Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Thermal management of data centers: Chip-scale cooling using novel distributed inlet–outlet jet impingement liquid cold plate","authors":"Sangram Kumar Samal ,&nbsp;Hsien-Chun Chang ,&nbsp;Yogesh Fulpagare ,&nbsp;Chi-Chuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for artificial intelligence, 5G communications, and high-performance computing has significantly increased energy consumption in data centers (DCs), especially from cooling systems, leading to elevated CO₂ emissions. Efficient thermal management is essential to address these environmental and operational challenges. A critical gap exists in effective cooling solutions for high-power density electronic chips with thermal design power (TDP) exceeding 1000 W. This study aims to address this gap by introducing the Distributed Inlet Outlet Jet Impingement Cooling Cold Plate (DIOJIC-CP), which features an innovative multi-nozzle jet impingement design with a distributed inlet–outlet layout to eliminate the need for thermal interface material (TIM2) by directly integrating the lid with the cold plate. A comprehensive numerical investigation is conducted alongside experimental validation to assess the thermo-hydraulic performance of the DIOJIC-CP against a skived fin cold plate (Skived-Fin-CP) benchmark, utilizing PG25 as the working fluid with flow rates between 0.75 and 2.0 L/min. The key findings demonstrate that the DIOJIC-CP achieves a 16 % reduction in thermal resistance and a 19.8 % decrease in pressure drop compared to traditional Skived-Fin-CP, attaining thermal resistance as low as 0.0224 °C/W with 64 % less pumping power. Notably, the DIOJIC-CP demonstrated the capability to dissipate TDPs by more than 3500 W, underscoring its potential for high-power electronic applications. This innovative cooling solution not only meets the escalating thermal demands of future electronic components like GPUs and CPUs but also significantly improves energy efficiency, emphasizing its relevance and applicability in the evolving landscape of data center thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126360"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-sustained thermoacoustic oscillators with general impedance boundary: Onset and dynamic behavior determination and theoretical–experimental validation","authors":"Fanhao Guo,&nbsp;Jingtao Du,&nbsp;Yanhao Wang,&nbsp;Yang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The self-sustained thermoacoustic oscillator, illustrating continuous operation with a static, non-uniform, and temperature-dependent heat source, offers applications in fundamental physics, materials science, fluid dynamics, acoustics, and other energy conversion technologies. Addressing the challenges of determining the onset and dynamic behaviors and improving performance remains critical for thermoacoustic oscillators. This paper presents a comprehensive framework, which attempts to find a trade-off between the advancement of theoretical guidance and the reliability of experimental verification, to analyze the onset and dynamics of a self-sustained thermoacoustic oscillator with general impedance boundaries. The theoretical analysis, rooted in the linear thermoacoustic theory, is performed using the smoothed-Fourier series and Galerkin method to satisfy the continuity of the acoustic field with general impedance boundary conditions. The accuracy of the proposed theoretical model was verified through conducting thermoacoustic instability measurement experiments. The onset and dynamic behavior of the thermoacoustic system under different geometrical and electrical parameters, such as thermoacoustic oscillator length, thermoacoustic core position, and input voltage were studied theoretically and experimentally. The analytical and experimental methodologies developed herein are valuable for designing and optimizing thermoacoustic energy harvesters and loudspeakers, as well as for controlling unstable oscillations in combustors. These advancements are set to enhance the fields of energy harvesting and flexible, wearable acoustic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126338"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of different base angle and equilateral triangular surface roughness on performance of isosceles trapezoids duct solar air heater: Numerical investigation and its optimization","authors":"G.R.K. Sastry ,&nbsp;L.B. Bharath Raju ,&nbsp;S.K. Gugulothu ,&nbsp;Rajneesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Praveen Barmavatu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal energy available in the solar radiation can be utilized in the drying application with the help of solar air heater. Most of the existing designs of the solar air heater consists of triangular or rectangular duct, but in the proposed design an isosceles trapezoidal duct has been proposed for the solar air heater. Six distinct SAH duct model withdifferent base angles i.e. 45⁰ (i.e. triangular), isosceles trapezoids (i.e. 50⁰, 60⁰, 70⁰, and 80⁰) to 90⁰. These models include ducts with cross-sectional shapes of a rectangle (90⁰), a triangle (45⁰), and four different isosceles trapezoids with base angles of 50⁰, 60⁰, 70⁰, and 80⁰ with equilateral artificial roughness with relative rib-height of 0.042 and relative pitch of 7.14, 10.71. and 14.29. Analysis is carried out by maintaining the constant duct height (0.08 <em>m</em>) and absorber plate width of 0.16 <em>m</em> for all the developed models to create the same operating conditions in the considered ducts. The simulations are performed using the computational fluid dynamics approach<!