Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A topology design method for aircraft fuel thermal management systems incorporating recirculation and return branches","authors":"Jun Lai,&nbsp;Xintong Tian,&nbsp;Decang Lou,&nbsp;Wen Guo,&nbsp;Yu Fu,&nbsp;Heli Yang,&nbsp;Lei Jin,&nbsp;Baotong Wang,&nbsp;Xinqian Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fuel is increasingly used as an onboard heat sink in modern aircraft, making fuel thermal management system (FTMS) topology design critical for heat-sink utilization. Existing FTMS topology design methods mainly focus on subsystem sequence and basic series-parallel connections, while recirculation and return branches remain outside the topology space. This study proposes a graph-based FTMS topology design method that incorporates the recirculation fuel supply branch (RFSB) and middle fuel return branch (MFRB) into the topology space. This method jointly identifies the optimal subsystem sequence, connection structure, and branch placements under prescribed conditions. In a representative case, the minimum residual heat-load ratios (RHLRs) obtained from the no-branch, RFSB-only, MFRB-only, and dual-branch topology spaces were 36.6%, 33.2%, 32.6%, and 28.5%, respectively, indicating improved heat-sink utilization after branches were incorporated into the topology space. Further analysis shows that the optimal topology changes with external conditions. As the heat loads of subsystems 3 and 4 increased, the optimal branch topology shifted from <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1,3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1,4</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, and then to <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2,4</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, reducing the RHLR by 5.6 percentage points relative to the initial topology. The underlying mechanisms of these topology changes are analyzed under several external-parameter variations, and design implications are derived for FTMS topology design. These results extend FTMS topology design from base architectures to branch-containing architectures, providing a topology-level basis for FTMS design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133383"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of equivalence ratio on the flame-temperature and fire characteristics of jet A-1, HEFA-SAF and their blends in a NexGen burner for aeronautical applications","authors":"Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji,&nbsp;Manescau Magnognou Brady Axel,&nbsp;Khaled Chetehouna,&nbsp;Ludovic Lamoot","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) can lower aviation's carbon footprint, but the fire behaviour of hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA-SAF) and its blends with Jet A-1 remains poorly characterised at engineering scale, despite blending currently capped at 50 vol% HEFA-SAF under ASTM D7566. This matters because aircraft fire-resistance certification relies on standardised burner testing, yet no prior study has compared HEFA-SAF and high-SAF blends against Jet A-1 on one platform. This study mapped horizontal and vertical flame-temperature fields with a 30-point thermocouple tree on an FAA NexGen burner for five fuels: pure Jet A-1, pure HEFA-SAF, and 50, 70 and 90 vol% HEFA-SAF blends, across equivalence ratios ϕ = 0.50–1.44. All fuels showed the same three thermal zones, confirming platform repeatability. Maximum flame temperature varied non-linearly with ϕ: Jet A-1 peaked near stoichiometric conditions (∼1118 °C, ϕ ≈ 1.17), while HEFA-SAF and the 50/50 blend matched this peak under substantially leaner conditions (ϕ ≈ 0.67). The 90 vol% blend stayed thermally stable throughout; the 70 vol% blend showed an anomalous, composition-dependent response meriting further study. These results - the first same-platform, spatially-resolved flame-temperature dataset spanning pure Jet A-1 to 90 vol% HEFA-SAF provide burner-scale thermal evidence relevant to evaluating HEFA blending beyond the current limit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133401"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on plasma-assisted atomization characteristics of n-Dodecane sprays","authors":"Jiawei Jiang,&nbsp;Zhaoming Mai,&nbsp;Tao Lu,&nbsp;Zuohua Huang,&nbsp;Yingtao Wu,&nbsp;Jianling Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the global demand for low-carbon transportation, enhancing fuel combustion efficiency is essential to reducing emissions. In high-temperature and high-pressure combustion chambers, the extremely short residence time hinders effective atomization and secondary droplet breakup, thereby limiting fuel-air mixing and increasing pollutants formation, particularly at relatively low fuel