Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on the flow and heat transfer performance of standard and asymmetric oscillating double-wall cooling configurations","authors":"Sai Xie,&nbsp;Xiaojun Fan,&nbsp;Jiao Wang,&nbsp;Guangyao Yu,&nbsp;Cunjin Zhang,&nbsp;Junlin Cheng,&nbsp;Yu Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional impingement jets in double-wall structures often cause non-uniform temperature fields, inducing localized thermal stresses and shortening blade life. To address this critical issue, this study proposes a unique self-excited oscillating double-wall cooling design. Adopting a method combining numerical simulations (based on the RANS k-ω SST turbulence model) with infrared thermal imaging experiments, comprehensively evaluate how Reynolds number, nozzle quantity, geometric size, and structural asymmetry modulate the cooling effectiveness. The results indicate that the self-excited oscillating jet significantly enhances wall temperature uniformity while preserving heat transfer intensity relative to traditional impingement nozzles. Notably, oscillating jets are maintained across an extensive Reynolds number range (500 to 150,000). The oscillation frequency of the nozzle will increase, as the Reynolds number increases, while the maximum oscillation Angle will decrease. While a higher nozzle count reduces the area of localized high-Nusselt number zones, it substantially improves overall heat transfer uniformity. Optimizing nozzle size is found to markedly boost the average Nusselt number. Moreover, asymmetric nozzles exhibit superior thermal performance compared to symmetrical designs. Under the same working conditions, the configuration (inner block width = 1.25D) achieves a comprehensive heat transfer coefficient 2.25 times that of the symmetric configuration. Specifically, the 1.25D nozzle attains a temperature reduction of 4.6 K (1.28%) and 3.8 K (1.1%) compared to the impingement and standard oscillating nozzles, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130435"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-induced thermal conductivity degradation in Cu micro pads for 3D-IC hybrid bonding revealed by spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance","authors":"Yang Lu ,&nbsp;Rui Zhou ,&nbsp;Han Jiang ,&nbsp;Shuo Qiao ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Gu ,&nbsp;Yanguang Zhou ,&nbsp;Baoling Huang ,&nbsp;Lin Yang ,&nbsp;Ziyu Liu ,&nbsp;Qiye Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) advancing toward mainstream adoption, Cu interconnects in through‑silicon vias and hybrid-bonding pads become increasingly critical for both signal transmission and heat dissipation from buried layers where Cu microstructure governs thermal transport. Modern 3D IC thermal simulations often assume bulk Cu thermal conductivity (<em>k</em>_Cu ≈ 400 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹), neglecting grain-boundaries, interfacial defects, and size effects in microscale features that significantly depress <em>k</em>_Cu, underestimating device temperatures and reliability risks. Despite the spatial resolvability, conventional frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) models fail for laterally confined pads in dielectrics (SiO₂) recesses when the thermal diffusion length approaches the pad radius. Here, we systematically investigate thermal transport while simultaneously probing geometries of Cu-SiO₂ hybrid-bonding microstructures fabricated via industry-standard damascene processes by integrating FDTR with finite-element forward modeling and iterative numerical inversion. This framework captures lateral confinement of heat transfer and realistic structural defects (e.g., sidewall gaps and base voids) in microscale Cu pads. Benchmarking against well-established analytical models for bulk and blanket-film references validates the approach to within 1.5%, while sensitivity-guided fitting enables simultaneous extraction of <em>k</em>_Cu, pad thickness, and Au/Cu interfacial conductance. Critically, confined Cu pad (5 μm-radius) in SiO₂ recesses exhibit in-plane <em>k</em>_Cu of only 160–220 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, 30–50% lower than blanket films of similar thickness (∼315 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) fabricated by the same process. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal nanocrystalline grains (∼137 nm) and interfacial voids that intensify electron-grain boundary scattering with abnormally enhanced boundary reflection probability, accounting for the reduced <em>k</em>_Cu. We further validate the framework's universality via time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) simulations and confirm the negligible impact of non-equilibrium carrier dynamics using a two-temperature model, justifying computationally efficient single-temperature inversion for industrial monitoring. As the first coupled experimental-numerical framework applied to realistic hybrid bonding structures, this methodology bridges the gap between blanket-film metrology and device-level reality, providing essential, experimentally grounded inputs for