Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Vortex-induced forced immersion of droplets levitating on liquid nitrogen","authors":"Jose H. Lizama ,&nbsp;I-Ming Hsiao ,&nbsp;Noel A. Sanchez,&nbsp;Chiu-Jen Chen,&nbsp;Yong-Ming Ye,&nbsp;Hsiu-Yang Tseng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When plunged onto liquid nitrogen (LN₂), droplets below a critical size or density remain levitated for several seconds due to the inverse Leidenfrost effect (LFE), where continuous vaporized nitrogen flow generated at the droplet–LN₂ interface establishes an upward pressure field that, together with LN₂ surface tension, counteracts the droplet weight. At sufficiently large droplet size or density, this balance is broken, leading to immediate immersion. To date, this levitation–immersion threshold has only been studied for static LN₂ baths, and the influence of how LN₂ flow imposed within the bath affects the stability of LFE-supported levitation remains unexplored. Here, the effects of a controlled free-surface vortex on droplet–LN₂ interactions are investigated. High-speed imaging across a range of droplet volumes, landing positions, and vortex angular speeds shows that the vortex can alter the levitation state and lead to immersion for droplets that would remain levitated on static LN₂. An approximate thermal/force-balance formulation is used to interpret these observations by assessing how centrifugal force competes with levitation supported by the vapor film. The results further show that, because the vortex immerses the larger droplets more readily than the smaller ones, those larger droplets (provided they are not so large that thermal inertia dominates) can achieve higher overall cooling rates. This overturns the usual trend on static LN₂, where smaller droplets cool faster than larger ones. A controlled LN₂ vortex therefore offers a means of reshaping levitation–immersion behavior in cryogenic droplet systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130114"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser Rayleigh scattering vs. pyrometer thermometry for DME-based fuels under flame and MILD combustion regimes in a semi-industrial furnace","authors":"M. Mustafa Kamal ,&nbsp;Marianna Cafiero ,&nbsp;Alessandro Parente","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate in-furnace temperature measurements are essential for temperature-based CFD validation and NO_x risk assessment, yet intrusive probes can under-read in regions with strong gradients and evidence for DME-based blends across flame and MILD operation remains limited. This study investigates the sensitivity and accuracy of intrusive (suction pyrometer probe) versus non-intrusive (planar laser Rayleigh scattering, LRS) thermometry in measuring temperature, using CFD simulations as a complementary benchmark for interpretation and model assessment, in a semi-industrial scale furnace. By comparing temperature data across three techniques, it is shown how fuel composition and burning regime (conventional flame vs. MILD combustion) affect measurement agreement and accuracy. The analysis covers pure DME, DME/CH₄, and DME/H₂ mixtures under both flame and MILD conditions, extending earlier work in this furnace to a broader fuel-regime matrix. LRS successfully captured the thermal field for all fuel compositions in both flame and MILD modes, generally aligning well with CFD-predicted temperature distributions. Intrusive probe measurement yielded similar overall trends but showed significant deviations in regions of steep temperature gradients, particularly near burner jets and in highly reactive, hydrogen rich flames. In these zones, the probe-measured temperatures were up to <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo></mrow></math></span>200 K lower than LRS values, a discrepancy far exceeding experimental uncertainty and attributed to the probe's volumetric averaging and flow disturbance effects. The effect was most pronounced for the DME/H₂ blend under flame-like conditions, reflecting the increased measurement sensitivity to fuel reactivity. The numerical simulations capture the overall combustion behaviour across fuel mixtures, though modelling of the mixtures with high H₂ required adjusting turbulence-chemistry parameters to capture its mixing-controlled flame characteristics and NO_x emissions. Overall, the results provide a semi-industrial benchmark comparison of LRS and suction-probe thermometry for DME-based blends across flame and MILD regimes, clarifying the fuel- and regime-dependence of diagnostic bias and its implications for temperature-based CFD validation and diagnostic selection in practical combustion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Film-cooling effectiveness experiments on turbine rotor blade leading edge with various diffusion slot hole geometries and layouts","authors":"Jia-Jun Hu ,&nbsp;Guang-Yao An ,&nbsp;Jin-Hua Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The leading edge of the gas turbine rotor blades is subjected to extremely high thermal loads. However, the large curvature and space constraints make it difficult to achieve high-performance film cooling design. This paper explores the novel film cooling layout at the blade leading edge utilizing the large exit width of diffusion slot holes. Four film hole geometries, i.e., a cylindrical hole, a fan-shaped hole, and two diffusion slot holes with race-track and trapezoid cross-sections, were compared in one 3-row layout and two 4-row layouts. The middle row of holes in the 3-row layout was located on the stagnation line, whereas the middle two rows of holes in the 4-row layout were located at two sides of the stagnation line. The focus is on the role of the exit edge angle in the stagnation zone, especially the differential behavior of the various hole geometries. Film cooling effectiveness experiments were conducted in a low-speed linear cascade employing the pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique, under a mainstream Reynolds number of 52,0000, a mainstream turbulence intensity of 3.6%, and a density ratio of 1.5. The results indicated that the two diffusion slot holes yielded considerably greater film effectiveness on the blade leading edge than did the cylindrical hole and fan-shaped hole. Relative to the fan-shaped hole, within the tested blowing ratio range, i.e., 0.5–2.0, the maximum increase in area-averaged effectiveness reaches 7.8–30.4% in the 3-row layout and 10.5–48.0% in the 4-row layouts. Due to the different flow pattern inside the holes, the influence of the exit edge angle on fan-shaped holes is relatively small, while it has a strong effect on diffusion slot holes at high blowing ratios. For each hole geometry, the discharge coefficient in the 3-row layout is lower than that in the 4-row layout.