--> <!-->by assuming heat flux of 1000 <em>W/m²</em> on the absorber plate for the Reynolds number range of 2800 to 29000. The authenticity of the proposed simulation is validated with the existed results and it is concluded that the RNG <em>k–ɛ</em> turbulence model is suited best for modelling turbulence. The augmentation of heat takes place with the increase of base angle from 45⁰ to 90⁰ and the duct with angle of 90⁰ gives best results with 33.45 % higher magnitude at a Reynolds number of 5000. However, the frictional factor curve follows a trend as that of heat transfer and the highest frictional losses exhibited for the duct with angle of 90⁰ i.e. 6.54 % higher in comparison to the duct with base angle of 45⁰, at a Reynolds number of 5000. Thus, it is concluded that the trapezoidal SAH duct with the widest base angle (namely the rectangular) exhibits the most optimal performance. The results of heat transfer and friction factor are generalized in the form of mathematical expression with the help of regression analysis and the results estimated using the developed expression predicts results with an error of ±2.48 % and ±3.45 % for Nusselt number and friction factor, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 126331"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel thermal management strategy for building envelopes: Design and performance evaluation of composite walls integrated with phase change radiation unit","authors":"Lifei Ye,&nbsp;Yunfei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When phase change material (PCM) are passively integrated into building envelopes, thermal hysteresis and the low thermal conductivity of PCM extend the heat absorption/release cycle, thereby reducing the ability of PCM to regulate the indoor environment under summer external disturbances. This paper proposes a strategy involving the use of phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity within radiation cooling panel to form phase change radiation unit. These unit, when combined with conventional building walls, create an active phase change wall (APW), introducing a new thermal management system for building envelopes. First, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact and importance of the parameters of composite phase change material (CPCM) on the heat gain of the inner surface. Subsequently, the thermal performance of the APW was systematically studied by varying the transition temperature, transition temperature range, and parameters (latent heat, thermal conductivity and thickness) of CPCM. The results show that incorporating APW enhances the thermal storage and regulation capabilities of the building. Compared to traditional building walls, the thermal storage and adjustment capability (TSAC) value increased by an average of 144.1 %. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the transition temperature of PCM is the primary factor affecting heat gain, followed by parameters such as thickness, latent heat, and density, while the effect of specific heat capacity on heat gain is negligible. Additionally, an increase in latent heat and thickness significantly affect thermal performance, but their increases should not exceed a certain threshold. It is recommended that the thermal conductivity should be between 1–3 W/(m·K), the transition temperature be 26 °C, and the transition temperature range be 4 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126365"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the influence of drainage structure on vortex tube energy separation","authors":"Fachun Liang ,&nbsp;Jiaao Chen ,&nbsp;Guoxiang Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vortex tube is widely used in cooling or heating applications and can also serve as an effective tool for condensing and removing water vapor from natural gas. Experiments were conducted on a counterflow vortex tube equipped with a drainage structure to investigate the underlying energy separation mechanism. This experimental vortex tube features six inlet nozzles and a cold cone with a 2° taper angle. Unlike conventional vortex tubes, the hot end of this design incorporates a drainage channel to expel the separated liquid phase. The inlet pressure varied from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa, and the cold mass fraction ranged from 0.16 to 0.87. Both straight and inclined drainage channels were evaluated and compared. Furthermore, the effect of liquid drainage positions on energy separation performance was examined. The results indicate that under operating conditions of an inlet pressure of 0.4 MPa and a cold mass fraction of 0.38, the maximum temperature drop at the cold