predictive 3D-IC thermal design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130339"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance enhancement of closed-loop pulsating heat pipes with multiple heat sources and sinks through the development of a modified predictive correlation","authors":"Pichakorn Kaewown,&nbsp;Niti Kammuang-lue,&nbsp;Ramnarong Wanison,&nbsp;Pradit Terdtoon,&nbsp;Phrut Sakulchangsatjatai","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing a closed-loop pulsating heat pipe (CLPHP) capable of managing multiple heat sources and sinks (MHSCLPHP) is essential for complex thermal systems. Although conventional CLPHP with a single heat source and sink (1–1 CLPHP) have been extensively studied, their applicability to multiple heat sources and sinks remains limited. To address this gap, this study investigates the thermal performance of the MHSCLPHP, focusing on temperature characteristics, working fluid flow behavior, and the development of modified correlations for performance prediction. The CLPHP was constructed from copper tubes with a 2 mm inner diameter, 16 meandering turns, and a 50% filling ratio using ethanol and water as the working fluids. The evaporator and condenser sections each had a total length of 150 mm. The number of heat sources and sinks was varied from 1–1 to 5–5. The results showed that increasing the number of heat sources significantly enhanced heat transfer rates while reduced thermal resistance. Temperature oscillations became more continuous and stable, with smaller amplitudes, higher frequencies, and a one-directional flow of the working fluid was observed. The configuration with five heat sources achieved maximum heat transfer rates of 44.4 kW/m² for water and 31.6 kW/m² for ethanol, corresponding to increases of 46% and 44%, respectively, compared with the 1–1 CLPHP. The minimum thermal resistances were 0.018 °C/W and 0.027 °C/W, representing reductions of 43% and 39%, respectively. These findings clearly demonstrate that the thermal performance of a CLPHP can be substantially improved by designing it with multiple heat sources. Such a configuration consistently exhibited higher heat transfer rates, lower thermal resistance, and a one-directional flow of the working fluid, highlighting its potential for applications involving distributed heat generation. A modified correlation for predicting MHSCLPHP performance was developed and showed good agreement with the experimental data, with deviations within ±8.0%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130081"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A strategy for improving efficiency of hydrogen co-fired combined cycle power plants via fuel preheating adjustment","authors":"Yong Hyeon Kwon ,&nbsp;Jin Seo Kim ,&nbsp;Young Kwang Park ,&nbsp;Ji Hyeon Oh ,&nbsp;Tong Seop Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the high cost of hydrogen, enhancing the efficiency of hydrogen co-fired combined cycle power plants(CCPPs) is particularly important. This study proposes a strategy to improve the efficiency of hydrogen co-fired CCPPs by adjusting the extraction water flow in the fuel preheating process. An integrated model of a 400 MW class CCPP, coupling the gas turbine, bottoming cycle, and fuel preheating system, was developed. Through this model, it was found that the maximum efficiency point of CCPPs can be derived by adjusting the extraction water flow in fuel preheating system. Based on this, the extraction water flow conditions that yield the maximum efficiency of hydrogen co-fired CCPPs were derived. Compared with the case of maintaining the extraction water flow at design-point, the strategy of adjusting extraction water flow achieved a maximum efficiency improvement of 0.089%p under the constant TIT conditions. Furthermore, this strategy was also feasible under constant power conditions, achieving a maximum efficiency improvement of 0.098%p. These results show that the efficiency of hydrogen co-fired CCPP can be improved without additional equipment, simply by adjusting the operating conditions of fuel preheating system, which is expected to provide a practical pathway toward power-sector decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130195"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy and exergy assessment of integrating a Stirling engine into a proton exchange membrane fuel cell vehicle","authors":"Ahmad I. Dawahdeh,&nbsp;Fadeel Shafaamri,&nbsp;Moh'd A. Al-Nimr","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a hydrogen-powered automotive hybrid system that integrates a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) with a Stirling engine to enhance efficiency and address cold-start limitations. The proposed configuration exploits PEMFC waste heat to drive the Stirling engine, improving power output while maintaining appropriate fuel stoichiometry through optimized fuel distribution ratios. System performance was evaluated under realistic operating conditions by incorporating PEMFC voltage losses and Stirling engine irreversibilities into a validated MATLAB/Simulink model. Four operating scenarios—base, low, medium, and