injection pressures. To address this challenge, this study introduces a plasma-assisted atomization technique for improving fuel spray characteristics. An experimental platform was established integrating shadowgraph imaging, planar Mie scattering, and particle/droplet image analysis (PDIA) to systematically evaluate the influence of plasma on n-dodecane spray. Results demonstrate that plasma increases penetration length by up to 25% and projected area by over 30%, along with a moderate increase in spray cone angle of approximately 5%to 8%, particularly under low injection pressures. At the microscopic level, plasma reduces droplet characteristic diameters, with the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and arithmetic mean diameter (<em>D</em>_<em>10</em>) decreasing by more than 15%. The droplet diameters become smaller with increasing injection pressure and plasma energy. This study eliminates the interference of aerodynamic shear by adopting opposed arc plasma matched with pure pressure atomization without auxiliary airflow, and quantitatively isolates the intrinsic atomization effect of plasma. These findings offer a promising strategy for achieving efficient fuel atomization under low injection pressure conditions, supporting the development of low-emission combustion technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133425"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of a silicon nanoparticle-modified absorber coating for a flat-plate solar collector in agricultural drying","authors":"Fahim Ullah,&nbsp;Qingtai Xiao,&nbsp;Mohamed H. Mohamed,&nbsp;Shibo Wang,&nbsp;Kai Yang,&nbsp;Jianxin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar drying can reduce dependence on conventional fossil-fuel-based thermal energy, but solar collector efficiency strongly influences performance. This study investigates whether modifying the absorber surface with silicon nanoparticles can improve the thermal performance of a FPSC and enhance agricultural drying. The study combines silicon-nanoparticle absorber modification, surface characterization, controlled air mass-flow optimization, and practical drying validation to evaluate the relationship between absorber characteristics, collector performance, and drying behavior. We prepared and compared three absorber coatings: BP, BP-3 wt% G, and BP-5 wt% Si. We conducted experiments at air mass flow rates of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 kg.s⁻¹ and evaluated absorber temperature, solar irradiance, collector efficiency, and drying performance. SEM/EDS analysis confirmed the incorporation and distribution of silicon nanoparticles within the coating. The BP-Si coating achieved a maximum thermal efficiency of 25.8%, an improvement of 7.6 percentage points (41.8% relative improvement) over the conventional BP coating's 18.2% efficiency under the same operating conditions. The corresponding maximum absorber temperature reached approximately 125 °C. In the drying validation experiment, apple moisture content decreased from approximately 87% to 8%, with the BP-Si system achieving the target moisture in 23 h, compared with 30 h for BP-G and 33 h for BP. Statistical analysis showed that absorber coating composition, air mass flow rate and their interaction significantly affected collector thermal efficiency (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). Overall, the results demonstrate that silicon-nanoparticle modification of a conventional absorber can enhance collector thermal performance and reduce time without requiring complex collector modifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133449"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental comparison of MPCM slurry and conductive particle suspensions for enhanced heat transport in solar thermal systems","authors":"Hee Jun Jeong,&nbsp;Su Woong Hyun,&nbsp;Jae Hyuk Kim,&nbsp;Dong Ho Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar thermal collectors require heat transfer fluids that combine high thermal transport and storage capacity with dispersion stability and acceptable hydraulic performance. In this study, microencapsulated phase change material slurry (MPCS), expanded graphite (EG) and copper (Cu) suspensions, and EG enhanced MPCS were experimentally compared in the same closed loop solar thermal system under equivalent operating conditions. Heat transport, convective heat transfer, dispersion stability, hydraulic performance, and costs were evaluated to distinguish latent heat storage from conductive enhancement. The settling velocities of MPCM, EG, and Cu were 0.007, 0.130, and 1.160 mm/s, respectively, demonstrating the superior dispersion stability of MPCM. The 30 vol% MPCS exhibited a latent heat capacity of 46.2 kJ/kg and a total specific thermal storage