Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Thermal management of photovoltaic panels using configurations of spray cooling systems","authors":"Fatih Bayrak,&nbsp;Alişan Gönül,&nbsp;Muhammet Camci","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic panels suffer from significant efficiency losses at elevated temperatures, particularly in hot and arid environments. Effective thermal management is therefore essential to maximize energy output and extend system lifetime, as rising cell temperatures severely reduce photovoltaic efficiency. This study investigates the use of spray cooling systems to enhance photovoltaic panel performance by lowering surface temperatures as a potential solution. It experimentally evaluates 3-nozzle and 6-nozzle configurations using different nozzle diameters (0.2 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm) and spray distances (150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm). The results show that spray cooling substantially reduces panel surface temperatures and increases power output. The best performance is achieved with the 6-nozzle system equipped with 0.6 mm nozzles at a 250 mm distance, yielding a 47.2 % reduction in surface temperature and a 30.7 % increase in power output. Thermal imaging confirms that this configuration provides a more uniform surface temperature distribution and mitigates hotspot formation compared to the 3-nozzle system. This work offers a comprehensive experimental analysis of nozzle number, diameter, and spray distance, and demonstrates the strong potential of optimized spray cooling systems to significantly enhance photovoltaic performance in high-temperature and dry climatic zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126656"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on dynamic cooling load prediction method of cascaded-CPCMs building based on machine learning","authors":"Xiangfei Kong,&nbsp;Caimeng Zhao,&nbsp;Huageng Dai,&nbsp;Yimeng Sun,&nbsp;Jianjuan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change buildings utilize reversible phase change for thermal energy storage, offering significant energy-saving potential. However, accurate load prediction in such buildings remains challenging due to complex heat transfer dynamics. This study constructs three test rooms—Room 1# (conventional), Room 2# (single-CPCMs), and Room 3# (cascaded-CPCMs with cascaded phase change temperatures: 19.18 °C, 23.05 °C, 26.29 °C)—to investigate thermal performance and develop a novel dynamic cooling load prediction framework. The cascaded-CPCMs design integrates vertically layered composite phase change materials to sequentially absorb/release heat, while a hybrid SSA-VMD-PCA methodology optimizes data quality for load forecasting. Specifically, the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) optimizes Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) parameters, decomposing original load data into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) then reduces dimensionality by extracting key features from IMFs. The processed data is fed into machine learning models (MLR, SVM, Bo-XG Boost) combined with a sliding window technique for dynamic predictions. Results show cascaded-CPCMs reduce summer temperature swings by 15 % and cooling loads by 16.52 % compared to conventional buildings. The SSA-VMD-PCA framework enhances prediction accuracy by 59.88 %, with the MLR model achieving the highest precision (R² ≥ 0.9998, MAE ≤ 0.1067). This study provides a validated methodology for scalable energy-efficient building design and adaptive thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126644"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of non-uniform frost formation mechanisms on cold circular surfaces","authors":"Zhanpeng Wang ,&nbsp;Wenzhi Cui ,&nbsp;Longjian Li ,&nbsp;Chunmei Wu ,&nbsp;Juanfang Liu ,&nbsp;Zuying Shen ,&nbsp;Jianbang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost on curved surfaces impairs equipment operation. This study presents an enhanced model to better understand frost formation mechanisms on low-temperature curved surfaces. The model incorporates local flow characteristics of wet air and frost formation dynamics to more accurately simulate frost evolution on low-temperature curved surfaces, such as circular surfaces. Compared with existing studies, this work emphasizes local data validation, demonstrating higher accuracy and reliability in predicting localized frost formation. Model validation results show good agreement between numerical calculations and experimental data, with average errors in frost thickness and density within 6.0% and 8.1%, respectively. Analysis reveals that frost formation non-uniformity is primarily influenced by the coupling of wet air flow characteristics and internal heat transfer in the frost layer. On the windward side, frost grows rapidly due to direct airflow impact, leading to higher local thickness and density. In contrast, the leeward side is significantly influenced by vortex effects, where airflow velocity variations directly affect frost distribution and growth patterns. This non-uniformity becomes more pronounced at low-velocity conditions. Additionally, heat transfer in the frost layer is