high hydrogen flow rates—were analyzed to assess power, efficiency, and exergy behavior. Results show that waste heat recovery increases total power output by 0.2% to 6% without additional system upgrades. At higher flow rates, both the stand-alone Stirling engine and the equal fuel-split hybrid configuration outperformed the stand-alone PEMFC, delivering up to 113.85 kW and 132 kW, respectively, compared to 99.37 kW. Cold-start simulations further demonstrate that the Stirling engine can effectively preheat the PEMFC, improving startup reliability and overall system efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130169"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental research on thermal and electric collaborative optimization of PV/T-EAHE passive coupling system","authors":"Ao Shen ,&nbsp;Juan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yongcai Li ,&nbsp;Wenjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Bojing Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To Verify the Improvements in the Indoor Thermal Environment and Photovoltaic Power Output Achieved by a Passive PV/T–EAHE Coupled System, a Full-Scale Test Rig Was Established in Hami, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Indoor Ventilation Rate and Temperature, PV Module Surface Temperature, and Electrical Output Were Monitored under Three Operating Conditions: Open-Window Ventilation with PV Air Channel and Solar Chimney (Condition 1), the Setting of an Independent EAHE and Independent Photovoltaic Modules in the Room (Condition 2), and the PV/T–EAHE Coupling System (Condition 3). The Results Indicate that the Coupled System Yields Marked Benefits Representative Low- and High-Temperature Periods (1) during the Low-Temperature Period, Condition 3 Enhanced Daytime Ventilation and Stabilized Nighttime Indoor Temperatures, Mitigating Excessive Indoor Cooling. The Nocturnal Minimum Indoor Temperature under Condition 3 Was 2.30 °C Higher than that under Condition 1, the Daytime Maximum Indoor Temperature Reached 24.20 °C, and the Mean Ventilation Rate Increased by 35.92 m³/H. (2) during the High-Temperature Period, the Ventilation Enhancement Provided by the Passive Coupling Contributed to Indoor Cooling and Improved Photovoltaic Efficiency. Under Condition 3, the Maximum Ventilation Rate Reached 247.50 m³/H, the Peak Indoor Temperature Was 1.50 °C Lower than that under Condition 2, and Photovoltaic Conversion Efficiency Increased by Approximately 4.2%. Overall, the Findings Demonstrate that an Appropriately Designed Passive Coupling Strategy Can Achieve Synergistic Optimization of Ventilation, Cooling, and Photovoltaic Performance, with Notable Potential for Deployment in Areas with Limited Electricity Supply</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130104"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena and influencing factors between deep and shallow geothermal reservoirs","authors":"Liu Junrong ,&nbsp;Liu Wenqiang ,&nbsp;Wu Xingru ,&nbsp;Zhang Yaping","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenge of aligning seasonal heat supply with demand, this study delves into four distinct operational modes: (I) deep recharge – shallow production; (II) shallow recharge - deep production; (III) simultaneous deep and shallow recharge - shallow production; and (IV) simultaneous deep and shallow recharge - deep production.By examining these four operational modes, we investigate how recharge intensity and temperature impact heat production efficiency and thermal imbalance within coupled deep and shallow geothermal reservoirs. Our findings reveal that, across all four modes, a combination of high recharge temperature and low recharge intensity effectively mitigates the decrease in formation temperature. Higher recharge temperature reduces thermal drawdown by decreasing the fluid–rock temperature contrast, while lower recharge intensity limits advective heat depletion. Notably, when CO₂ serves as the circulating fluid, the rate and extent of formation temperature decline are less pronounced compared to when water is used. This enhanced thermal retention indicates that CO₂ is a favorable working-fluid option for long-term heat extraction under moderate thermal loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130038"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced exergy analysis of Rankine-based pumped thermal energy storage systems: Methodology and theoretical analysis","authors":"Sergio Tomasinelli ,&nbsp;Mathias Hofmann ,&nbsp;Francesco Witte ,&nbsp;George Tsatsaronis","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale electricity storage is crucial for balancing renewable energy supply and demand. Pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) systems present a promising solution by converting electrical energy to thermal energy for storage and subsequent reconversion to electricity. This study contributes to the advancement of PTES technology through two primary contributions. Firstly, it presents a novel methodology for advanced exergy analysis that integrates the rigor of the decomposition method with cycle-based simulation approaches. Secondly, it