Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Resolving the rollover challenges in liquefied natural gas storage: A review from mechanism studies to advanced predictive approaches","authors":"Haoze Li ,&nbsp;Han Chen ,&nbsp;Ye Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongqi Zuo ,&nbsp;Hongpu Wang ,&nbsp;Jingyi Wu ,&nbsp;Guang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review focuses on state-of-the-art advances in the theory and modeling of thermal stratification and rollover phenomena, which are crucial for the safety and efficiency of cryogenic storage systems, particularly those used for liquefied natural gas storage. Thermal stratification occurs due to temperature and density gradients in the storage tank, while rollover is a sudden and potentially hazardous mixing event triggered by the destabilization of the stratified liquid-liquid layers. The driving mechanisms for stratification and rollover are examined, highlighting key thermodynamic and fluid dynamic principles that govern these phenomena. Advances in numerical simulations are reviewed, with an emphasis on computational fluid dynamics models and their integration with real-time monitoring systems for enhanced accuracy. Recent experimental techniques are also discussed, with a focus on scaled tank experiments and advanced visualization techniques, in the temperature range from a few Kelvins to room temperature. Emerging challenges are summarized and analyzed, including the influence of variable fluid composition, dynamic operating conditions, and the complexity of industrial-scale applications. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, advocating the urgent need for improved theoretical models incorporating machine learning techniques, the establishment of more comprehensive experimental databases, and the implementation of robust safety protocols. This study provides comprehensive guidance for the efficient storage of other cryogenic fluids, such as hydrogen and liquid air, as well as innovative storage systems, including large-scale LNG ships.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128551"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving spent nuclear fuel vacuum drying efficiency via pump modulation at the liquid–vapor phase transition","authors":"Ji Hwan Lim ,&nbsp;Kyoung-Sik Bang ,&nbsp;Seung-Hwan Yu ,&nbsp;Kyung-Wook Shin ,&nbsp;Nam-Hee Lee ,&nbsp;Gyung-sun Chae","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores advanced vacuum drying strategies for spent nuclear fuel, focusing on thermodynamic optimization through precise pump modulation at phase transition boundaries. Utilizing a high-capacity vacuum pump within a 98-liter canister, the research underscores the critical role of dynamic pump performance in enhancing drying efficiency. A salient finding is the elevated average evaporation rate of 33.703 mg/s achieved by fine-tuning pump flow from 400 L/min near 10 torr to below 5 torr before finally setting at 100 L/min—surpassing direct transitions to 100 L/min. This demonstrates the potential for further optimization by exploiting sub-10 torr pressures, thus mitigating ice formation risks and boosting efficiency through targeted modulation. Comparative analysis illustrates improvements up to 3.486-fold when employing dual pump transitions, highlighting the transformative potential of adaptive pumping. Results confirm that strategic modulation fosters robust moisture removal, ensuring complete drying with pressures below three torr for 30 min, marking a significant advancement in nuclear fuel storage methodologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128628"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of jet parameters on cooling performance of liquid film formed by impingement","authors":"Haosen Zhang,&nbsp;Jianwei Zhang,&nbsp;Ruizhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid film cooling is a crucial thermal protection method for space attitude and orbit control engines. After impinging on the wall surface, coolant jets spread outward, forming a liquid film. When the film contacts the high-temperature wall, it may undergo boiling. Most related studies focus on transient quenching conditions, examining variation in film size, wetting front, and other parameters. However, the steady-state operational characteristics of liquid film cooling remain unclear. This study employs Eulerian and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) models for parametric simulations to investigate the effect of jet parameters on film flow, heat transfer and wall thermal response. The mechanisms underlying these effects are analyzed. Cooling efficiency is evaluated using specific heat absorption and sensible heat utilization as key metrics. A relative range analysis is conducted to assess the impact intensity of various jet parameters on cooling performance. Results indicate that jet parameters significantly affect liquid film cooling performance, influencing the flow and heat transfer of the liquid film through the Pe number, under the control of boundary layer. To enhance cooling effectiveness, adjustments should primarily focus on subcooling and jet diameter. Conversely, optimizing film utilization requires modifications to the jet angle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128498"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of carbonization/silver plating double modification on the thermal properties of PEG/wood-based composite phase change materials: experiments and molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Zhiwen