Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Prediction of pressure oscillation characteristics in condensation induced water hammer within a horizontal steam pipe of equal-height-difference passive heat removal system","authors":"Zhiwei Wang,&nbsp;Xiaotian Ma,&nbsp;Zhongdi Duan,&nbsp;Hongxiang Xue,&nbsp;Yanping He","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The passive heat removal system (PHRS) on the secondary side of advanced marine nuclear reactors is vulnerable to condensation induced water hammer (CIWH), a phenomenon characterized by abrupt condensation that triggers high-frequency, transient pressure oscillations. These pressure oscillations pose a considerable threat to the pipe integrity and jeopardize the safe operation of system. Therefore, this present study aims to develop a three-dimensional numerical simulation model of CIWH and to examine the pressure oscillations under various multi-parameter coupled conditions. Firstly, the local countercurrent flow—coupled with the interfacial wave generated by Kelvin–Helmholtz (K<img>H) instability—triggers the CIWH phenomenon, thereby inducing the reverse flow of cold water. Subsequently, dimensionless parameters are systematically employed to characterize the occurrence location, frequency, and peak amplitude of pressure behaviors under various operating conditions. Finally, based on the influences of the various dimensionless parameters on pressure behaviors, segmented empirical correlation equations are formulated to predict the average occurrence position, frequency, and peak intensity. The corresponding prediction errors were found to range from −15.2% to +13.5%, −17.7% to +18.9%, and − 23.3% to +19.6%, respectively. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights for the suppression, prediction, and valuation of the CIWH phenomenon in advanced marine nuclear reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133445"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial/preface of special issue AESMT’25","authors":"A.G. Georgiev,&nbsp;M. Hu,&nbsp;C.N. Markides","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This special issue aims to summarise novel research in the fields of renewable and low-carbon energy provision, energy efficiency and energy storage presented at the conference “Alternative energy sources, materials and technologies” (AESMT’25). The conference was held in Sofia, Bulgaria on the 13th and 14th of May 2025. The conference was attended by representatives of 22 countries (Albania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Greece, Croatia, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam). A total of 104 papers and posters were presented at the event, of which 63 were oral presentations and the rest posters. Following preliminary review, 30 articles were selected for submission to this special of <em>Applied Thermal Engineering</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 133118"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149142316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-face unilateral Laplace-transform formulation for estimating thermal diffusivity and the Biot number in finite-pulse laser-flash analysis with front-face heat loss","authors":"Yassine Chihab","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we develop a dual-face unilateral Laplace-domain formulation for finite-pulse laser-flash analysis under front-face heat loss. The specimen is modelled as a homogeneous one-dimensional slab heated by an exponentially decaying surface pulse, with linear heat exchange at the irradiated face and an insulated rear face. In the transformed domain, the front- and rear-face responses share the same pulse factor, temperature scale, diffusion-time prefactor, and heat-loss denominator. Their ratio cancels these common terms and isolates the through-thickness diffusion variable, yielding explicit multipoint formulas for the thermal diffusivity <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>, front-face Biot number <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></math></span>, and adiabatic-limit temperature <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, including a self-calibrating route when the absorbed energy is unknown. Matched-model Monte Carlo simulations show that <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> is the best-conditioned quantity. At 5% noise, its bias is about −0.14%, its root-mean-square error (RMSE) is 1.44%, and 99.7% of estimates lie within <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>5</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>. A finite-window late-time integral benchmark gives larger diffusivity RMSEs, reaching 7.88% at 5% noise, although its <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></math></span> estimate is more accurate at the highest noise level. A two-dimensional axisymmetric forward model assesses model discrepancy from rear and lateral heat losses and uniform finite-depth energy deposition. Rear and lateral losses bias <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> downward, whereas finite-depth deposition produces the opposite effect. For a representative combined perturbation in which the rear-loss Biot number, the lateral-loss Biot number, and the normalized deposition depth are each set to 0.01, the diffusivity bias is about −2.23% and the RMSE about 2.26% at 2% noise, while the recovered front-face Biot number is more sensitive to model mismatch. Overall, the formulation provides an interpretable route for dual-face laser-flash data reduction with quantified noise sensitivity and limits of validity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133413"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waveform-engineered reciprocating cooling for uniform battery thermal management","authors":"Kai Gao,&nbsp;Yifei Sun,&nbsp;Lin Hu,&nbsp;Jing Huang,&nbsp;Heng Li,&nbsp;Zhonghua Huang,&nbsp;Petr Mikhailovich Korusenko","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing capacity and physical size of lithium-ion battery packs, the temperature gradient induced by conventional unidirectional liquid-cooling systems becomes more pronounced, leading to severe cell-to-cell aging inconsistency. To address this issue, this study proposes a reciprocating liquid-cooling scheme coupled with a composite phase change material (CPCM) to improve battery-pack temperature uniformity. Specifically, the inlet flow waveform is treated as a boundary-design variable, and a smooth tanh-sin quasi-square-wave velocity boundary is proposed to enable refined control of the liquid-cooling process. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a prismatic LiFePO4 battery pack operating at an ambient temperature of 308.15 K. A three-dimensional transient thermal-fluid model is employed to evaluate the waveform characteristics and systematically investigate the effects of reciprocating period and velocity amplitude on overall thermal performance. The CPCM-thickness response is first assessed under steady unidirectional flow at 0.1 m/s. After <span><math><mrow><mn>1800</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>, CPCM4, CPCM7, and CPCM10 reduce the final average temperature by 50.30, 52.28, and 53.25 K, respectively, relative to the No-CPCM case. The results reveal that the boundary reaches a transport–reciprocity–continuity score of 0.9977 and preserves near-square-wave transport without an analytical velocity jump. Relative to unidirectional flow, the <span><math><mrow><mn>200</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> period case reduces the final maximum temperature difference from 1.056 K to 0.255 K, corresponding to a 75.9% reduction, and decreases the temperature standard deviation from 0.391 K to 0.114 K, corresponding to a 70.8% reduction. Increasing the inlet velocity from 0.1 m/s to 0.4 m/s lowers the final average temperature rise by 34.3%. The proposed strategy therefore improves pack-level temperature uniformity while maintaining effective heat removal and extends conventional reciprocating-flow control by jointly targeting sustained transport, bidirectional symmetry, and reversal continuity without changing the thermal-management structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133336"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel six-coil multi-mode magnetic field system: design, spatial distribution and modulation of melt flow and oxygen transport in 300 mm Czochralski silicon growth","authors":"Songsong Chen,&nbsp;Wenkai Liu,&nbsp;Junjie Zuo,&nbsp;Huan Tuo,&nbsp;Yun Liu,&nbsp;Zhongying Xue,&nbsp;Min Xu,&nbsp;Xing Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>300 mm Czochralski (Cz)-grown silicon single crystals have become the dominant substrate material for advanced integrated circuit manufacturing. However, conventional fixed-geometry transverse magnetic field (TMF) and cusp magnetic field (CMF) systems widely used in traditional Cz furnaces cannot switch between operating modes, which limits process flexibility. To address this issue, a multi-mode magnetic field system (MFS) based on six independently controlled coils is proposed to achieve flexible switching between TMF and CMF modes. A hybrid two-dimensional (2D) global / three-dimensional (3D) local model was developed to couple the electromagnetic, flow, thermal, and oxygen transport fields. The model was validated against industrial 300 mm Cz furnace experiments. In TMF mode, adjusting the coil current ratios tailors the spatial magnetic field distribution, enabling precise tuning of oxygen content at the solid-liquid (S-L) interface. In CMF mode, the six-coil MFS (6C-MFS) closely reproduces the field distribution of a conventional CMF; the resulting oxygen content differs by less than 3%. Structural optimization with partial coil overlap further reduces the azimuthal magnetic field fluctuation at the melt edge from 0.006 T to 0.002 T. This work provides a foundation for flexible magnetic field regulation strategies for multi-specification production of large-diameter Cz silicon single crystals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133444"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient control strategies for hydrogen supply temperature and comprehensive evaluation in a hydrogen turboprop engine at ground idle","authors":"Yilin Ye,&nbsp;Shanlin Liu,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Jun Cao,&nbsp;Weihua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During a hydrogen turboprop engine's transition to ground idle, the hydrogen flow rate decreases rapidly, whereas stored heat is released more slowly from the intermediate loop, causing the supply temperature to approach the upper limit of 323 K. Using a previously developed single-variable strategy as the reference, this study compares two coordinated strategies in which the second control action is applied either at the upstream heat source or at the terminal hydrogen heat exchanger. The analysis uses a coupled one-dimensional model of the engine and thermal management system and a five-dimensional evaluation of temperature control, heat sink utilization, and cold exergy utilization. The relative errors between simulation and engine-test data are 1.32% for exhaust temperature and 0.07% for mass flow rate; experiments using nitrogen as a surrogate show a deviation of approximately 2% in cold-side outlet temperature. The results show that control node placement determines how stored heat and mass transport delay affect the temperature response. Under nominal conditions, coordinated control at the terminal side reaches a quasi-steady state within 44 s and retains a temperature