employs this methodology to analyze different PTES configurations, facilitating a comparative analysis of systems with pressurized and atmospheric thermal energy storage across varying temperature levels. The methodology is implemented in a dedicated Python code that solves all real, ideal, and hybrid cases within a unified Newton–Raphson framework. This code is distributed together with the PTES models and input data. The findings indicate that, while heat exchangers exhibit the highest exergy destruction rates, turbomachinery components offer greater potential for optimization. The high-temperature PTES configuration achieves superior round-trip efficiency (up to 43.2%) in comparison to the low-temperature design (below 40%). The results of this study indicate that open-source frameworks can support the conduction of comprehensive exergy analyses, thereby establishing a foundation for future research endeavors aimed at incorporating economic considerations and more complex process designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129892"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-hydraulic coupling effects of natural convection, forced convection, and fractures on heat extraction in closed-loop geothermal systems","authors":"Yu Shi ,&nbsp;Guangyi Wang ,&nbsp;Junlan Peng ,&nbsp;Xianzhi Song ,&nbsp;Qiliang Cui ,&nbsp;Yulong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Closed-Loop Geothermal Systems (CLGS) offer an environmentally friendly solution for deep geothermal development, yet their deployment is hindered by the limited efficiency of conduction-dominated heat extraction. While exploiting reservoir convection is a recognized strategy to enhance thermal performance, the temporal evolution of the interplay between near-wellbore “cold pool” and far-field convective recharge, particularly within the “transitional regime”, remains poorly understood. To address this, this study develops a comprehensive 3D thermo-hydraulic coupling model that integrates natural convection, forced convection, and fracture-induced convection to quantify long-term heat extraction dynamics. The simulation reveals that natural convection exerts a non-negligible influence only when aquifer permeability exceeds a critical threshold of 1 × 10⁻¹² m², corresponding to a critical Rayleigh number of approximately 95. We identify a “Reverse Intersection Point” (RIP) mechanism where convective benefits overcome initial thermal stagnation; thinner aquifers accelerate this transition, with a 200 m thick aquifer exhibiting 14.4% higher net power than an 800 m aquifer by the 100th year. Conversely, fracture analysis demonstrates that conventional apertures (&lt;0.01 m) restrict fluid motion to a conduction-dominated regime, with significant convective enhancement occurring only when apertures exceed 0.1 m. Furthermore, natural hydraulic gradients are found to synergize with convection, yielding a 31.3% increase in net power at a gradient of 0.1 compared to hydrostatic conditions. These findings establish a quantitative “natural convection-fracture-hydraulic gradient” framework, providing critical criteria for precise reservoir screening and system optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129939"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of material variety on thermographic flow visualization of in-service wind turbine blades under various environmental conditions","authors":"Qi Chen ,&nbsp;Ruizhen Yang ,&nbsp;Xiangyi Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaobing Li ,&nbsp;Baoyuan Deng ,&nbsp;Zhengnong Li ,&nbsp;Bo Zhou ,&nbsp;Yunze He","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infrared thermography (IRT) enables non-contact visualization of the boundary layer flow field of wind turbine blades (WTBs) without affecting their normal operation. Temperature difference between blades and surrounding fluid induces convective heat transfer, whose different flow regimes will bring distinct surface temperature distributions on WTBs, which can be distinguished via thermal images. However, in long-span WTBs, multiple materials are often used to optimize operating performance, leading to blade surface temperature differences and lowering the accuracy of laminar-turbulent transition localization via IRT. To clarify the influence of internal material variety of WTBs on laminar-turbulent transition localization under various environmental conditions, a simulation model under different solar radiation at different wind speeds was built and analyzed. The simulation was validated against wind tunnel experiments using a truncated WTB section. Results show that material-induced surface temperature differences range from 0.4 °C to 2 °Cwhile the influence rises with increasing solar radiation and decreasing wind speed. A simulation-based correction method was proposed to reduce IRT transition detection uncertainty, which was indicated by a 217% increase in sensitivity and a 60% increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the most obvious condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129906"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}