end of the vortex tube with an inclined slot drainage structure reached 25 °C, demonstrating superior energy separation performance compared to the straight slot drainage design. This finding suggests that optimizing the drainage structure and position can significantly enhance the energy separation efficiency of the vortex tube. Furthermore, when the drainage structure adopts an inclined groove design and is positioned in the center, the use of the vortex tube for condensing and removing moist air can achieve a maximum removal rate of 77 %, showcasing its tremendous potential in gas treatment applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126363"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of piston and injector cap designs on the performance of a hydrogen direct-injection spark-ignition engine","authors":"Xinlei Liu ,&nbsp;Rafael Menaca ,&nbsp;Balaji Mohan ,&nbsp;Mickael Silva ,&nbsp;Abdullah S. AlRamadan ,&nbsp;Emre Cenker ,&nbsp;Le Zhao ,&nbsp;Rafael Lago Sari ,&nbsp;Yuanjiang Pei ,&nbsp;Hong G. Im","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is considered a critical solution in the transition to sustainable energy systems. This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of the combined effects of piston geometry and injector cap design on the performance of a heavy-duty hydrogen direct-injection spark ignition engine using high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations. Four piston geometries: ω-shaped, flat, pent-roof, and a hybrid of flat and pent-roof, were evaluated. Moreover, the hydrogen injector design was analysed by varying the number of cap holes (4-, 5-, and 6-hole) and the jet-included angle (±10˚), alongside two cap orientations (X and + ). The study found that different piston geometries significantly influenced hydrogen jet interaction with the piston wall and overall mixing. The flat piston produced a more homogeneous mixture before ignition, contributing to lower NO_x emissions. Conversely, the bowl-shaped piston resulted in a strongly stratified mixture distribution and faster combustion, yielding the highest thermal efficiency while increasing NO_x emissions. Although the + cap orientation was intended to guide the mixture toward the spark plug, it could not ensure a richer mixture at the spark plug. The 5-hole cap promoted a more uniform mixture and reduced NO_x emissions. Furthermore, adjusting the jet-included angle by 10° led to more stratified mixing, leading to a slower combustion process and negatively impacting engine performance. Considering the best compromise between NO_x emissions and fuel economy, the ω-shaped piston combined with a 5- or 6-hole cap injector exhibited superior performance over the 4-hole configuration, primarily in favor of the significantly reduced NO_x emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126372"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the inhibition effects of metal foam on condensation-induced water hammer in the offshore-based passive heat removal system","authors":"Zhiwei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongdi Duan ,&nbsp;Hongxiang Xue ,&nbsp;Yanping He","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The offshore-based passive heat removal system (OBPHRS) for floating nuclear power platforms (FNPP) uses the marine environment as an infinite heat sink. However, the reverse flow of the cold sea can easily trigger the condensation-induced water hammer (CIWH) phenomenon, which can cause significant damage to the pipeline equipment and affect the system’s safety operation. In this paper, an experiment study was conducted to investigate the inhibition effects of metal foam on the CIWH phenomenon in the OBPHRS. The visual images show that the metal foam reduces the volume of isolated steam slugs and concentrates the capture positions near the water tank. Additionally, the metal foam diminishes the reverse flow effects of the cold water, leading to a significant decrease in temperature fluctuations during natural circulation. As a result of the reverse flow effects weakening, the CIWH phenomena in the pipe section near the pipe inlet are eliminated. The pressure peaks at the measuring points covered with the metal foam show a clear decrease in intensity. Furthermore, as the metal foam pore density increases, the pressure peak relief effects become more pronounced. The metal foam improves the flow rate of natural circulation, enhancing the residual heat removal capacity of the OBPHRS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126373"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental validation of numerical heat transfer models of an impingement jet at high Reynolds numbers","authors":"Eileen Trampe,&nbsp;Dominik Büschgens,&nbsp;Herbert Pfeifer,&nbsp;Christian Wuppermann","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In industrial thermal processing plants, metal strips are quenched in cooling zones by impingement jets, with convection being the dominant heat transfer mechanism. To generate the impingement jets, gas is accelerated through a nozzle system and directed onto the material surface, resulting in rapid and uniform cooling. The present work involves the experimental investigation of the heat transfer and associated flow of impingement jets using PIV on a single slot (<em>W</em> = 5<!