{"title":"Boiling heat transfer enhancement on heterogeneous copper foams in the presence of transverse flow","authors":"Shilin Lei, Cai Hu, Zijing Li, Shuai Tan, Caihong Wang, Yong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Open cell copper foams are widely employed to enhance boiling heat transfer, but homogeneous foams face a trade-off between promotion in wetted area and reduction in resistance to bubble departure. In this work, heterogeneous copper foams with horizontal gradient are proposed to assure both enlarged wetted area and facilitated bubble departure. Boiling of HFE-7100 on the heterogeneous foams consisting of 30 pore per inch (PPI) square core and 60 PPI frame with different projection area fractions and thicknesses is conducted under the conditions of forced transverse flow. A peak heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 5.4 W cm<sup>−2</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> and a critical heat flux (CHF) of 91.4 W cm<sup>−2</sup> are obtained on the heterogeneous foam having a core thickness of 5 mm and a frame thickness of 2 mm. The difference in thickness delays the formation of vapor blanket on the foam to promote CHF and the difference in pore density favors balanced surface wetting and vapor venting to enhance HTC. Vapor bubbles on the copper foams are visually observed and a semi-empirical model correlating CHF with heterogenous geometric parameters of the foam is proposed. This work offers an optional strategy to further enhance boiling heat transfer on porous mediums.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124990"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiang He , Jiwen Wang , Kangshuai Li , Xiaosen Wang , Zehua Xu , Yanbin Zhang
{"title":"Thermal analysis and thermal management of high power density electric motors for aircraft electrification","authors":"Qiang He , Jiwen Wang , Kangshuai Li , Xiaosen Wang , Zehua Xu , Yanbin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aircraft electrification is a vital solution for creating sustainable transportation infrastructure, and developing high power density motors is the key to this electrification. However, the increase of power density will inevitably lead to the increase of motor losses density, resulting in the increase of motor temperature, which will lead to demagnetization of permanent magnets, reduction of the life of insulation materials, reduction of motor operating efficiency and even motor burning. Therefore, effective thermal management is the key to improve the power density and safety of motor. In this paper, the thermal analysis and thermal management of aircraft motors are comprehensively and systematically reviewed. Firstly, the heat source and energy loss of the motor are briefly analyzed. The current mainstream thermal analysis methods and emerging technologies are emphatically introduced, including finite element method, computational fluid dynamics, lumped parameter method, combination method and digital twinning, and the key problems, advantages, and disadvantages associated with each method are analyzed. Then, a comprehensive review of recent research on motor thermal management strategies is presented according to different cooling locations (housing, stator, winding, rotor). and several emerging thermal management technologies, such as superconducting motor, evaporative cooling, phase change material cooling and nanofluid cooling, are also emphatically introduced. Finally, some suggestions on potential future research and development of motor thermal management are put forward. This paper aims to provide inspiration and reference for aircraft motor designers and researchers in the development of efficient thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125006"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haibin Guo , Chuncheng Zang , Zhifeng Wang , Xiaohui Zhao , Yue Meng , Julian D. Osorio , Mark Mehos
{"title":"Analysis of thermal and mechanical properties with inventory level of the molten salt storage tank in central receiver concentrating solar power plants","authors":"Haibin Guo , Chuncheng Zang , Zhifeng Wang , Xiaohui Zhao , Yue Meng , Julian D. Osorio , Mark Mehos","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molten salt thermal energy storage (TES) tanks ensure steady power output of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants; however, recent tank failures have highlighted the need for further analysis. Current studies primarily focus on analyzing the molten salt flow, heat transfer, and thermal efficiency. Additionally, research on the latest tank structures is limited and lacks newest experimental validation. This study measures temperature and molten salt inventory levels in the high-temperature tank at a 50 MW central receiver CSP plant, connected to the power grid in 2019. A multi-physics model was developed to evaluate thermal and mechanical properties of TES tanks by combining computational fluid dynamics and finite element modeling using real plant data. Heat loss, temperature, displacement, and stress distribution of the tank at different inventory levels were investigated. Results show that ambient air velocity near the tank roof reaches 2.14 m/s, much higher than 0.2 m/s near the wall. The temperatures of inventory fluid and tank are close, varying slightly