capacity of 133.7 kJ/kg over 25–50 °C, approximately 28.3% higher than that of water, with latent heat accounting for approximately 34.6% of the total specific storage capacity. Increasing the flow rate from 1 to 8 L/min increased the average Nusselt number from approximately 7.5 to 37 and the heat transport rate from 81.2 to 400.5 kJ/h. The hydraulic heat transport index (HHTI) was introduced to quantify the balance between useful heat transport and pumping demand, identifying 4–5 L/min as a practical operating range. EG exhibited better thermal hydraulic performance than Cu because of its lower settling tendency and hydraulic penalty. Adding 1.0 vol% EG to 30 vol% MPCS increased heat transport from 335.7 to 380.0 kJ/h and HHTI from 0.78 to 0.88. These results provide a common experimental basis for comparing latent storage and conductive enhancement and demonstrate the potential of combining both mechanisms while accounting for dispersion stability and hydraulic resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133320"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of ammonia addition on the physicochemical characteristics and nitrogen speciation of particulate matter emitted from diesel engine","authors":"Ruina Li,&nbsp;Yuting Dai,&nbsp;Xinyao Zhuang,&nbsp;Guoshuai Liang,&nbsp;Ruijie Duan,&nbsp;Zhibo Li,&nbsp;Xiaona Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a carbon-free fuel, ammonia is considered a promising low-carbon alternative for reducing CO₂ emissions from diesel engines. However, its direct application in diesel engines is limited by poor auto-ignition characteristics and low laminar burning velocity. Therefore, ammonia/diesel dual-fuel combustion is a feasible approach for using ammonia in diesel engines. Ammonia contains approximately 82.4 wt% nitrogen. The introduction of ammonia into diesel combustion may change the physicochemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) and affect the chemical states of nitrogen retained in the PM. In this study, PM emitted from diesel and ammonia/diesel dual-fuel combustion in a single-cylinder diesel engine was collected at 2700 r/min and 100% load. SEM/EDS, GC–MS, and XPS were used to analyze the microscopic morphology, elemental composition, soluble organic fraction (SOF), PAH composition, surface elemental composition, and chemical states of nitrogen in PM. The results showed that, compared with diesel PM, ammonia/diesel PM exhibited a looser agglomerated structure, a smaller primary particle size, and a lower total mass concentration of PAHs. In contrast, the relative proportion of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in the SOF changed only slightly. The average primary particle diameter decreased from 42.7 nm for diesel PM to 38.3 nm for ammonia/diesel PM. The total mass concentration of PAHs decreased from 562.8 mg/kg to 9.4 mg/kg. Among the detected PAHs, high-ring PAHs showed a more pronounced decrease. This indicated that ammonia addition suppressed PAH formation and PAH ring growth. XPS analysis further revealed the nitrogen retention characteristics of PM after ammonia addition. The surface N content increased from 0.55 at.% in diesel PM to 1.20 at.% in ammonia/diesel PM. After SOF removal, the surface N content of the ammonia/diesel soot fraction reached 2.26 at.%, approximately 2.57 times that of the diesel soot fraction at 0.88 at.%. These results indicated that a larger proportion of the increased nitrogen after ammonia addition was retained in the soot fraction after SOF removal. The N 1 s deconvolution results showed that pyrrolic N was the dominant nitrogen species, accompanied by small amounts of pyridinic N, graphitic N, and N-Ox species. These results reveal the inhibitory effects of ammonia addition on particle morphology evolution and PAH growth and clarify the retention characteristics and chemical forms of ammonia-derived nitrogen in PM. The findings provide an experimental basis for understanding the participation of nitrogen-containing intermediates in particle formation and surface chemical evolution in practical ammonia/diesel engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133414"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of heat and mass transfer in a finned microchannel flat-tube liquid-desiccant dehumidifier","authors":"Jingyi Wu,&nbsp;Zhenhua Quan,&nbsp;Chenyang Du,&nbsp;Wenjie Deng,&nbsp;Yaohua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-precision and energy efficient dehumidification is increasingly required in cleanrooms for AI and semiconductor industries. This study experimentally investigates an internally cooled falling-film dehumidifier with finned microchannel flat tubes using the non-corrosive ionic-liquid desiccant CreCOPlus5100. Single-factor and two-factor interaction experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of air, solution, and cooling water side parameters and their coupled heat and mass transfer behavior. Compared with adiabatic operation, internal cooling increased the dehumidification capacity by up to 37.5% by suppressing the interfacial temperature rise and sustaining the vapor-pressure driving force. Air humidity and solution temperature were identified as the dominant parameters, while increasing solution flow enhanced liquid-film renewal but showed diminishing benefits at excessive flow rates. Under the investigated conditions, an optimum solution flow rate of approximately 0.045 kg/s was observed, and the advantage of internal cooling became marginal when the cooling-water inlet temperature exceeded approximately 18 °C. Two factor interaction analysis further demonstrated that dehumidification performance is governed by the coupling between the air-side mass-transfer driving force and liquid-film thermal/transport resistance. Favorable combinations of high air humidity, low solution temperature, and low cooling-water temperature produced the greatest enhancement. Empirical Nusselt and Sherwood correlations were developed for the CreCOPlus5100–finned microchannel flat-tube configuration, with average absolute errors of 4.07% and 3.31%, respectively. The results provide mechanistic understanding and reliable predictive correlations for the design and operation of internally cooled liquid-desiccant dehumidifiers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133395"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural optimization of a fin-enhanced immersion cooling battery thermal management system for high-rate lithium-ion battery packs","authors":"Luyao Zhao,&nbsp;Xiang Wu,&nbsp;Jiafeng Wang,&nbsp;Qingyu Wei,&nbsp;Minxue Zheng,&nbsp;Shangqing Tao,&nbsp;Mingyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-rate operation of lithium-ion batteries can generate substantial heat, making effective temperature control and thermal uniformity essential for safe and reliable battery operation. Immersion liquid cooling provides direct contact between the coolant and battery surfaces, but its thermal performance can still be limited by non-uniform coolant flow and insufficient convective heat transfer. In this study, a three-dimensional transient numerical model was developed to investigate a fin-enhanced immersion cooling system for an 18-cell prismatic lithium-ion battery module under a 4C discharge condition. The effects of fin shape, fin number, fin length, and fin thickness on battery thermal performance, hydraulic characteristics, and energy consumption were systematically investigated using a sequential one-factor-at-a-time approach. Among the investigated fin geometries, the asymmetric corrugated fin provided the most favorable thermal performance by promoting coolant redistribution and enhancing heat transfer. At the end of the 900 s discharge, the asymmetric corrugated-fin configuration reduced the maximum battery temperature and maximum temperature difference to 30.62 °C and 3.44 °C, respectively, corresponding to reductions of 5.7% and 33.8% compared with the finless configuration. Further optimization showed that a configuration with 10 fins, a fin length of 3.0 mm, and a thickness of 1.0 mm provided the most favorable balance between thermal performance and energy consumption among the investigated cases. A normalized sensitivity analysis further indicated that fin length was the most influential continuous geometric parameter for the thermal responses. Overall, the results demonstrate that asymmetric corrugated fins can improve battery temperature control and uniformity by modifying coolant flow distribution, while appropriate fin dimensions are essential for balancing heat-transfer enhancement and hydraulic resistance in immersion-cooled battery modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 133389"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149156879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical thermal management integrating LSTM prediction and DDPG reinforcement learning for cascade waste heat recovery in a methanol reforming PEMFC ship","authors":"Sijun Liu,&nbsp;Zhe Wang,&nbsp;Yulong Ji,&nbsp;Fenghui Han,&nbsp;Young-Ho Lee,&nbsp;Zhengquan Wang,&nbsp;Fei Long,&nbsp;Pei Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decarbonization of maritime transport requires effective thermal management for methanol-fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) ships, whose energy systems exhibit strong multiphysics coupling, nonlinear behavior, and substantial thermal inertia. This work develops a reduced-order, system-level, control-oriented thermal model integrating a PEMFC, a lithium-ion battery, a methanol