Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Energy management optimization for hybrid electric vehicles using modular range extenders: a case study on linear engine generator","authors":"Xiaohan Sun,&nbsp;Boru Jia,&nbsp;Yidi Wei,&nbsp;Bingang Mei,&nbsp;Huihua Feng,&nbsp;Zhengxing Zuo,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modular power systems are improving hybrid vehicle performance, which is an emerging trend in the automotive industry. This research proposes a novel energy management strategy for the hybrid vehicles applying modular range extenders. This research uses free-piston linear generator (FPLG) as range extender to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. Considering control complexity simplification and system energy optimization, the operating points of individual units are determined using efficiency and power as metrics, thereby constructing a modular FPLG set. In the formulation of the energy management strategy, the startup losses of the FPLG set are primary considered. Combined with fuel consumption and battery SOC control costs, a nonlinear integer optimization problem is constructed. By analyzing and optimizing the effect of FPLG startup losses control weight on power system, better control performance is obtained. Finally, compare the efficiency and fuel economy of the FPLG set with a conventional range extender, and verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy under several typical operating conditions. The results show that: compared with the conventional range extender, the FPLG set can save more than 8 % of fuel consumption under the whole cycles; Compared with the baseline strategy, the integer optimization-based control strategy can significantly reduce the number of startup operations of the FPLG set by more than 60 %, realizing a reduction of fuel consumption by about 15 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126827"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the operating characteristics of a miniature pulse tube cryocooler less than 1 kg","authors":"Zhixiang Yang ,&nbsp;Chongtian Wu ,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Zhi ,&nbsp;Yijing He ,&nbsp;Limin Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Miniature pulse tube cryocoolers are widely used in space science missions and military detection. But miniature pulse tube cryocoolers less than 1 kg generally exhibit low cooling power and have a small cooling power per unit mass. There is still a large gap compared with commercial miniature Stirling cryocoolers. Research on the operating characteristics of miniature pulse tube cryocoolers is scarce, and the operating mechanism needs to be further revealed. Therefore, a miniature pulse tube cryocooler weighing 0.91 kg is developed in this study. Experimental investigations are conducted on the influence of the input electric power, charging pressure, and refrigeration temperature on the operating frequency, and on the influence of the operating frequency on the cooling rate. The results show that when the refrigeration temperature is 80 K, under different input powers, the refrigeration performance maintains basically constant within 111 Hz to 116 Hz, with the efficiency change within 5 %. The higher the input power, the more significant the stable trend. Under different charging pressures, the cryocooler still remains stable within this range, indicating that this cryocooler has stable refrigeration performance over a wide frequency range. Additionally, the influence of frequency on the cooling rate is related to the refrigeration temperature. During the cooling process from room temperature to 120 K, the variation of the cooling rate within 104 Hz to 118 Hz is only 2 s. When further cooling to 80 K, operating at the optimum frequency can reduce the cooling time by 15 s. Finally, at a charging pressure of 4 MPa and an input electric power of 72 W, the cryocooler achieves a cooling power of 2.26 W at 80 K with a relative Carnot efficiency of 8.45 %. The cooling power per unit mass reaches 2.48 W/kg, demonstrating remarkable compactness among similar cryocoolers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126832"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial thermal signature of electrode/electrolyte interfaces and its effect on charge storage performance during charging of electrochemical energy storage devices","authors":"Muhammad Hamza ,&nbsp;Bing-Ang Mei ,&nbsp;Zihao Zeng ,&nbsp;Jingyu Li ,&nbsp;Malak Abid Ali Khan ,&nbsp;Huihua Feng ,&nbsp;Zhengxing Zuo ,&nbsp;Rui Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the interfacial thermal signature at the electrode/electrolyte interface and its effect on charge storage capabilities of electrochemical energy storage devices. In order to do so, commonly used binary solvent of EC/DMC is chosen as an example to interpret the fundamental interplay between different solvents. Molecular dynamics simulation are presented to analyse the interfacial dynamics during charging. The results show that