primarily governed by conduction, though convective heat exchange near the surface also plays a significant role. Heat transfer characteristics not only affect frost temperature distribution but also regulate its growth rate and structural evolution. This study explores the coupled heat and mass transfer mechanisms in frost formation, offering theoretical support for more accurate frost evolution predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126651"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron-based spinel for H2 production and CO2 separation from plastics via chemical looping","authors":"Jiayi Xiao ,&nbsp;Tingting Xu ,&nbsp;Zhimei Shu ,&nbsp;Weiqi Chen ,&nbsp;Dong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of chemical looping combustion and hydrogen production using waste plastics as fuel presents a promising strategy for simultaneous CO₂ separation and high-purity H₂ generation. Iron-based spinel oxides (MFe₂O₄, M = Co, Mn, Cu, Ni) have emerged as robust oxygen carriers, yet their energy-material flow dynamics during redox cycles remain underexplored. Herein, a comprehensive methodology, combining Aspen Plus simulation with fixed-bed experiment was adopted to systematically assess the performance of four spinel systems. The results indicated that the system exergy efficiencies of MnFe₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄ exceeded 78 %. Improving overall system exergy efficiency depended on the thermal integration of high-temperature gas/steam due to the low exergy utilization efficiency of the coolers. CuFe₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄ were identified as suitable oxygen carriers for CO₂ separation in fuel reactor (83.72–99.98 %), whereas CoFe₂O₄ and MnFe₂O₄ showed enhanced H₂ yields in steam reactor (1.2–3.96 mmol/g OC). Challenges in FeO/Fe regeneration during carrier recycling highlighted the need for redox stability optimization. Notably, NiFe₂O₄ demonstrated the potential of CO₂ separation and H₂ co-production, positioning it as a benchmark material for scalable chemical looping systems. These findings provide mechanistic insights into gas quality control and process intensification for sustainable plastic-to-energy conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126633"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation study of channel structural design for direct internal reforming methane solid oxide fuel cell","authors":"Wenzhao Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaobing Bi ,&nbsp;Xuecheng Lv ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Zhifu Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei-Tao Wu ,&nbsp;Lei Wei ,&nbsp;Jizu Lyu ,&nbsp;Yubai Li ,&nbsp;Yongchen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reasonable designs on channels could effectively improve cell performance. This study established a 3D model of planar solid oxide fuel cell directly fueled by methane to investigate the impacts of three independently designed channel structures. This includes modifications to the channel cross-sectional shape (trapezoid and bow), inserting petal-shaped obstacles (single-layer and double-layer), and the study of deflector sheets embedded into the anode channel to address the highly endothermic nature of the methane steam reforming reaction. The research results indicated that, whether trapezoidal or bowed cross-sections are used, the current density achieves the largest growth rate at L_a = 1.5W_CH (16.06 % for bow and 15.53 % for trapezoid). Additionally, double-layer obstacles provide a greater enhancement of current density than single-layer obstacles (11 % for single-layer, 18 % for double-layer) and result in smaller and more uniform fuel flow velocity distribution in the channel. Embedding two or three deflector sheets into the anode channel significantly reduces the maximum temperature difference (by 7 K for two sheets; by 10 K for three sheets, representing a nearly 48 % reduction) and notably improves the temperature distribution uniformity. The study provides a novel perspective on channels alteration which could contribute to the advancement of researches on high-efficiency SOFCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126645"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the migration behavior of mixed refrigerants and energy efficiency during actuators action process in auto-cascade refrigeration systems","authors":"Li Yinlong ,&nbsp;Jing Dongliang ,&nbsp;Liu Guoqiang ,&nbsp;Yan Gang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The auto-cascade refrigeration cycle (ARC) using mixed refrigerants is widely used to produce temperatures below −40℃. Due to the vapor–liquid separation at the condenser outlet, the ARC system contains three distinct streams: the total stream, the vapor stream and the liquid stream. The three streams exhibit diverse variations in mass flow rates and composition circulation concentrations. The composition distribution and migration behavior in any stream undergoes complex variations with the actuation operation. Existing research only obtained the composition concentration shift relationship or inferred composition migration behavior from the pressure and temperature variations. The underlying