--> <!-->mm) and a single round nozzle (<em>D</em> = 25<!--> <!-->mm). These experimental methods form the basis for the evaluation of numerical turbulence models. The turbulence models selected in this work are: SST<!--> <em>k-ω</em> <!-->model, Generalised <em>k-ω</em> (GEKO)<!--> <!-->model and the Reynolds Stress Model. The investigations are carried out at a nozzle exit velocity of <em>u</em> <!-->≈<!--> <!-->51<!--> <!-->m/s (<em>Re_Slot</em> = 34,490, <em>Re_Round</em> = 88.780). Compared to other studies with a Reynolds number of below 23,000, the prediction accuracy is less due to the high Reynolds number. The PIV measurement shows that the flow velocities are correctly modelled, but the turbulent kinetic energy can only be poorly predicted.^{[email protected]}</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126350"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of rotary proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance optimization based on orthogonal experiment and entropy weight method","authors":"Yixuan Ouyang ,&nbsp;Zhuang Shen ,&nbsp;Qingsong Zuo ,&nbsp;Qiming Li ,&nbsp;Ying Ma ,&nbsp;Hehui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A multi-factor and multi-objective optimization method based on orthogonal experiment and entropy weight method is proposed to investigate the influence of the parameters such as rotational angular speed (<em>ω</em>), operating temperature (<em>T</em>), relative humidity (<em>RH</em>), and operating pressure (<em>P</em>) on the performance indicators of rotary proton exchange membrane fuel cell (R-PEMFC), and to comprehensively evaluate the performance of R-PEMFC through multiple objectives. The results show that different parameters have various degrees of influence on different performance indicators. Moreover, the weights of each performance indicator are determined by the entropy weight method, in which the effective mass transfer coefficient accounts for the largest weight of 24.11 %, followed by the oxygen uniformity index, net power density, temperature difference and current density uniformity index accounting for 18.99 %, 16.10 %, 15.66 %, and 15.47 %, respectively, and the pressure drop accounts for the smallest weight of only 9.67 %. Finally, according to the weight, the orthogonal experimental schemes are comprehensively scored, and it is known that the best <em>ω</em> is 1080 rpm, <em>T</em> is 353 K, <em>RH</em> is 50 %, and <em>P</em> is 1.6 atm. This investigation has supplied a multi-objective optimum method and evaluate idea, which has reference value for further improving the performance of R-PEMFC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 126362"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of heating strategies and ballistic transport on the thermal conduction in fin field-effect transistors","authors":"Chuang Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziyang Xin ,&nbsp;Qin Lou ,&nbsp;Hong Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficiently predicting three-dimensional temperature distributions and understanding the non-Fourier thermal conduction mechanism are of great significance for alleviating hotspot issue in fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs). Numerical solutions of the effective Fourier’s law (EFL) and the phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) are two mainstream thermal engineering simulation methods in FinFETs, but continuous heating and steady-state temperature distributions are mainly considered in the previous work. Until today, effects of discontinuous heating on micro/nano scale thermal conduction is rarely studied, and the deviations between the predictions of the EFL and the phonon BTE in FinFETs are rarely compared, either. To answer these questions, three different heating strategies are considered including ‘Continuous’, ‘Intermittent’ and ‘Alternating’ heating, and the heat conduction processes in FinFETs are simulated by both the phonon BTE and EFL. Numerical results show that different heating strategies have great influence on the peak temperature rise and transient thermal dissipation process. Compared to ‘Intermittent’ or ‘Continuous’ heating, the temperature variance of ‘Alternating’ heating is smaller. The peak temperature rise of ‘Alternating’ heating is <span><math><mrow><mn>28</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mo>−</mo><mn>43</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> lower than that of ‘Continuous’ heating in FinFETs. The silicon dioxide insulation layer reduces the thermal shock on the bottom substrate material although it raised the overall temperature in the fin area. It is not easy to accurately capture the heat conduction in FinFETs by the EFL, especially near the nanoscale hotspot and corner areas where ballistic phonon transport dominates and the temperature diffusion is no longer valid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126293"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}