Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Numerical study of influence of karst fracture water on heat transfer performance of borehole heat exchanger","authors":"Xiangyu Wang ,&nbsp;Ruiyong Mao ,&nbsp;Hongwei Wu ,&nbsp;Zujing Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Feng ,&nbsp;Jiri Zhou ,&nbsp;Yaya Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater flow within karst fractures can significantly enhance the heat exchange efficiency between a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) and the surrounding rock. The development of artificial fractures to intensify heat transfer between the BHE and rock has emerged as a promising direction in geothermal exploration. This study presents a three-dimensional finite element simulation model that integrates fracture flow with BHE heat transfer, accounting for various characteristics of horizontal fractures. Data analysis was conducted using range analysis and multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation, based on the principles of orthogonal experiments. The results indicate: (i) Fracture water flow substantially improves BHE heat transfer performance in summer, with even the lowest-performing configuration in the orthogonal test showing a 5.36 % increase in heat transfer per unit length of the BHE (HPLU) compared to the natural control group without fractures; (ii) The influence of different fracture characteristics on BHE heat transfer performance follows this order: fracture water velocity &gt; fracture aperture &gt; fracture depth &gt; fracture flow direction &gt; fracture water temperature; (iii) The optimal configuration enhances HPLU by 16.95 % over the natural control group, demonstrating that developing well-designed artificial fractures in karst regions can substantially improve BHE heat transfer efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 125065"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on comprehensive heat dissipation characteristics of AlSi7Mg TPMS heat sinks manufactured by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Mingkang Zhang ,&nbsp;Guijun Bi ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Yuchao Bai ,&nbsp;Di Wang ,&nbsp;Mingjian Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The comprehensive heat transfer characteristics of triply periodic minimal surface heat sinks were investigated in this research, and triply periodic minimal surface structures were manufactured by laser powder bed fusion with AlSi7Mg powder. The average surface temperature, thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient, and specific heat transfer coefficient of heat sinks were tested, and the heat dissipation mechanism was analyzed by finite element thermal flow analysis. The results of the<!--> <!-->homogeneous triply periodic minimal surface show that Primitive has the best comprehensive heat transfer performance under forced convection, and Gyroid is the best without forced convection. Compared with homogeneous and gradient triply periodic minimal surfaces, the P-Quadratic ΙΙ structure has the best comprehensive heat transfer performance under forced convection and natural thermal conductivity. Compared with homogeneous Primitive, the average convection heat transfer coefficient of P-Quadratic ΙΙ is increased by 13.44 % ∼ 19.78 %. The finite element thermal flow analysis shows that the narrow tube effect of Bernoulli’s principle and eddy current enhanced the heat transfer performance of Primitive and gradient Primitive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 124941"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of lithium-ion battery pack thermal performance: A study based on electrical, design and discharge parameters","authors":"Subhadip Mishra,&nbsp;Shivam Mishra,&nbsp;Jaya Krishna Devanuri","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly preferred for energy storage, particularly in Electric Vehicles (EVs). A comprehensive understanding of the thermal and electrical behavior of these batteries under diverse conditions can enhance their efficacy. This study investigates the impact of electrical configuration (1P6S, 2P3S, 2S3P and 1S6P), tab width (15 mm, 25 mm, 35 mm and 45 mm), tab depth (2.4 mm, 3.4 mm, 4.4 mm and 5.4 mm), busbar height (2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm), and discharge rate (1C, 3C, 5C and 7C) on the thermal and electrical performance of a commercially available LiMn₂O₄ battery cell. Analysis of voltage and power characteristics reveals that increasing the number of parallel connections reduces overall voltage and power output while significantly extending discharge time. This can be attributed to the reduced discharge current in each individual battery within the parallel configuration, which consequently lowers discharge power and increases longevity. Furthermore, this study introduces a novel perspective on optimizing battery configurations to enhance energy efficiency and discharge duration, highlighting the unique contributions of this research to battery technology. Statistical evaluation using Design of Experiments (DOE) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicates that the discharge rate has the highest contribution in maximum temperature (44 %) and maximum temperature difference (58.2 %), followed by electrical configuration (42.5 % and 38.6 %, respectively). Other parameters like tab width, tab depth, and busbar height also contribute to the maximum temperature. Therefore, achieving a proper balance in electrical configuration, tab dimensions, busbar height, and discharge rate is crucial for the design and utilization of lithium-ion battery packs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125071"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of enclosure fire dynamics with inclined ceilings","authors":"Ting Xia ,&nbsp;Hongli Ruan ,&nbsp;Yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inclined ceilings are common in heritage and modern buildings, but little is known about their influence on compartment fire dynamics, and the relationships between inclined angle and fire dynamics parameters have not yet been clarified. A total of 24 bench-scale experiments were conducted in compartments with eight different kinds of ceilings, namely, flat ceiling (0°), single-slope ceilings of 15°, 30°, and 45° and double-slope ceilings of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. The time to flashover, mass loss rate, heat release rate, gas temperature, and radiation heat flux to the floor were measured and analysed. It was found that for both single and double slopes, the time to flashover increased with increasing angle and is proportional to the reciprocal of the opening factor; the heat release rate and radiation heat flux at the floor decreased as the inclined angle increased, while the gas temperature at the same height during the fully-developed stage first increased and then decreased with increasing slope angle; and the influence of the inclined angle on these parameter changes was greater on single-slope than on double-slope. In addition, selecting the hot gas layer as the control volume, the theoretical differential calculation equations for thickness and temperature of the hot gas layer were established based on the mass balance and energy balance of hot gas, respectively. Furthermore, the dimensionless fitting equations were further proposed to facilitate the estimation of the thickness and temperature of the hot gas layer. Moreover, a theoretical model of the radiation heat flux <span><math><msubsup><mover><mtext>q</mtext><mo>̇</mo></mover><mrow><mtext>f</mtext></mrow><mtext>\"</mtext></msubsup></math></span> was developed based on the theoretical thickness and temperature of hot gas, which could well predict the radiation heat flux at the floor in compartments with different inclined ceiling angles. Finally, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations were performed to explore the temperature and velocity distributions in compartments with different inclined angles of the ceiling. The experimental and simulation results obtained, and the theoretical models proposed provided an essential basis to quantify the variation of the fire parameters with inclined angle and visualize the flow field of inclined ceiling compartments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125068"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research and evaluation of turbulent jet ignition mode for improving combustion performance of ethanol rotary engine","authors":"Baowei Fan ,&nbsp;Mingming Fan ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Pan ,&nbsp;Wenming Yang ,&nbsp;Yonghao Zeng ,&nbsp;Haidong Yang ,&nbsp;Xin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving the combustion performance of ethanol rotary engine (ERE) is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency and reducing emissions, particularly in the context of global emission reduction efforts. Although the application of ethanol as a clean alternative fuel is growing, research on optimizing its combustion in rotary engines remains limited. The novelty of this work lies in the comparison of two ignition modes: the conventional spark plug ignition mode (CSPIM) and the turbulent jet ignition mode (TJIM). Experimental validation and numerical simulation methods were employed to evaluate the effects of these two ignition modes on in-cylinder flow field and combustion characteristics. The results indicate that, compared to the CSPIM, the use of the TJIM significantly improves turbulence intensity, increases peak pressure, reduces combustion duration, and expands the flame propagation area, leading to an average increase of 0.42 kW in the power output of the ERE. Furthermore, the use of the TJIM leads to a 130 % average increase in NO mass produced in the cylinder, while CO emissions are reduced by 40 % on average. These findings demonstrate that the TJIM has significant potential to improve the combustion performance of ERE, offering considerable advantages in both efficiency and emissions control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 125067"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of half open coil structures on overall continuous induction heating of variable cross