margin of 6 K; the investigated local parameter perturbations reduce this margin to approximately 2 K. Coordinated control at the heat source reduces total exergy destruction by approximately 8% relative to single-variable control, whereas single-variable control achieves the highest heat sink utilization. Under the investigated case-specific response-time assumptions, finite actuator dynamics consume most of the nominal safety margin. Under the conditions investigated, coordinated control at the terminal side is preferred when temperature safety and cold exergy utilization are prioritized, whereas single-variable control is more competitive when heat sink utilization is prioritized. These findings identify control node placement as a key determinant of transient heat transport and strategy applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133428"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printed internally actuated heat pipe-based thermal switch","authors":"Daniel Schwarz,&nbsp;Jarl Wehrmeyer,&nbsp;Markus Winkler,&nbsp;Roland Binninger,&nbsp;Mathias Gebauer,&nbsp;Annalena Held,&nbsp;Kilian Bartholomé","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a continuously operable, switchable heat pipe with an integrated bistable valve for active control of vapor flow. In contrast to conventional concepts, the proposed design enables reversible switching under continuous operation conditions, while maintaining a compact and fully integrated structure. The system is experimentally characterized with respect to thermal resistance, switching ratio, and transient response. A switching ratio of up to 1.4 is achieved, while the dynamic response is characterized by time constants in the range of 10<!--> <!-->s to 25<!--> <!-->s. The results reveal that the switching performance is limited by parasitic heat transfer around the valve. Two paths contribute: solid conduction through wall and wick, and residual vapor leakage across the valve plane. Together they reflect the trade-off between switching ratio and continuous operation. The device is therefore presented as a proof-of-concept demonstration of continuously operable vapor-flow switching rather than as a high-performance thermal switch. Its response times and switching ratio fall short of the fast shape-memory-alloy actuation that motivated the work. The results nevertheless establish the feasibility of the concept and provide a quantitative basis for the design of compact, actively controlled thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133346"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable machine learning analysis of thermo-mechanical performance in energy piles with different pipe configurations","authors":"Zhihang Zheng,&nbsp;Wei Gao,&nbsp;Hui Tan,&nbsp;Zheng Yuan,&nbsp;Kangning Cai,&nbsp;Junhao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid and accurate prediction of the thermo-mechanical performance of energy piles is important for balancing heat exchange efficiency and structural deformation. Although machine learning provides an efficient surrogate for time-consuming numerical simulation, its application to energy pile design is still constrained by insufficient interpretation of variable effects on coupled thermal and mechanical responses, and limited translation of prediction results into targeted design strategies. To address this issue, this study developed an explainable machine learning framework for predicting and interpreting the outlet water temperature (<em>t</em>_o) and pile head displacement (<em>d</em>_h) of energy piles. First, 3D numerical models were established in COMSOL Multiphysics for five pipe configurations, including U-type, W-type, 2 U-type, 3 U-type, and double-helix-type. Then, an automated Python and COMSOL workflow was used to generate the simulation database, and four machine learning models were trained. Finally, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to interpret the best-performing model from global and local perspectives. The results showed that XGBoost achieved the best prediction performance and was selected for SHAP analysis. The interpretation results showed that <em>t</em>_o was mainly governed by inlet temperature, mass flow rate, and pile length, with inlet temperature contributing 54.8% (summer) and 68.9% (winter) of the total SHAP importance, while <em>d</em>_h was dominated by pile head load, whose contribution exceeded 60% in both seasons. The proposed targeted strategies further demonstrated that heat exchange enhancement and displacement control required different parameter combinations, and the preferred strategy should be selected according to thermal demand, geometric constraints, operating conditions, load level, and serviceability requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133429"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Numerical simulation and structural optimization of a high-pressure supercritical CO2 fracture based on jet characteristics” [Appl. Therm. Eng. 305(Part 1) (2026) 132842]","authors":"Fan Yang,&nbsp;Yong Ding,&nbsp;Zhoujian An,&nbsp;Xiaoze Du,&nbsp;Zuo Cui,&nbsp;Dong Zhang,&nbsp;Jian Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 133082"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149142386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Design and thermal management of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with biomimetic spider web cooling” [Appl. Therm. Eng., DOI: 10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2026.129796]","authors":"Zhikai Wang,&nbsp;Yu Wang,&nbsp;Xiaolei Yuan,&nbsp;Haoxiang Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132910","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 132910"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149142318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}