Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Data-driven multi-fidelity topology design for enhancing the cooling performance of embedded liquid-cooled microchannels","authors":"Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Pan Cui,&nbsp;Zexin He,&nbsp;Zhichun Liu,&nbsp;Wei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Embedded microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) represent a critical technology for mitigating thermal bottlenecks within chips, and their structural optimization and heat transfer enhancement have become central research themes in this domain. This study applies a data-driven multifidelity topology optimization framework to the design of liquid-cooled microchannels. Compared to existing literature, the latent space dimensionality of the variational autoencoder (VAE) is extended to 64 to capture higher-order topological features; the VAE serves dual functions of cross-fidelity sampling and design space exploration within the framework. Furthermore, a crossover–mutation strategy balancing elitism preservation and diversity enhancement is proposed, which maintains offspring structural diversity. The high-fidelity tier of the multi-fidelity framework employs a realizable k–ε turbulence model, while the low-fidelity tier is based on a pseudo-three-dimensional laminar topology-simplified model. Under identical Reynolds number constraints, the comprehensive performance evaluation coefficient (PEC) of the optimized structure is increased by up to 56% relative to conventional rectangular pin-fin arrays. The findings demonstrate that the data-driven multi-fidelity topology optimization approach holds potential for enhancing flow and heat transfer performance in embedded liquid-cooled microchannel design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129831"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the heat transfer performance of phase change energy storage evacuated tubes enhanced with corrugated fins","authors":"Ao Mou ,&nbsp;Xilian Han ,&nbsp;Zhanxiang Qiao ,&nbsp;Yimeng Hu ,&nbsp;Xu Hong ,&nbsp;Hongqiang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the issues of low thermal conductivity and slow heat transfer rates in Phase Change Materials (PCM) within Energy Storage Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors (ES-ETSC), this study proposes a novel fin structure incorporating axial corrugated fins within the evacuated tubes. Through a combined experimental and numerical simulation approach, this structure was compared with a straight fin configuration. Single-factor and Response Surface Method (RSM) were employed to optimize the axial length, radial length-to-width ratio, and angle of the corrugated fins. Results indicate that compared to straight fins, corrugated fins increase the PCM's final temperature by 33 K and reduce complete liquefaction time by 2.93 h. Single-factor analysis reveals that axial length and radial length-to-width ratio are primary factors influencing heat transfer, while the deflection angle has a relatively minor effect. Through optimization of the multi-factor interactive response surface, the optimal structural parameter combination for the corrugated fins (fin height 1700 mm, length-to-width ratio 8:1, Angle 150.6°) was determined. Compared with the optimized rectangular fins (1700 mm, length-to-width ratio 4:2), the average heat release efficiency of the corrugated fin system has increased by 40.5%. By optimizing the key parameters of axial corrugated fins, this work significantly enhances PCM thermal conductivity and overall heat exchange efficiency in ES-ETSC, thereby providing an innovative design solution and a robust theoretical framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130064"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance assessment of a photovoltaic/thermal heat pump coupled ground source heat pump hybrid system across five climate zones in China","authors":"Ziyu Xing ,&nbsp;Rongji Xu ,&nbsp;Qiang Xu ,&nbsp;Hongbing Chen ,&nbsp;Gaochao Li ,&nbsp;Keming Xu ,&nbsp;Xiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the critical bottleneck of long-term soil thermal imbalance in conventional Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) applications, this study proposes a novel, universally applicable operational framework based on a Photovoltaic/Thermal Heat Pump and GSHP (PVTHP–GSHP) hybrid system. The core novelty of this work lies in the development of a unified Multi-Source Complementary Strategy (MSCS), which enables the system to flexibly switch between soil heat replenishment and dissipation modes, ensuring adaptability across diverse climates. Dynamic simulations were conducted in TRNSYS for five representative cities—Shenyang, Yinchuan, Shanghai, Kunming, and Guangzhou—covering China's five major climate zones over a 20-year lifecycle. Performance evaluation focused on soil temperature evolution, system energy consumption, Coefficient of Performance (COP), and economic feasibility. Results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly mitigates soil thermal degradation. In heating-dominated regions, the absolute value of the Thermal Imbalance Ratio (TIR) decreased by up to 23%, while in cooling-dominated regions, the average reduction was around 20%. Lifecycle energy consumption decreased by an average of 40%, and system COP improved by 25–54% compared with conventional GSHP systems. Economic assessment reveals payback periods ranging from 4.4 to 10 years, with Kunming achieving the optimal return. Ultimately, this research fills the knowledge gap regarding cross-regional system adaptability, offering a robust theoretical basis and a promising pathway for large-scale, clean, and efficient building energy applications in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130069"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing thermal stress and improving efficiency in HCPV cells using CFD-optimized pin-finned microchannel cooling","authors":"A. Santos,&nbsp;A. González,&nbsp;E. Castillo","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) systems can achieve high electrical efficiencies, but their performance is constrained by the intense and spatially non-uniform thermal loads generated under high solar concentration. This work presents a three-dimensional conjugate heat-transfer analysis of microchannel cooling strategies for HCPV cells operating at <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1000</mn></mrow></math></span>, evaluating (i) pin-fin geometry, (ii) pin rotation, and (iii) differential flow distribution, together with Newtonian water and a shear-thinning nanofluid. The full multilayer GaInP/GaInAs/Ge assembly is explicitly resolved using fine-resolution finite-volume simulations, and the thermal model is validated against published experimental data. Pin-fin microchannels reduce maximum temperature difference by up to 11.9% and average temperatures by up to 9.68% relative to smooth channels. Differential flow allocation further decreases non-uniformity by up to 5.21%, while nanofluid rheology lowers peak-temperature differences by an additional 2%–3% at high flow rates. These improvements increase net electrical output to 37.75 W for the best-performing configuration. The resulting reduction in temperature gradients also decreases thermoelastic stress within the multilayer structure, with the optimized configuration lowering the maximum stress by up to 19.4%. An environmental assessment—based on representative operating conditions and carbon-pricing parameters—indicates annual CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> reductions of up to 1.55% per m² and carbon-cost savings on the order of <span><math><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> USD/(year m²). The results show that geometry-tailored microchannels combined with shear-dependent coolant rheology can reduce peak temperatures, temperature gradients, and associated stress levels in high-flux photovoltaic receivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130196"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive structural parameter for thermal optimization of PCM composites under constant heat flux: Experiments and simulations","authors":"Yufeng Shuai ,&nbsp;Chuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xusheng Hu ,&nbsp;Siyuan He ,&nbsp;Xiao-lu Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we focus on the comprehensive structural parameter <em>A</em> introduced and validated in our prior research. Five distinct metal foam samples using aluminum alloy AS7G through 3D printing were fabricated. The heating was maintained at a constant heat flux and positioned at various locations on the phase change material-metal foam composites (PCM composites). Our investigation encompasses both simulations and experiments, to explore the thermal behaviors of samples using parameter <em>A</em> under diverse heating conditions. The thermal performance of PCM composites is assessed with different indicators that we proposed. We examine the relation between the structural parameter <em>A</em> and the thermal performance and also the impact of gravity, sample size, heat flux, structural non-homogeneity and ambient temperature. This paper establishes the reliability of parameter <em>A</em> as a structural optimization criterion for metal foam. Furthermore, we find that if the heat transfer mode changes, the relation between the structural parameter and the thermal performance can be different. For conduction-dominated mode, lower parameter <em>A</em> structure shows better performance. For convection-dominated mode, higher parameter <em>A</em> structure improves performance. This may provide explanation for the existing debut regarding the influence of pore density. The study concludes with a comprehensive strategy for structural optimization of thermal performance of PCM composite based on all obtained results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130101"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and modeling investigation of superheating, evaporation and