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130194"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments and CFD based design and analysis of a novel indirect evaporative cooler for future sustainability","authors":"Muhammad Ahmad Jamil ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ikhlaq ,&nbsp;Muhammad Mehroz ,&nbsp;Haseeb Yaqoob ,&nbsp;William Worek ,&nbsp;Muhammad Wakil Shahzad","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abstract</div><div>A notable substitute for traditional vapor compression chillers that is economical, sustainable, and energy-efficient is indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) technology. It offers several advantages like resource saving (energy, water, emissions, etc.), environmentally friendly working, and chemical-neutral operation. However, IEC systems are still in the development stage and require significant improvements in design and materials to outperform the market-dominant vapor compression chillers. This work offers a thorough experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation of an innovative cooling system that overcomes significant design constraints and provides improved performance. The proposed system's 150 W cooling capacity is fabricated and studied. Then, a robust model is developed to examine the impact of key input parameters, such as temperature, velocity, channel length, and airflow rate ratio. The CFD model is rigorously validated with the existing literature and the current experimental data. The experiment revealed a temperature reduction of 20.4 °C for an outside air temperature of 48 °C. The CFD analysis shows that increasing dry and wet channel velocities (1–3 m/s) slightly increased the supply temperature, indicating design constraints on cooling capacity. Meanwhile, an increase in the airflow rate ratio (AFR) lowers the supply air temperature because a higher AFR boosts evaporation in the wet channel, thereby increasing heat transfer. Furthermore, it is noted that latent heat transfer during evaporation accounts for most of the cooling, resulting in a temperature reduction of up to 20 °C in the dry channel compared to just a 3 °C (max) rise in the working air temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130156"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A vertical fin-intensified radiative sky cool method for heat rejection: Insights from the comparative study of cooling technologies","authors":"Linrui Jia,&nbsp;Lin Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current Applications Focused on Radiative Sky Cooling (RSC) Are Limited to Specific Devices and Have a Narrow Adaptability Range Due to their Low Energy Density. To Better Address Building-Scale Cooling Demands, this Study Introduces a Novel Vertical Fin-Intensified Radiative Sky Cool Radiator (VRSCR), Using the Numerical Method. This Design Synergistically Integrates RSC with Convective Cooling to Overcome the Limitations Associated with Low Radiative Cooling Power Density. Additionally, this Study Conducts a Comprehensive Comparison of Five Cooling Technologies, Providing Insights and Recommendations for their Application Potential. The Technologies Examined Include Passive Radiative Cooling Buildings, Horizontal Radiative Sky Cool Radiators (HRSCR), VRSCR, Stand-Alone Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems (GSHP), and Conventional Air-Source Heat Pump Systems (ASHP). The Findings Reveal that the Difference between the Inlet Water Temperature and the Ambient Air Temperature Significantly Influences the Adaptability of both VRSCR and HRSCR. When the RSCR Cools the Circulating Water to Ambient Levels, the Back-Insulated HRSCR Is Recommended. Conversely, when RSCR Works over the Ambient Air Temperature, the VRSCR without a Thermal Insulation Layer Is Favoured. The Corresponding Cooling Powers Are 106.6 W/m² for the VRSCR and 91.1 W/m² for the HRSCR. To Quantitatively Assess the Cooling Efficiency of each Technology, the Regional Average Coefficients of Performance (COPs) Are Calculated. National Averages Indicate COPs of 5.9 for VRSCR (Winter), 5.2 for HRSCR (Winter), 4.6 for GSHP, 4.3 for VRSCR (Summer), 4.0 for HRSCR (Summer), and 3.4 for ASHP. This Study Highlights the Significant Potential of Renewable and Sustainable Cooling Solutions in Promoting Energy-Efficient Buildings in China</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130109"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic radiative thermal management with flexible films for energy-efficient and climate-adaptive greenhouses","authors":"Linna Hu,&nbsp;Zhongbao Liu,&nbsp;Zepeng Wang,&nbsp;Dafeng Yang,&nbsp;Zhipeng Qie","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facing the challenge of seasonal energy demand variations in greenhouses under climate change, this study developed flexible VO₂/PDMS films through a solution mixing-scraping process for adaptive thermal regulation. By integrating outdoor greenhouse experiments with EnergyPlus simulations, the film exhibits high visible-near-infrared transmittance (&gt;0.7) for photothermal heating at low temperatures and increased emissivity from 0.75 to 0.92 in the atmospheric window (8–13 μm) via VO₂ phase transition for radiative cooling at elevated temperatures. In practical tests, it achieves heating gains up to 9.8 °C in winter and average cooling of 5.0 °C in summer, with simulated annual energy savings of approximately 21.5 MJ·m⁻² and energy efficiency reaching 22% in tropical climates. This work overcomes traditional rigid VO₂ structural limitations through a simple, scalable fabrication method, yielding a mechanically