section pipe before quenching","authors":"Yaya zhao ,&nbsp;Simeng Jiang ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Kaixuan Chen ,&nbsp;Yanlin Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Dou ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Chen ,&nbsp;Zidong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resistance heating of variable cross-section pipes before quenching can cause austenite grain coarsening, leading to inferior properties in thin-wall segments. This method also suffers from low heating efficiency, high energy consumption, and is time-consuming. This study compared the effects of variable cross section (VCS) and equal cross section (ECS) coil structures on overall continuous induction heating, aiming to investigate rapid and uniform heating solutions for this type of pipe. The results showed that the workpiece could be heated to the quenching temperature of 890 °C within 30 min using both coils. The ECS coil demonstrated superior heating efficiency, while the VCS coil exhibited better heating quality along the axial direction. Optimizations in VCS coil, including dynamic power control and insulation measures significantly improved the heating quality, with the final temperature distribution of the workpiece basically meeting the quenching requirements. Furthermore, an induction heating experiment was conducted to validate the reliability of the analysis model, showing good alignment with the simulated results. Overall, the application of half-open coil induction heating for variable cross-section pipes is feasible, offering a high efficiency and qualified heating quality. However, this technology is better suited for large-scale manufacturing, as each coil structure can only match one product specification; otherwise, it could significantly increase equipment costs. Additionally, for heating large workpieces, the workshop should have sufficient electrical load capacity to meet the power supply requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 125075"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of internal and external factors on thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries induced by dual heat sources: An experimental research","authors":"Gang Zhou ,&nbsp;Siqi Yang ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenxi Niu ,&nbsp;Huaheng Lu ,&nbsp;Zhikai Wei ,&nbsp;Qi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Localized overheating is a common application fault in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and a significant trigger for thermal runaway (TR). The application scenarios involving multi-point synchronous heating have made the induction of LIB TR behavior by dual heat sources a research hotspot. Both internal battery conditions and external heat source conditions influence TR behavior. This study systematically investigates and analyzes experimental results from two aspects: internal battery conditions (cathode material type and state of charge (SOC)) and external heat source conditions (arrangement of dual heat sources and heating power). The results show that SOC and cathode materials are the key factors affecting thermal safety. Under dual heat source induction, NCM811 battery has the lowest TR triggering temperature and the highest TR peak temperature due to the difference in thermal stability of electrode materials. Different heat source arrangement will affect the heat transfer path between the battery and the heat source, and then affect the heat transfer and heat dissipation efficiency between the battery modules. HBH heat source arrangement has the shortest thermal runaway triggering time. TR in NCM batteries is accompanied by flame jetting behavior, with the largest peak flame area of 4415 cm² observed in 100 % SOC NCM811 batteries. The primary components of particulate matter in TR eruptions are carbon and metal oxides, with internal battery conditions being important factors influencing the composition of erupted particles. The severity of TR is linked to mass loss, with NCM811 batteries experiencing the highest mass loss due to the combustion of more materials, indicating greater fire risk. The research results provide important scientific references for improving the theory of LIB TR, guiding TR and fire prevention and control, and formulating relevant standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 125072"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on improving heat transfer performance of multi-parallel evaporators with improved rectifier nozzle-type distributor","authors":"Zhili Sun ,&nbsp;Haiwang Zhao ,&nbsp;Qifan Wang ,&nbsp;Fumin Hou ,&nbsp;Wenfu Zhang ,&nbsp;Dandan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the issue of reduced heat transfer performance in multi-parallel evaporators caused by uneven distribution of two-phase refrigerant flow, an improved rectifier nozzle-type distributor (IRND) was designed with a three-channel swirling vane and a sonic nozzle as key structural components. This design enhances refrigerant distribution uniformity and improves the heat transfer performance of multi-parallel evaporators. Under