non-uniform heating in microwave-heated liquids","authors":"Arreerat Jiamprasertboon ,&nbsp;Natdanai Saipan ,&nbsp;Pongsakorn Wattanasit ,&nbsp;Tanachat Eknapakul","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding heat and mass transfer during microwave heating is essential for predicting evaporation, superheating, and temperature non-uniformity in liquid systems. Here, we present a systematic experimental–modeling investigation of microwave heating in water, sucrose, and NaCl solutions over a range of concentrations and input powers. Bulk and surface temperatures were monitored in real time using thermocouples and infrared pyrometry, enabling direct assessment of temperature non-uniformity. Evaporation- and superheating-induced mass loss was quantified using pixel-tracking image analysis (PTIA) and validated gravimetrically, with an average deviation of 6.91 ± 4.42%. Material property variations were minor for sucrose solutions but pronounced for NaCl solutions, which exhibited substantial increases in electrical conductivity and dielectric loss. Sub-boiling COMSOL simulations incorporating solution-dependent dielectric properties, microwave power dissipation, and natural convection reproduce nearly uniform heating in water and sucrose (ΔT_uni = 0.37–0.51 °C) and pronounced surface-localized heating in NaCl solutions (ΔT_uni = 4.0–4.9 °C), associated with reduced microwave penetration depth. All solutions exhibit superheating, reaching temperatures up to ∼112 °C with measurable mass loss. A simplified lumped and multi-domain heat–mass transfer model is used to interpret the transition from uniform to non-uniform heating and the associated evaporation behavior. Overall, this work provides an experimentally grounded framework for interpreting microwave heating in liquids and improving the reproducibility of microwave-assisted thermal processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130183"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and optimization of an agrivoltaic greenhouse integrated with a hybrid PV/T-EAHE system","authors":"Siavash Maniee,&nbsp;Mehdi Maerefat","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the transient simulation of a greenhouse integrated with a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) and earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) system in Tehran, aimed at determining the optimal design capacities of cooling/heating equipment and evaluating the indoor microclimate. The simulations were conducted in TRNSYS, with PV/T panels installed on the southern roof and the EAHE located beneath the cultivation surface to align with agrivoltaic design principles. The temporal variations of thermal and thermodynamic parameters—including air temperature, relative humidity, CO₂ concentration, and plant evapotranspiration—were analyzed for two representative days: January 12 (coldest) and July 1 (hottest), under four configurations: conventional, PV/T, EAHE, and PV/T-EAHE hybrid greenhouses. The results demonstrate that the design capacities of the fan-pad cooling and heating systems decrease by 19.6% and 15.9%, respectively, in the hybrid configuration relative to the baseline. The PV/T system contributes more significantly to summer performance enhancement, while the EAHE is more effective in winter. The hybrid configuration achieves an average 18% reduction in overall HVAC capacity. In summer, total daily water consumption decreases from 876 L (baseline) to 727 L (hybrid), representing a 17% reduction, while net fan-related electrical energy use drops by 49% compared to the traditional greenhouse. These findings confirm the technical feasibility and energy-saving potential of integrating PV/T and EAHE systems in greenhouse applications under semi-arid climatic conditions. In addition, validation against experimental data shows satisfactory agreement, with low RMSE values of air temperature (1.63–1.83 °C) and high R-Squared (0.91–0.96).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129798"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphysics topology optimization method for regenerative cooling channels integrating structural-thermal-hydraulic performance","authors":"Zheng Qiu ,&nbsp;Shutian Liu ,&nbsp;Quhao Li ,&nbsp;Song Zhang ,&nbsp;Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the development of high-speed and lightweight aircraft, cooling channels must dissipate intense heat while maintaining structural integrity under severe thermo-mechanical loads. Current design methods mainly focus on thermal-hydraulic performance, often neglecting load-bearing capacity, which can lead to stress concentrations and premature failure. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a multiphysics topology optimization framework that concurrently integrates structural stiffness, strength, thermal resistance, and flow resistance in cooling channel design. A density-based approach combines a multi-layer 2D conjugate heat transfer model with a projected 3D mechanical analysis, thus avoiding stiffness singularity in 2D channel analysis while enabling efficient evaluation of temperature, flow, compliance, and stress. Numerical examples under various design conditions demonstrate that incorporating load-bearing performance significantly alters channel layouts compared to thermal-hydraulic-only designs, eliminating stress-concentrating features. The optimized designs can increase stiffness by up to 27.41% and reduce maximum stress by 17.44%, while effectively managing thermal performance. These results validate the proposed method as a robust tool for designing cooling channels that meet combined structural-thermal-hydraulic requirements, providing an effective method to improve high-performance aerospace thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130175"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved temperature uniformity and fast charging of high energy density Li-ion battery module via two-phase immersion cooling","authors":"Danish Akbal Kureshi,&nbsp;Rakesh Nandan,&nbsp;Mihir Kumar Das","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries provide high energy density and prolonged life, making them ideal for high-performance electric vehicles and aerospace applications. However, this chemistry leads to severe heat generation during fast charging and discharging without an effective thermal management system, leading to degradation and pose safety risks. Further, two-phase immersion cooling is recognized for its high heat transfer coefficients and low wall superheat. Based on these facts, the present study investigates the application of N-pentane as a dielectric coolant for two-phase immersion cooling of a 5S3P Li-ion battery module. The analysis focuses on two-phase heat transfer performance, surface temperature variation, and temperature uniformity of the battery in the module under different C-rates of charging and discharging. Results show that N-pentane immersion cooling effectively limits battery temperatures in the module below 40 °C with a peak reduction of 15.86 °C at 1C charging over natural convection cooling. At 2C discharging, it reduces the temperature non-homogeneity of 3.87 °C, nearly a tenfold improvement over natural convection cooling. Also, immersion cooling maintained acceptable battery temperature even under 2C fast charging, confirming its suitability for high-rate operation. During cyclic loading, the naturally cooled battery module exceeded the safety limit after the second cycle, while immersion cooling sustained repeated 1C–1C and 1C–2C cycles within safe limits. Further, high-speed bubble visualization shows an inverse trend between bubble departure diameter and nucleation frequency. Overall, the study shows that two-phase immersion cooling effectively manages the thermal challenges in NCA battery modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130105"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on thermophysical properties and performance enhancement of novel quaternary molten salt for thermal energy storage","authors":"Yuanyuan Wang,&nbsp;Yue Wang,&nbsp;Yuanwei Lu,&nbsp;Yuting Wu,&nbsp;Cancan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molten salts are commonly used as heat transfer and thermal storage media in CSP systems. However, conventional molten salts may have drawbacks such as high melting points, narrow operating temperature ranges, and low thermal conductivity, which limit the overall system efficiency. In this work, a novel quaternary nitrate-nitrite molten salt is developed, featuring low melting point, wide operating temperature range, high thermal conductivity, and low cost. The melting point of the quaternary salt (composed of 41.4wt%KNO₃–32.7wt%NaNO₂–7.9wt%KNO₂-18 wt% Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O) is 96.6 °C, and the decomposition temperature is 622.3 °C. The quaternary salt shows an average specific heat capacity of 1.58 J∙g⁻¹∙K⁻¹ and an average thermal conductivity of 0.574 W∙m⁻¹∙K⁻¹ in the liquid state. The long-term thermal stability testing (including 1000 h of high-temperature aging and 500 thermal shock cycles) indicates that the thermal properties of this quaternary salt undergo certain changes, primarily attributed to the conversion of NO₂⁻ to NO₃⁻ within the molten salt. Using precursor decomposition method, MgO-molten salt nanocomposites and Al₂O₃-molten salt nanocomposites were synthesized in situ. In terms of both cost-effectiveness and performance enhancement, the Al₂O₃ additive underperforms compared to the MgO additive. Adding 0.5 wt% MgO to quaternary salt can increase its specific heat capacity by 20.4%, enhance its thermal conductivity by 55.5%, and simultaneously reduce its sensible heat storage cost by 18.3%. The novelty of this work is the design and systematic evaluation of novel molten salt, focusing on its long-term stability, performance enhancement mechanism, and economic viability, thereby offering the promising candidate materials for TES applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130122"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}