Yin,&nbsp;Chaohua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the bottleneck of single modification methods for composite phase change materials struggling to balance high thermal conductivity and high phase change enthalpy, this study employed poplar wood as the raw material to fabricate a wood-based porous carrier through a dual-modulation strategy involving carbonization and silver-plating. This modified carrier was then impregnated with polyethylene glycol phase change material to synthesize a shape-stable composite phase change material with integrated structure and function. A combined experimental and modeling approach was used to investigate the thermal properties and underlying mechanisms of the composite. Experimental results demonstrate that the silver-enhanced carbonized wood/polyethylene glycol composite phase change material achieved 93.2 % photothermal conversion efficiency and its thermal conductivity reached 0.632 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, representing a 2.64-fold enhancement compared to pure polyethylene glycol. The material exhibited effective temperature control capability in electronic device thermal management scenarios and maintained stable phase change behavior over 100 heating–cooling cycles. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the synergistic mechanism between the silver nanoparticle-modified three-dimensional porous network and polyethylene glycol. Vibrational density of states spectra confirmed that enhanced interfacial phonon coupling reduced interfacial thermal resistance to 3.459 × 10⁻⁹ m²·K·W⁻¹, corresponding to a 56.23 % reduction relative to non-modified wood/polyethylene glycol composites. This work innovatively combines wood cell wall engineering with interfacial phonon engineering, revealing atomic-scale heat transfer mechanisms at the microscopic level. The integrated experimental and simulation approach provides valuable insights for developing wood-based multifunctional composite phase change materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128621"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Argon-induced thermal field optimization and oxygen volatilization for vacancy-oxygen defect control in CZ silicon growth","authors":"Qitao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ai Wang ,&nbsp;Junxian Chai ,&nbsp;Tai Li ,&nbsp;Peilin He ,&nbsp;Xiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Lv ,&nbsp;Xingwei Yang ,&nbsp;Wenhui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the Czochralski growth of monocrystalline silicon, oxygen-related volatile species are closely associated with the formation of vacancy–oxygen (VO_x) complexes. In this study, a comprehensive multiphysics simulation was carried out to investigate the coupled influence of argon flow rates (90–180 L/min) on gas-phase volatile transport (SiO/CO), thermal field distribution, and the evolution of VO_x complexes. The results demonstrate that increasing the argon flow rate markedly enhances convective mass transfer at the melt surface, reducing the surface concentrations of SiO and CO by 35.47 % and 27.54 %, respectively. As a consequence, the effective oxygen concentration in the melt decreases by 7.16–55.83 %, leading to a corresponding suppression of VO_x complex formation by 8.78–16.69 %. However, when the flow rate exceeds 150 L/min, excessive convection enhances surface turbulence and induces localized thermal gradients, vacancy accumulation, and elevated stress near the solid–liquid interface. These effects cause oxygen inhomogeneities and partially offset the benefits of further volatile removal, so that 180 L/min does not represent an optimal condition despite the lowest melt oxygen concentration. Therefore, an optimal argon flow range of 90–120 L/min is identified, balancing efficient volatile evacuation with interfacial stability and effective suppression of VO_x complexes. This study establishes a quantitative correlation between gas-phase transport behavior and defect formation mechanisms, providing a practical gas flow regulation strategy for minimizing oxygen-related defects in industrial-scale Czochralski silicon crystal growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 128610"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation and optimization of CO2-based binary mixture closed-Brayton-cycle at high turbine inlet temperature for hypersonic vehicles under finite cold source","authors":"Lei Lang ,&nbsp;Fangyan Jiang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhu ,&nbsp;Xinyan Xiu ,&nbsp;Weibo Gu ,&nbsp;Zhuo Xue ,&nbsp;Kunlin Cheng ,&nbsp;Cong Wang ,&nbsp;Chaolei Dang ,&nbsp;Zhijie Liu ,&nbsp;Song Wang ,&nbsp;Jiang Qin ,&nbsp;Hongyan Huang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Closed Brayton cycle (CBC) has a promising development prospect in the field of airborne power generation (APG), but limited cold source limits its power output and constrains its minimum cycle conditions. To meet the requirements of long-endurance and high-power tasks for hypersonic vehicles, this paper establishes a CBC optimization model considering the fuel cracking by balancing the thermal efficiency and the heat absorption of cold source. The thermodynamic performance of different CO₂-based binary mixtures is evaluated at high turbine inlet temperatures (TITs). Results indicate that rapid increase in fuel enthalpy value caused by fuel cracking will significantly change the temperature distribution in the precooler. Both using the CO₂-based binary mixture and improving TIT can be an effective way to enhance the APG system