at different levels due to thermal conduction and radiation. Because the heat loss strongly depends on temperature, the total tank loss remains nearly constant across inventory levels. Larger temperature gradients and thermal stresses are primarily localized along the tank floor edge and the air-salt interface. Notably, the maximum thermal stress at the tank edge is three times higher than that at the interface. The magnitude of total stress changes by less than 5 MPa with and without thermal load, indicating that high temperatures exert only a minor impact on tank stress. In contrast, thermal load significantly affects tank deformation, particularly at the roof edge, where values exceed 150 mm. Despite the large variation in molten salt levels, tank wall temperatures and displacements present a minor change, suggesting a weak correlation with inventory levels. The findings obtained in this study provide important insights on the TES tank that could be used to optimize tank design and operation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124984"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical study of structural parameters of perforated baffle on heat transfer enhancement in coiled elastic copper tube heat exchanger","authors":"Yaru Sun , Dequan Li , Jiadong Ji , Zisen Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To bridge the research gaps regarding the heat transfer enhancement characteristics of coiled elastic copper tube (CECT) by spiral baffle, the CECT heat exchangers equipped with perforated and those with non-perforated spiral baffles (CECT-WP, CECT-NP) are presented. A two-way fluid–structure interaction method is utilized to numerically study the effects of the baffle helix turn number and perforation diameter on fluid flow and heat transfer at different inflow Reynolds numbers. The results show that there exists an optimal helix turn number and perforation diameter for the best heat transfer performance. Compared with CECT-NP, when the helix turn number ranges from 5 to 9, the <em>JF</em>-factor of CECT-WP is improved by up to 4.28 % at helix turn number of 8; when the baffle perforation diameter ranges from 12 to 24 mm, the <em>JF</em>-factor of CECT-WP is improved by up to 4.02 % at perforation diameter of 21 mm. Moreover, the structure of the CECT-WP is further optimized by reducing the number of spiral baffles from four to two, and ultimately to one. The vibration-enhanced heat transfer and overall heat transfer performances are found to be the best with one spiral baffle, showing improvements of up to 1.35 % and 4.24 %, respectively. Installing perforated spiral baffles in the CECT heat exchanger is an effective technique for improving overall heat transfer performance and has enlightening significance for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124993"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of combustor wall cooling structure on combustor performances","authors":"Jihao Sun, Ningbo Zhao, Shaowen Luo, Hongtao Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For lean premixed low-emissions gas turbine combustors, the amount of air used for combustion chamber cooling is relatively low to maintain a “lean” state of the flame. However, the wall cooling structures may have significant effects on combustor performances such as pollutant emissions, outlet temperature distributions, and boundary temperatures since it can change the near-wall temperature distributions. Most of the existing studies focus on the influence of cooling hole structures on heat transfer characteristics, and few studies comprehensively investigate the comprehensive effects on the wall heat transfer, outlet temperature distribution, pollutant generation characteristics, flow field structure, and flame morphology. To explore the feasibility of enhancing combustor performance through the implementation of combustor wall cooling structures, this study conducted a series of experimental and numerical investigations using two combustion chamber liners. Results show that although the burner structure remains unchanged, using the improved liner can widen the low-emissions operation ranges, and will reduce CO emissions by 49.34 % under low-power operating conditions and NOx emissions by 7.95 % under high-power operation conditions. This is because it optimizes the distribution of the wall temperature gradient and the shape of the corner recirculation zone. Besides, the improved structure enhances the boundary wall heat transfer by about 10 %, which leads to a 14.31 K lower and more uniform temperature of the liner. This is because it eliminates the cooling air incident vortex and improves the heat transfer between different rows of cooling holes. Due to the change of flow-field and near-wall temperature distribution, the optimum fuel supply strategy is different for the two liner structures. In particular, the optimal fuel staging strategy for the original liner necessitates a higher inner stage equivalence ratio than that required for the improved liner configuration. The results of this study offer a solution strategy for effectively improving combustor performances by employing suitable liner cooling tactics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124920"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yueheng Wang , Yuzhang Wang , Haozhe Sun , Jiao Li , Houqi Wei , Hongliang Hao
