous subsurface environments. To address this, we develop a generalized analytical framework that incorporates an effective dimension to act as a computationally efficient macroscopic upscaling tool for geometry-dependent heat spreading. This closed-form solution recovers the classical ILS model as a special case of integer dimension. Global sensitivity analysis using Shapley values demonstrates that the classic model incorrectly attributes geometric variance to an apparent thermal resistance. In contrast, by strictly utilizing outer-wall distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to physically truncate internal fluid and pipe resistances, the proposed model correctly isolates the effective contact thermal resistance. Field validation shows that the new framework reduces the root-mean-square error by approximately 18% compared to the classical approach. The results reveal effective dimensions ranging between 1.65 and 1.85, indicating sub-diffusive heat transport caused by non-ideal geometry, while accurately capturing the thermodynamic limit of perfect thermal contact driven by advective washout. By distinguishing between material properties and geometric constraints, this approach provides a rigorous yet computationally lightweight tool for TRT diagnostics and reliable ground source heat pump design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130490"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative investigation of different liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems (LC-BTMS) designs for battery module of electric vehicle 电动汽车电池模块不同液冷电池热管理系统（LC-BTMS）设计对比研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130436

Ashutosh Sharma , Sheshadri Sreedhara , Mehdi Khatamifar , Wenxian Lin

{"title":"Comparative investigation of different liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems (LC-BTMS) designs for battery module of electric vehicle","authors":"Ashutosh Sharma , Sheshadri Sreedhara , Mehdi Khatamifar , Wenxian Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is crucial to ensuring the safety, reliability, and longevity of electric vehicles, particularly in hot climates. In this study, seven different liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems (LC-BTMS) designs for cylindrical lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules are comparatively investigated. The considered configurations include cold-plate-based, rigid-channel-based, flexible-channel-based, and block-based cooling concepts. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to analyse the thermo-hydraulic behavior of each design under 1C and 3C discharge conditions at an ambient temperature of 30 °C. The performance of the LC-BTMS designs is evaluated using four key indicators: maximum battery temperature (<em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub>), temperature non-uniformity (<em>ΔT</em>), pressure drop (<em>ΔP</em>), and HTF outlet temperature (<em>T</em><sub><em>HTF,outlet</em></sub>). The results indicate that the block-based design provides the best thermal performance, achieving the lowest <em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> of 298.62 K at 1C and 304.25 K at 3C and the smallest <em>ΔT</em> of 2.08 K at 1C and 3.16 K at 3C due to enhanced heat spreading and effective convection. Flexible channel-based designs offer reasonable thermal control but impose higher hydraulic penalties, with <em>ΔP</em> reaching 173.71 Pa. To include practical considerations, a survey involving experts from industry and academia was conducted. The combined thermo-hydraulic and practical criteria are integrated using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method, which identifies the flexible straight-channel design as the best overall compromise. The findings offer valuable guidance for selecting LC-BTMS designs for electric vehicles operating in hot climate environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130436"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0