the interfacial thermal resistance for hot electrode is generally higher than that for cold electrode. This was due to the poor contact between electrolyte molecules and hot electrode caused by local disorder for high temperature. In addition, the interfacial thermal resistance gradually decreases with increasing surface charge density, which is slightly asymmetric for different heat flow directions from positive or negative electrodes. The continuous decrease near negative electrode is due to the continuously increasing electrostatic interaction energy of solvent molecules with negative electrode. On the other hand, the oscillatory decrease near positive electrode is due to the trade-off between increasing electrostatic interaction energy with positive electrode and switching between different solvent species. Furthermore, diverse heat flow pathways could be present at the interface with solvent playing a crucial role. Solvent molecules preferred a tilted or vertical orientation at high surface charge density, leading to better heat flow at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Finally, two distinct regimes of differential capacitance were observed, i.e., temperature dominant regime at low surface charge density and charge dominant regime at high surface charge density. In the meantime, the total differential capacitance is better when temperature gradient aligns with electric field, especially for low surface charge density. This can be attributed to solvation-mediated dynamics of solvated ions. This investigation could help in better designing electrode/electrolyte interface systems with better heat transfer/dissipative ability and performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126660"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The synthesis and characterization of phase change material microcapsules with surface-modified titanium oxide nanotubes for thermal energy regulation","authors":"Jielin Zeng,&nbsp;Ying Wang,&nbsp;Chenyang Tang,&nbsp;Zhengang Gao,&nbsp;Jiaji Cheng,&nbsp;Yapeng Wang,&nbsp;Shaoxiang Li,&nbsp;Xiaogang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address energy supply constraints and improve energy use efficiency, phase change materials (PCMs) have been introduced as a thermal storage solution. Given that building energy consumption constitutes a significant portion of society’s total energy usage, there is a substantial opportunity for energy conservation within the building sector. The strategic application of PCMs can help save energy and significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions by harnessing external thermal energy in a rational manner. Microencapsulation of PCMs effectively prevents leakage while shielding them from environmental degradation factors. thus extending their lifetime. This study addressed the limitations of organic shell materials in PCMs, particularly their low thermal conductivity and flammability, by incorporating titanium oxide nanotubes (TNTs), which have a large specific surface area. Surface-functionalized TNTs, denoted as Si-TNTs, are synthesized via grafting with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). This surface modification significantly improves their dispersion stability and flame retardant efficiency, attributed to the introduction of amino groups and enhanced interfacial interactions. The integration of Si-TNTs into phase change materials microcapsule (MPCM) results in epoxy coatings with enhanced temperature regulation. Specifically, the temperature regulation performance is significantly improved, with a temperature reduction of 11.2 °C compared to pure epoxy resin. Additionally, the modified epoxy coatings exhibit a 12.6 % reduction in heat release rate (HRR) and improved hydrophobicity, with a high water contact angle of 94.84°. These properties make them promising for building energy efficiency and thermal management applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126819"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of thermoenergetic performance of a hybrid system with earth-air heat exchanger and electrochromic devices","authors":"M.S. Netto ,&nbsp;R.S. Brum ,&nbsp;J.S. Porto ,&nbsp;D.S. Lindemann ,&nbsp;F.C. Trassante ,&nbsp;A.M.B. Domingues ,&nbsp;L.U. Krüger ,&nbsp;A. Pawlicka ,&nbsp;C.O. Avellaneda","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a numerical analysis of a Hybrid System (HS) composed of an Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) and an Electrochromic Device (ECD), seeking thermal comfort improvement and reduced energy consumption in buildings. This HS was used in a case study for cooling and heating a Ventura House building in Viamão city in south Brazil. Computer simulations of the building with natural ventilation and with an HS were performed using the EnergyPlus software. To analyze the building’s thermoenergetic performance, a methodology was developed to obtain climatological data via ERA5 and generate a climate file for Viamão. The results were compared between two cities