{"title":"Performance study of integrated aftercool-humidifier based on surface foaming hydrophilic modification","authors":"Yueheng Wang , Yuzhang Wang , Haozhe Sun , Jiao Li , Houqi Wei , Hongliang Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humid Air Turbine (HAT) cycle is high efficiency, flexibility and low NOx emissions, making it particularly well-suited for distributed energy resources (DERs) systems. In order to meet the regulation requirements of DERs, it is necessary to effectively reduce the volumetric inertia and thermal inertia of HAT cycle, thereby enhancing its flexibility. An innovative integrated aftercool-humidifier based on surface modification technology, utilizing hydrophilic porous medium on the internal surface of the humidifier, was optimally designed in this study. An integrated aftercool-humidifier experimental system is designed with a horizontal coaxial-tube structure, and the humidification process is achieved through three-stage spraying. The experimental system can control the water and air flow rates and can measure the water and air temperatures as well as the pressure loss. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the effectiveness of the parameters such as water–air ratio and inlet water temperature had been carried out with the help of a one-dimensional simulation model, which is optimized by the experimental results. Compared to traditional packing humidifier, the aftercool-humidifier can reduce the equipment volume by 42.4% while achieving similar humidification performance. Limitation of the flooding velocity has been overcome. Under the condition of ensuring humidification performance, the maximum flow rate of the working fluid is increased by 24.7%. By analyzing the saturation line and the operating line in the temperature-enthalpy diagram, it is found that the aftercool-humidifier provides stronger mass transfer driving forces than the traditional one. Research on the effectives of inlet parameters showed that the water temperature has a greater impact on the outlet humidity of the aftercool-humidifier than the water–air ratio. Higher inlet water temperature significantly promotes the humidification performance, similar to the mechanism of traditional humidifiers. By analyzing the exergy loss of the aftercool-humidification process, it is found that conditions with higher inlet water temperatures result in lower exergy losses and higher exergy efficiency. Under the same water--air ratio conditions, the aftercool-humidifier achieves an exergy efficiency of 73%, compared to 58.7% for traditional packing humidifiers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124994"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guilin Wang , Qunli Cheng , Shuyuan Liu , Fengjiao Li , Hongmei Liu
{"title":"Thermal and drag reduction performance evaluation of a cavity-based scramjet combustor cooled by distributed hydrocarbon film","authors":"Guilin Wang , Qunli Cheng , Shuyuan Liu , Fengjiao Li , Hongmei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly robust and efficient cooling methods are crucial to the thermal protection of cavity-based scramjet combustor. In this work, a novel distributed gas film cooling method using the reacting coolant, n-Decane is proposed for a cavity-based scramjet combustor. The effect of reacting film coolant distribution on thermal and drag reduction performance is comprehensively analyzed to provide deep insights into the intrinsic coupling relationship between chemical reactions, flow structure and boundary layer heat transfer processes. The findings indicate that compared with the non-reacting gas film, the reacting gas film using n-Decane renders much lower wall temperature as well as lower wall shear stress. The cooling efficiency increases by as much as 43% at the exit of the scramjet combustor for the reacting gas film. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the distributed gas film cooling method, the cooling and drag reduction performances of the distributed gas film cooling cases are compared with the single-stage gas film cooling case. With a fixed mass flow rate of the gaseous coolant, the conventional single gas film stream is split up into two streams of gaseous film injected from two independent injectors located in the cavity and the main combustor, respectively. It is found that that the cooling performance and the drag reduction performance are both improved when the distributed film cooling method is used. For the optimized distributed gas film cooling case, the weighted cooling efficiency increases by 5.66% while the wall shear stress decreases by 10.87% when compared with the single-stage gas film cooling case although the same total amount of coolant is used. This work indicate that the distributed film cooling is feasible in realizing collaborative optimization of cooling and drag reduction for the scramjet combustor via flow field re-organization and coolant re-distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124981"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Yuan, Simeng Zuo, Jun Zhou, Qian Zhang, Lei Zhang