variable operating conditions, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the distribution performance of the IRND, the rectifier nozzle-type distributor (RND), and the centrifugal distributor (CD) applied to multi-parallel evaporators. Four parameters were analyzed: the cooling rate of the cold storage, superheat unevenness, evaporator cooling capacity unevenness, and distributor pressure drop. The results show that, under variable operating conditions, the IRND applied to multi-parallel evaporators achieved a higher cooling rate, with more uniform cooling speeds across different cold storages. When the cold storage temperature ranged from –22 °C to −14 °C, both the superheat unevenness and evaporator cooling capacity unevenness were significantly reduced with the use of the IRND. At a cold storage temperature of −18 °C and an evaporation temperature of −28 °C, the IRND reduced superheat unevenness by 43.95 % and evaporator cooling capacity unevenness by 73.16 % compared to the CD. The application of the IRND enabled more uniform distribution of two-phase refrigerant in multi-parallel evaporators. This study provides a new approach for further optimization of distributor structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125085"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal challenges in heterogeneous packaging: Experimental and machine learning approaches to liquid cooling","authors":"Ahmad R Gharaibeh ,&nbsp;Srikanth Rangarajan ,&nbsp;Qusai Soud ,&nbsp;Omar Al-Zubi ,&nbsp;Yaman Manaserh ,&nbsp;Bahgat Sammakia","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, electronic packaging has evolved significantly to meet demands for higher performance, lower costs, and smaller designs. This shift has led to heterogeneous packaging, which integrates chips of varying stack heights and results in non-uniform heat flux and temperature distributions. These conditions pose substantial thermal management challenges, as they can create large temperature gradients, which increase thermal stress and potentially compromise chip reliability. This study explores single-phase liquid cooling for multi-chip modules (MCMs) through a comprehensive experimental and machine learning approach. It investigates the impact of chip spacing, height, fluid flow rate, fluid inlet location, and heat flux uniformity on chip temperature and the thermohydraulic performance of a commercial cold plate. Results show that increasing coolant flow from 1 LPM to 2 LPM decreased thermal resistance by 26 %, with heat losses remaining below 5 %. The left inlet configuration improved temperature uniformity compared to the right, though both yielded comparable thermal performance. Adjusting heater spacing impacted temperature distribution based on inlet position, and lowering one heater by 1 mm raised its temperatures by 15 °C due to increased thermal resistance from thermal interface material. A transient test demonstrated the cold plate’s quick response to power surges, in which there is only a 1 °C spike above steady state. Complementing these findings, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed with optimized architecture specifically for the unique challenges of this study. The ANN model was rigorously validated using an independent dataset, achieving highly accurate temperature predictions (R2 = 0.99) within 2.5 % of experimental values, which demonstrates this framework’s potential for optimizing MCM thermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125081"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating ultrasonic piezoelectrics for photovoltaic cooling: Effects of the height and temperature of submerged water","authors":"Neda Azimi ,&nbsp;Maziar Moradvandi ,&nbsp;Amin Shahsavar","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, ultrasonic piezoelectrics submerged in water are utilized to generate cold-water vapor for cooling a photovoltaic panel. The research experimentally investigates the impact of water temperature (5–25 °C), water height (5–7 cm), and the number of piezoelectrics (1–5) on the average temperature, temperature distribution, output voltage, and output power of the panel. To ensure consistent environmental conditions for comparison, all tests were conducted within a solar simulator. The results indicated that the photovoltaic panel performance improves with lower water temperature and height, and an increased number of piezoelectrics. Specifically, the steady-state temperature of the panel, which was 58.23 °C without cooling, was reduced to 34.36 °C by using five piezoelectrics in water at 5 °C and a height of 5 cm. Additionally, analysis revealed that as the water height decreases from 7 cm to 5 cm at water temperatures of 5 °C and 25 °C, the panel’s output voltage increases by 2.64 % and 2.86 %, respectively. Moreover, it was demonstrated that lowering the water temperature from 25 °C to 5 °C and decreasing the water height from 7 cm to 5 cm resulted in a 5.80 % increase in the panel’s power output, rising from 6.03 to 6.38.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125082"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}