performance. The maximum electric power per unit mass flowrate of fuel for CO₂-Kr, SCO₂ and CO₂-SO₂ at the TIT of 2000 K can reach 1116 kJ/kg, 1439 kJ/kg and 1636 kJ/kg, respectively, all of which have the potential to achieve megawatt-level power generation. However, an ultra-high TIT may not be the most appropriate, as the enhanced power generation performance it brings comes at the cost of cold source. In addition, the optimal compressor inlet temperature for CO₂-SO₂ is lower than SCO₂ (385 K vs. 352 K), which greatly simplifies the difficulty of aerodynamic design. Therefore, considering power level, component optimization and working indicators, CO₂-SO₂ is more appropriate than SCO₂ for the long-endurance APG task at high TIT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128601"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of three-layer staggered liquid cooling system for high-rate charging of large cylindrical battery module in electric vehicles","authors":"Feifei Liu ,&nbsp;Yongkuan Sun ,&nbsp;Qilong Yang ,&nbsp;Wu Qin ,&nbsp;Xianfu Cheng ,&nbsp;Jianbang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal management is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of large cylindrical lithium-ion battery modules under ultra-fast charging. This study proposes a three-layer staggered liquid-cooled pipe (TSLP) design for a 37-cell (32700 type) module and evaluates its performance through combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, experimental validation, and Box-Behnken design (BBD) optimization. Parametric analyses reveal that a staggered counter-flow layout with a middle-layer pipe height of 34 mm and wall thickness of 0.6 mm achieves favorable temperature control, with a peak module temperature of 36.17 °C and a maximum inter-cell temperature difference of 2.43 °C. A BBD response surface methodology was employed to optimize operating conditions, including inlet flow rate, ambient temperature, and coolant precooling rate. The optimal solutions at ambient temperatures of 35/40/45 °C correspond to inlet velocities of approximately 0.044/0.047/0.049 m·s⁻¹ and precooling rates of 3.6–3.9 °C·min⁻¹. Validation shows high consistency between experimental data, CFD simulations, and BBD predictions, with deviations below 0.4 °C. These results demonstrate that the TSLP system offers improved cooling uniformity and scalability for large-format cylindrical cells, providing practical guidance for high-power battery thermal management in electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128585"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of methanol combustion engines in spark ignition, spark-, and glow plug-assisted compression ignition modes","authors":"Xinlei Liu ,&nbsp;Mohammad Raghib Shakeel ,&nbsp;Vallinayagam Raman ,&nbsp;Balaji Mohan ,&nbsp;Rafael Menaca ,&nbsp;Yoann Viollet ,&nbsp;Abdullah S. AlRamadan ,&nbsp;Emre Cenker ,&nbsp;Hong G. Im","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>E-methanol is gaining attention as a clean, renewable fuel for future engine technologies. This study investigates three combustion modes, including spark ignition (SI), spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), and glow plug-assisted compression ignition (GACI), in a light-duty engine using computational fluid dynamics. Combustion and emissions were analyzed under four speed/load conditions. The results show that stable combustion can be achieved across all loads, with the highest indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) at mid-load conditions due to reduced wall heat transfer losses. At high loads, delaying the combustion phasing mitigated excessive maximum pressure rise rates but reduced ITE due to increased exhaust losses. Among the three combustion modes, SI exhibited the highest incomplete combustion losses due to inhomogeneous in-cylinder mixture distribution. At idle, the GACI mode yielded the highest ITE, benefiting from prolonged auxiliary heating and a larger ignition area. For SACI and GACI, ignition and combustion processes were highly sensitive to injection strategies, influencing local thermal and mixing conditions. In GACI mode, ignition positions varied with operating conditions and fuel-jet interactions with the glow plug. Ignition occurred in regions with equivalence ratios below 0.3, where high local temperatures were maintained due to relatively low heat absorption, enabling stable and efficient combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128538"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the evolution of gaseous products, carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation effects during pyrolysis of low-rank coal and their relationships with coal structure evolution","authors":"Kuo Jian ,&nbsp;Daping Xia ,&nbsp;Hongyu Guo ,&nbsp;Zhaoying Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128596","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To address the unclear evolution patterns of gas products and micro-mechanisms underlying low-rank coal pyrolysis, this study systematically elucidated the multi-dimensional correlation among pyrolysis gas components, yields, isotope composition, and coal structural evolution via high-pressure autoclave closed-system pyrolysis experiments. Results showed that: During pyrolysis, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration consistently decreased, while CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentration significantly increased. For heavy hydrocarbon gases, the yield of alkane components gradually rose and peaked before the