reformer, and a heat pump system. A hierarchical intelligent control strategy is proposed, combining proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback, long short-term memory (LSTM) based feedforward prediction, and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) based reinforcement learning. Within the reduced-order model, PID + LSTM predicts a lumped reformer temperature of 249–251 °C for the investigated methanol-feed profile, with improved regulation relative to conventional PID. For cabin thermal regulation, constrained MPC is introduced as a predictive-control benchmark. Within the same reduced-order simulation framework, PID + RL achieved tracking and energy-consumption performance comparable to that of MPC. After offline training, PID + RL generates control actions by direct policy inference and does not solve an optimization problem online. This implementation difference was not evaluated in terms of computational performance. In summer cooling, the calculated energy consumption is 95.72 MJ for PID + RL, 96.46 MJ for MPC, and 102.54 MJ for PID, indicating a clear improvement over PID but only a limited difference relative to MPC. For the selected steady-state heating scenario, the reduced-order model predicts that PEMFC waste heat and the heat pump contribute 62.8% and 28.6%, respectively, of the calculated total heat supply. For this scenario, the model predicts an effective heat-utilization ratio of 85.3%. Under the adopted LCA assumptions, the green-methanol pathway yields a calculated lifecycle-emission reduction of 94.4% relative to conventional diesel. This reduction is primarily attributable to the fuel pathway; the independent lifecycle-emission contribution of the control architecture is not quantified. The added MPC benchmark, Pareto analysis, and numerical stress tests with simultaneous +30% perturbations of the cabin thermal capacity and heat-loss coefficient, together with an additional 10 s heat-pump actuator delay, provide further comparative evidence within the adopted reduced-order simulation framework. This study provides a system-level numerical framework for evaluating intelligent thermal management strategies for low-carbon ship applications and investigates the combined use of LSTM-based predictive compensation and DDPG-based reinforcement learning within a reduced-order thermal management framework for methanol-reforming PEMFC ship applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133037"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Thermo-economic and exergy optimization of a heat-pump-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide Carnot battery with latent thermal energy storage","authors":"Abdellatif M. Sadeq,&nbsp;Faisal Almutairi,&nbsp;Khalad A. AlMuhaysh,&nbsp;Farhan Lafta Rashid","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carnot batteries provide a promising route for long-duration electricity storage by converting surplus electricity into thermal energy and recovering it through a power cycle. This study develops a reduced-order dynamic, thermodynamic, exergy, techno-economic, and optimization framework for an sCO₂–latent thermal energy storage (TES) Carnot battery integrating Joule, heat-pump, and hybrid charging with a recuperated sCO₂ Brayton discharge loop. The model resolves charge–standby–discharge operation, CoolProp HEOS real-fluid sCO₂ state evolution, TES enthalpy dynamics, finite heat-transfer resistance and component-specific pressure losses, component-level exergy destruction, discounted full-life-cycle levelized cost of storage (LCOS), and constrained multi-objective optimization. The baseline cycle uses 29.733 MWh of electrical input and 15.653 MWh of source heat, delivers 42.579 MWh to the TES and 38.193 MWh to the sCO₂ cycle, and produces 9.483 MWh of net electricity. The resulting electricity-to-electricity round-trip efficiency (RTE), discharge-cycle efficiency, overall exergy efficiency, and LCOS are 31.893%, 24.829%, 27.079%, and 0.3717 USD/kWh, respectively. Full-cycle exergy destruction is dominated by charging (44.64%), followed by the cooler (18.65%), TES–sCO₂ heater (13.53%), and recuperator (10.74%). Coupled parameter maps show that increasing TES melting temperature and standby duration over the investigated range reduces RTE and increases LCOS and heat-leak exergy loss. The Pareto front identifies a high-efficiency/low-LCOS design at 34.126% RTE and 0.3631 USD/kWh, while a balanced design achieves 32.536% RTE, 0.3841 USD/kWh, and 238.0 m³ TES volume. These results provide screening-level design and optimization guidance for sCO₂–latent-TES Carnot batteries within the modeled operating and economic assumptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133005"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}