causes of changes in thermodynamic parameters have not been revealed. This article experimentally investigates composition migration behavior during the actuator regulation in the ARC system using R600a/R170. From the perspective of composition migration behavior, this study elucidates the variations of thermodynamic parameters during actuators’ operation. The results show that the compressor speed variations lead to an increase in the circulating flow rate. The composition circulating concentration exhibits non-monotonic variation. The increased fan speed accelerates the condensation of mixed refrigerants. The circulating concentration of R170 decreases from 50.4% to 48.38%. The expansion valve before the evaporator regulates the compositions and flow rate, while the other valve primarily manages the total flow rate. The optimal energy efficiency corresponds to a compressor speed of 3000r, fan speed of 1980r and valve openings of 30% and 50%. Studying composition migration behavior provides actuators with optimization regulation strategies for ARC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126548"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural properties, thermal conversion, kinetics, and thermodynamic properties of pressurized coal gasification slag","authors":"Xiaoguang Li ,&nbsp;Jiawei Li ,&nbsp;Zhichao Chen ,&nbsp;Shiyuan Li ,&nbsp;Xuyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhengqi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Texaco coal gasification process (TCGP) is an entrained flow bed gasification system that generates coal gasification fine slag (CGFS_TCGP) as solid waste. The present study demonstrates a combustion-based approach to energy recovery and reuse of this material. The structural characteristics of CGFS_TCGP generated in a 110,000 Nm³/h pressurized water coal slurry gasifier and the combustion properties of CGFS_TCGP under O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ atmospheres were assessed. The CGFS_TCGP was found to have a more developed pore structure and greater heterogeneity compared with circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and dry coal powder (DCP) gasification slags. A specific surface area of 305 m²/g and a pore volume of 0.31 cm³/g were obtained. The CGFS_TCGP exhibited a disordered carbon layer structure resulting from defects or heteroatoms together with irregular graphitic crystalline and amorphous morphologies incorporating various functional groups. This material contained fewer active sites than those generated in DCP gasifiers. The numerous functional groups and chemical bonds in the CGFS_TCGP provide more opportunities for the detachment of small molecules and for collisions with free radicals during combustion under either O₂/N₂ or O₂/CO₂. Thermodynamic calculations established that the combustion performance of this slag was superior to those of CFB and DCP gasification slags. The highly porous structure and unstable chemical bonds in the CGFS_TCGP evidently promoted combustion. At an oxygen concentration of 21 %, the comprehensive combustion index under O₂/N₂ was superior to that under O₂/CO₂ but with no significant difference in the combustion kinetics. Diffusion and contraction kernel models accurately described these kinetics. Under an 21 %O₂/79 %N₂ atmosphere, the CGFS_TCGP was chemically unstable in terms of activation energy and pre-factor, indicating the direct combustion of CGFS_TCGP in air atmosphere. However, combustion under O₂/CO₂ requires an increased oxygen concentration to enhance performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126637"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and selection of working fluids for ORC system using computer-aided molecular design and group contribution method","authors":"Xiaowei Hu,&nbsp;Tianyao Ma,&nbsp;Shengming Dong,&nbsp;Chen Zhang,&nbsp;Wenhui Zhuang,&nbsp;Tong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a promising technology for low-temperature heat recovery, with its performance heavily dependent on the working fluid. Conventional working fluid selection methods are limited to existing fluids, restricting the development of new, high-performance working fluids. This study aims to develop a comprehensive methodology for large-scale WF design and selection using group-contribution-based computer-aided molecular design (CAMD). Moreover, the backtracking search algorithm is adopted to effectively generate the molecular structures of the massive working fluids. A total of 9771 potential WFs were generated and screened through a multi-level screening process, resulting in 121 and 122 WFs selected for single-pressure evaporation ORC (SPEC) and dual-pressure evaporation ORC (DPEC), respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that 85.6 % of the top 35 WFs exhibited boiling point (<em>T_b</em>) between 288 and 298 K, and 92.5 % had critical temperature (<em>T_c</em>) in the range of 440–460 K. Notably, 9 of 10 HCFOs and 17 non-existent HFOs ranked among the top performers, with R1233zd(E) showing the best performance. Furthermore, R1381yf and R1345yf(Z) are identified as the best-performing HFOs in both ORC configurations involved. This study provides a systematic framework for WF development, offering