in different bioclimatic zones 3 and 7 (BZ3 and BZ7). When comparing the hybrid system with natural ventilation in spring, the maximum temperature decreased by 15.4% in BZ3 and 24.8% in BZ7. After adopting the hybrid system in BZ3, the thermal comfort of the environment improved in autumn and winter by reducing the discomfort due to cold. In BZ7, the hybrid system reduced thermal complaints in winter and spring, thus improving thermal comfort. Finally, it was observed lower energy consumption of the hybrid system in BZ7 than in BZ3, making this system more favorable to be applied in BZ7 buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126829"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced graphene aerogel thermal switch: A solution for efficient thermal management in extreme environments","authors":"Donghyun Kwon ,&nbsp;Youngjo Kwon ,&nbsp;Duckjong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective thermal management is crucial for maintaining the performance and stability of modern electronic devices, especially as they must operate reliably even under extreme thermal conditions. This study introduces a graphene aerogel (GA)-based thermal switch that transitions seamlessly between insulation (OFF) and heat dissipation (ON) states through compression. The GA thermal switch, which was synthesized via hydrazine hydrate reduction and hydrothermal processes, exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.0477 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ in the OFF state and 1.28 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ in the ON state, achieving a switching ratio of 26.8. Comprehensive characterizations are conducted to evaluate the impact of key fabrication processes on the physical properties. The thermal switch effectively regulates the temperature of a simulated battery system under extreme conditions, achieving a 29 °C shift within 99  s and demonstrating reliable switching performance. Overall, the combination of exceptional mechanical stability-demonstrated by a stress retention rate of 93.9 % after 1000 cycles at 90 % strain and reliable thermal conductivity-switching highlight the GA thermal switch as a promising solution for advanced thermal management systems. This is particularly relevant for future mobility applications that must operate reliably in extreme environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126810"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of thermal transport via electrostatic surface modification by ionic organic additives under electric fields: A molecular dynamics study","authors":"Haiyi Sun ,&nbsp;Donatas Surblys ,&nbsp;Taku Ohara","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing interfacial heat transfer between graphite and polymers is crucial in modern technology. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to study the heat transfer between graphite and polymers. Ionic organic additives (IOAs) were applied to enhance interfacial thermal transport under electric fields. IOAs are sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB). It was found that as the electric field strength increases, the interfacial thermal conductance increases. It was demonstrated that strong electric fields can dissociate IOAs and cause physical surface adsorption to enhance heat transfer. Adsorbed IOAs optimize vibration matching between graphite and polymers. Driven by electric field forces, IOAs migrate closer to the graphite interface, causing stronger repulsive van der Waals interactions and better transport of thermal energy. This study innovatively proposed a thermal management strategy, where electric fields cooperate with IOAs, expected to promote the development of electronic and energy equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126803"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and prediction of flow and heat transfer performance in two-start spirally coiled tube","authors":"Chuang Pan ,&nbsp;Shuhong Li ,&nbsp;Yanjun Li ,&nbsp;Jun Wu ,&nbsp;Gui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coiled tube has been widely used in heat exchangers due to its advantages of compact structure, large heat transfer area, and high heat transfer efficiency. In this paper, two specifically-shaped high-efficiency coiled tubes are proposed. The effects of structural parameters on the heat transfer performance and pressure drop of two-start coiled tubes (TCTs) and two-start spirally coiled tubes (TSCTs) are investigated through numerical simulations. Furthermore, the enhanced heat transfer mechanism is analyzed using field synergy theory. Furthermore, the enhanced heat transfer mechanism is analyzed based on the field synergy theory. The practical values of TCT and TSCT are evaluated using the performance evaluation criterion (PEC). The results indicate that the coiled structure can induce the secondary flow of the fluid, enhance the synergy between the velocity and temperature of the secondary flow, thereby enhancing the heat transfer. The spiral