critical threshold of &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;o,max&lt;/sub&gt; = 2.0 %, then dropped sharply beyond this threshold; alkene components, however, rapidly attenuated to negligible levels shortly after initial generation. The evolution of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; yields exhibited distinct “three-stage” differential characteristics. Mathematical modeling revealed that CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; yield followed an exponential growth function, while CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; yield conformed to a logarithmic growth function. Additionally, this study uncovered the synergistic evolution patterns between coal proximate analysis parameters and pyrolyzed solid residues, verifying a carbonization path where mobile phases (volatiles, moisture) are progressively expelled, and refractory carbon structures gradually solidify. Coal structural evolution indicators exhibited divergent trends before and after &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;o,max&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.3 %; similarly, δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values of pyrolyzed alkanes (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;) and these coal lipid-chain structure indicators also showed inflection points at &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;o,max&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.3 %, confirming that δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; can serve as sensitive proxies for lipid-chain evolution. Specifically, δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; first decreased (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-depleted) then increased (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-enriched), reaching minima near &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;o,max&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.3 %; in contrast, δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values of propane remained consistently &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-enriched throughout thermal maturation. These isotopic behavior stems from the synergistic interplay of three factors: uneven carbon isotope distribution between aromatic cores and aliphatic side chains in coal macromolecules, differential C–C bond cleavage propensities of lipid-like side chains, and thermal maturation-driven fractionation effects. Notably, the cyclization–polymerization of aromatic rings releases &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-enriched components into gaseous hydrocarbons, whereas later-stage thermal evolution not only accelerates aromatic ring decomposition but also incorporates the liberated &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C—collectively driving a sharp increase in δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values of pyrolytic heavy hydrocarbon gases. Furthermore, the δD value of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; displayed a polynomial positive correlation ","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128596"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas–solid flow and numerical simulation of novel deep peak–shaving swirl burner burning faulty coal","authors":"Chunchao Huang ,&nbsp;Jingjie Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengqi Li ,&nbsp;Jingyu Guan ,&nbsp;Huacai Liu ,&nbsp;Liguo Bian ,&nbsp;Xin Song ,&nbsp;Zhenying Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing swirl burners faced issues such as bluff body wear, insufficient understanding of concentration ring, and limitations of numerical simulation conditions, making it difficult to support stable combustion under deep peak–shaving. To address this issue in boilers firing faulty coal, the novel swirl stable combustion technology was developed. It was applied to prototype swirl burners used in a 700 MW utility boiler. Cold–state gas–particle experiments using phase doppler anemometry (PDA) and full–scale numerical simulations were conducted on the novel burner. With three–stage CR, the recirculation zone (RZ) was annular, measuring 2.5<em>d</em> in length and 0.50<em>d</em> in diameter, where <em>d</em> denoted the burner outlet inner diameter. With two–stage CR, it shortened to 1.5<em>d</em> and 0.46<em>d</em>, respectively. Without CR, the RZ became a heart–shaped central zone, 2.5<em>d</em> long and 0.70<em>d</em> in diameter, originating 1.0<em>d</em> downstream of burner outlet. Burner with three–stage CR exhibited a higher recirculation ratio, stronger turbulence kinetic energy, and better particle confinement near centerline compared to the two–stage CR case. <em>r</em> denoted the radial distance measured from a given point to the centerline. Compared to the two–stage CR case, the three–stage CR case also produced a broader and stronger region of negative particle volumetric flux at <em>r</em>/<em>d</em> = 0.2–0.4. Numerical simulations showed that the new burner could raise the gas temperature to 1000 °C within 0.25  m. Compared to the original design, the retrofitted boiler, where the middle and lower burner layers were replaced with new burners, showed an overall increase in furnace temperature, about 25 % reduction in fly ash unburned carbon and 70 mg/m³@6%O₂ reduction in NO_x emissions. Even at 30 % load, the new burners alone maintained temperatures above 1300 °C at the main combustion zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 128594"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}