valuable insights for optimizing ORC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126593"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on heat and mass transfer of wet air and alkaline waste liquid over packings under Low-Pressure conditions for water purification","authors":"Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaocui Li ,&nbsp;Huijin Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heat and mass transfer characteristics between gas and liquid in packing materials under low pressure are important factors that influence the performance of vacuum humidification and dehumidification wastewater treatment system. However, research on the heat and mass transfer characteristics of wet air and alkaline wastewater on corrugated packing materials under low-pressure conditions is still very scarce. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the coupled effects of ambient pressure and other gas–liquid thermophysical properties on heat and mass transfer characteristics, in order to optimize the performance of wet air systems under low-pressure conditions. This study employed an experimental approach to examine the effects of various parameters, including vacuum degree (0–40 kPa), waste liquid flow rate (0.06–0.18 kg/s), waste liquid temperature (35.0–55.0 °C), inlet air velocity (0.8–1.6 m/s), air temperature (12.0–22.0 °C), and relative humidity (50–95 %) on heat and mass transfer characteristics. Experiments were conducted on corrugated packings, and the chemical oxygen demand and potential of hydrogen values of the separated liquid, as well as the production of clear water and heat and mass transfer coefficients, were measured. The results indicate that an increase in vacuum degree significantly reduces COD and pH of the separated liquid, attributed to the reduction of droplet entrainment. Moreover, higher vacuum levels enhance clear water production by decreasing the partial pressure of water vapor in the air, although an upper limit exists due to the vapor holding capacity of air. However, this increase in water production is accompanied by a reduction in sensible heat transfer efficiency (21.14–23 %), resulting from the decreased air density. The mass transfer coefficient exhibits a non-linear trend with vacuum degree, with waste liquid temperature and flow rate being the key influencing factors. This study highlights the critical role of ambient pressure adjustments in optimizing mass transfer performance. The findings provide valuable insights for improving the efficiency of wet air systems under low-pressure conditions and have significant scientific and practical implications for industrial applications such as wastewater treatment and environmental engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126641"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lunar water ice high-conservation drilling system using frozen carbon dioxide spray cooling method: a numerical investigation","authors":"Li-Zhu Yang,&nbsp;Yun-Ze Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating water ice content at different locations on the Moon is crucial for crewed space missions and serves as a foundation for establishing lunar bases, which necessitates lunar soil sampling to gather information. Aiming to minimize the water ice loss caused by heat generation during drilling, this paper proposes a water ice high-conservation sampling system based on frozen CO₂ spray cooling. The thermodynamic and hydrodynamic models of the frozen CO₂ generation subsystem and heat exchange subsystem are established. The impact of design parameters, flow and thermal conditions, and operation modes on water content has been analyzed. The spray cooling method indirectly affects the lunar soil temperature by reducing the drill bit temperature to increase the water conservation ratio (WCR) during drilling. The method combines frozen CO₂ sublimation heat flow and jet cooling flow. Jet cooling is closely associated with the temperature difference between the fluid and the drill bit, as well as the flow velocity. Meanwhile, sublimation heat flow depends on the temperature difference between the drill bit and the saturation temperature of frozen CO₂, along with the content of frozen CO₂. Jet cooling is predominant at lower mass flow rates, while sublimation cooling prevails at higher rates. In addition, the time the lunar soil is at low-sublimation temperature is an important factor in WCR. Thus, to increase WCR, one can enhance flow velocity by reducing the nozzle diameter, raise sublimation heat flow by increasing mass flow and lowering the initial temperature, and maintain lunar soil at low-sublimation temperatures by increasing cooling time, duty ratio and decreasing the cooling period. Among others, increasing the cooling time has the most significant effect. The increasing slopes of WCR with cooling durations are about 20 %/100 s (at 0.4 g/s, liquid CO₂) and 10 %/100 s (at 0.1 g/s, liquid CO₂). However, the cooling time should not exceed the drilling time. This study provides an effective water ice conservation system that is useful for other planetary sampling missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126629"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}