structure of the TSCT will cause the fluid to generate vortices, which further strengthens the heat transfer. As apex angle (α₁) increases, both the Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (<em>f</em>) of the TCT and TSCT gradually decrease. As spiral angle (α₂) increases, both the Nu and <em>f</em> gradually of the TSCT gradually increase. The <em>Nu</em> and <em>f</em> of the TSCT (α₁ = 30°, α₂ = 10800°) reach their maximum values, which are 1.44–1.65 times and 4.40–4.53 times those of the circular coiled tube, respectively. The corresponding PEC (PEC = 1.68–1.78) is also the largest, which is close to that of TCT (PEC = 1.66–1.70). However, its spiral structure increases its manufacturing cost. Finally, correlations for the TCT and TSCT are proposed through linear fitting. The errors of the correlations for TCT are within 10 %, and the errors for TSCT are within 15 %, providing guidance for their practical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126792"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Component-level energy consumption and range analysis of battery electric vehicles under urban and highway driving conditions","authors":"Jigu Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a simulation-based analysis of energy consumption in a battery electric vehicle (BEV) under urban and highway driving conditions, focusing on component-level power flow and subsystem contributions. The simulation accounts for battery output and recovery, motor operation, driveline losses, and auxiliary loads to evaluate energy distribution and efficiency. Urban driving enables substantial regenerative braking, recovering up to 30.0 % of battery energy due to frequent deceleration, while highway driving leads to a 25.4 % increase in energy consumption, primarily due to aerodynamic drag. A parametric study quantifies the effects of key vehicle parameters on energy consumption. Reducing vehicle weight by 15.2 % (300  kg) decreases energy consumption by 6.6 % in urban and 2.2 % in highway driving. In contrast, lowering aerodynamic drag by 15 % results in reductions of 6.0 % and 11.5 %, respectively. These findings indicate that vehicle weight has a greater impact under stop-and-go urban conditions, whereas aerodynamic drag dominates during highway driving. Enhancing motor and driveline efficiency reduces energy conversion losses under both driving conditions to a comparable degree. Meanwhile, increased auxiliary load, particularly under extremely low ambient temperatures with heater use, raises urban energy consumption by up to 90.4 %, and a reduced regenerative braking efficiency limits energy recovery and further degrades efficiency. These results offer insights into subsystem-level energy behavior in BEVs, providing guidance for optimized component design and energy management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126797"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tertiary air injection on the reaction behavior and NOx emissions during pulverized coal air-staged MILD combustion","authors":"Xiaoyu Le,&nbsp;Zewu Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaojian Zha,&nbsp;Wenchao Mao,&nbsp;Cong Luo,&nbsp;Xiaoshan Li,&nbsp;Fan Wu,&nbsp;Liqi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combination of air-staged combustion with coal MILD combustion has the potential advantage to further reduce NO_x emissions, and the reduction effect is highly affected by the tertiary air injection parameters. In this study, the influence of tertiary air injection position (<em>z</em>_ter) and tertiary air proportion (<em>P</em>_ter) on the reaction behavior and NO_x formation during pulverized coal air-staged MILD combustion are studied. Results show that, the momentum introduced by tertiary air leads to the flue gas recirculation (FGR) broken into small eddies for <em>P</em>_ter ≥ 10 %. Compared with non-air-staged combustion, the average temperatures at different <em>z</em>_ter increase by 1–3 K when <em>P</em>_ter = 5 %, while they gradually decrease by 4–7 K when <em>P</em>_ter increases to 20 %. The MILD regime region distribution identified by internal recirculation and temperature decreases by 31.2–44.0 % with the increment in <em>P</em>_ter from 5 % to 20 %, indicating the inhabitation to FGR from strong tertiary air. While in terms of the maximum surface Damkӧhler number, the MILD combustion is enhanced for <em>P</em>_ter = 5–15 %, as the maximum surface Damkӧhler numbers in these cases are lower than that of the non-air-staged case. The char burnout region is expanded in air-staged combustion due to the entrainment of tertiary air to the fuel. In air-staged MILD combustion, the NO concentration in dry flue gas reaches minimum value of 168 ppm for <em>z</em>_ter = 1.0 m and <em>P</em>_ter = 10 %, which ascribed to the large oxy-lean region where NO is converted to N₂ through NH₃ reduction reaction of NH₃ + NO → N₂ + product 4.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 126799"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}