{"title":"Freeze protection performance of natural draft wet cooling tower with different partition water distributions","authors":"Wei Yuan, Simeng Zuo, Jun Zhou, Qian Zhang, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the construction of the deep peak regulation of thermal power units, the freezing risk of cooling towers under low load conditions is aggravated. Therefore, in order to keep natural draft wet cooling towers from freezing and enhance the shock resistance elasticity of thermal power units to cope with deep peak shaving, three partition water distribution schemes are proposed in this paper. The heat and mass transfer zones are divided along the radial direction, and the water spray density of the outermost sub-zone is gradually raised while maintaining an unchanged total circulating water volume. The effects of different spray densities on the freezing of cooling towers under different number of zones are studied. The three-dimensional numerical model of NDWCT is established and verified. The standard <em>k-ε</em> model is used to solve the turbulence characteristics. The main heat and mass transfer zones are solved by UDF. The temperature distribution, velocity vector and gas–water ratio at the bottom of the fill zone and outlet water temperature are analyzed. The results show that the three partition water distribution schemes can realize the anti-freezing of the cooling tower, with the increase of the spray density in the outermost sub-zone, the temperature of the frozen area gradually rises and the frozen area shrinks. NDWCT low load anti-freezing research will become an effective driving force for the construction of new power system under multi-coupled power supply mode on the basis of ensuring the safe operation of the unit in winter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124801"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel mini loop heat pipe with twisted wires as wick structure","authors":"Kelvin Guessi Domiciano, Larissa Krambeck, Marcia Barbosa Henriques Mantelli","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present research, the twisted wires of a commercial flexible electrical cable were used as a novel wick structure of a mini loop heat pipe designed for cooling components in compact electronic gadgets. Besides being cheap and easy to manufacture, this porous medium presents good thermal performance, with permeability of around 1.76 x 10<sup>-10</sup> m<sup>2</sup> and porosity of 45.63 %. The studied wick was installed inside a mini loop heat pipe of 76 x 60 x 1.1 mm<sup>3</sup>. The thermal performance of the device was experimentally evaluated, showing excellent heat transfer capacity when compared to similar literature loop heat pipes with conventional wicks, being able to remove up to 9 W/cm<sup>2</sup> in all tested orientations (horizontal, gravity assisted, and against gravity). The lowest thermal resistance achieved was 0.26 ± 0.04 °C/W, in the horizontal position. Considering the safety operation condition of electronic gadgets, most of the experiments were finished when the evaporator achieved temperatures of up to 100 °C. However, the device was able to transfer up to 12 W/cm<sup>2</sup>, if higher evaporator temperatures were allowed, when the capillary limit was reached, as predicted by a literature-based model. Compared to other more conventional wicked mini loop heat pipes from the literature, the present device was able to transfer similar or higher heat. Due to its great flexibility, the wick is easily adaptable and can be applied to other wicked two-phase technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124992"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuankang Fan , Qiming Fu , Jianping Chen , Yunzhe Wang , You Lu , Ke Liu
{"title":"A deep reinforcement learning control method for multi-zone precooling in commercial buildings","authors":"Yuankang Fan , Qiming Fu , Jianping Chen , Yunzhe Wang , You Lu , Ke Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In commercial buildings, implementing precooling measures before office hours in summer can effectively meet the thermal comfort needs of employees. However, in multi-zone environments, differences in the cooling rates between regions often exacerbate the heat transfer interference between zones, increasing the complexity of the precooling system and leading to energy waste with limited cooling capacity. To overcome these challenges, we have developed a novel multi-zone precooling control method, which integrates deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to optimize the heat transfer process by adjusting the Air Handling Units (AHUs) valve openings, thus achieving uniform precooling across the building. Comparisons with traditional precooling control methods demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that, under conventional conditions, compared with the rule-based control (RBC) and proportional integral derivative (PID) methods, the precooling time is reduced by 11.4% and 5.8%, respectively, the complexity of heat transfer is reduced by 77.6% and 64.1%, and energy consumption is reduced by 14.5% and 9.3%. In addition, the study analyzes the influence of environmental parameters on precooling optimization. The findings indicate that weather conditions have the most substantial impact on short-term precooling performance, followed by building thermal performance and cooling conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 124987"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}