robust, hydrophobic, and producible film. The innovative integration of this flexible adaptive film into greenhouse systems provides a validated pathway toward seasonally responsive applications of dynamic radiative cooling technology for sustainable agriculture and architecture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130167"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating high return water temperatures in CO₂ heat pumps for legacy district heating networks","authors":"Ebraheem Kateb Alanazy ,&nbsp;Zahra Hajabdollahi Ouderji ,&nbsp;Stephen Allen ,&nbsp;Michael Abbas ,&nbsp;Daniel Clark ,&nbsp;Zhibin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcritical CO₂ heat pumps are a promising, environmentally friendly technology for decarbonizing space and water heating. However, their performance deteriorates at high central heating return water temperatures, which are common in existing building stock and legacy district-heating networks and can limit retrofit viability. This deterioration is primarily due to higher throttling losses, which increase in proportion to the square of the temperature lift. This study presents and evaluates a novel large-scale transcritical CO₂ heat pump system that combines parallel compression with an indirect auxiliary heat-recovery cycle, in which the auxiliary heat pump recovers heat from the return water stream before it enters the CO₂ gas cooler. In a case study, the system was developed for a district heating network and delivers a total heating capacity of 600 kW and aims to enhance both energy efficiency and cost effectiveness under varying return water temperature conditions. The parallel compression CO₂ system with auxiliary heat recovery achieved a 26% increase in COP over the conventional parallel compression system at a return water temperature of 50 °C. Moreover, the improvement increased further at elevated return water temperatures, underscoring the benefits of auxiliary heat recovery under such operating conditions. The analysis shows that the proposed system significantly reduces throttling losses, resulting in enhanced energy efficiency, particularly at high return water temperatures (e.g., 55 °C), and offers operational flexibility at lower return temperatures. Exergy analysis showed that the total exergy destruction decreases from 259 kW in the conventional parallel compression system to 159.9 kW with auxiliary heat recovery, primarily due to reduced expansion-valve and compressor losses. The results offer practical insights for designing district heating networks with large-scale CO₂ heat pumps and contribute to both advanced thermodynamic modeling and site-specific feasibility planning for next-generation low-carbon heating systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130218"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal management of electronic equipment utilizing heat pipes. A gateway review","authors":"Vincenzo Bianco ,&nbsp;Mattia De Rosa ,&nbsp;Kambiz Vafai","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing power density and miniaturization of electronic equipment make thermal management critical to ensure reliability and performance. Among the passive methodologies, heat pipes are a relevant option thanks to their high equivalent thermal conductivity, absence of any moving part, and versatility. The present review offers an overview on the application of heat pipes for thermal management of electronic equipment by analysing the operating principles, the different typologies, and the approaches for the analytical and numerical modelling. Furthermore, strategies for enhancing heat pipe performances are also analysed such as the coupling with phase change materials, nanofluids, and fins. The review highlights how these combinations enhance the performances by notably increasing the thermal dissipation capacity. Finally, a set of practical cases are illustrated where heat pipes are used to cool electronic chips or high heat density consumer electronic devices such as smartphone, tablets, and laptops. Future research directions are also proposed to support the development of more and more compact and efficient heat pipes for high heat density applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130098"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Day ahead market clearing model for low-temperature district heating systems based on urban waste heat","authors":"Josip Miškić,&nbsp;Tomislav Pukšec","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-temperature district heating systems supplied from urban waste heat sources are becoming increasingly important in achieving the sustainability targets of the heating and cooling sector. This paper investigates these systems by introducing a day-ahead market clearing model for low-temperature district heating systems, which are primarily supplied by low-temperature urban waste heat sources. The model offers a comprehensive assessment focusing on energy, economic, and environmental aspects of low-temperature district heating systems while incorporating market incentive models such as the Feed-in Premium model. Additionally, the model incorporates the EU Emission Trading System to assess the impact of greenhouse gas trading on economic outcomes. The results are presented through a series of diagrams highlighting the effects of various market and economic parameters on the viability of incorporating urban waste heat into district heating systems. Results showed that the Ultra low temperature configuration achieved a levelized cost of heat of 93 €/MWh, with a primary energy factor of 0.288 and a carbon emission factor of 0.037, markedly lower than the 150 €/MWh, 1.187, and 0.241 values recorded for conventional gas-based systems. Furthermore, the study showed that urban waste heat, primarily from data centres (supplying 88% of the heat) and supported by fixed Feed-in Premium market schemes, reduced the investment payback period from 2.2 years to 1.4 years. This enhances economic feasibility, despite some components having longer payback periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 130116"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of adsorption isotherms at liquid helium temperatures: A modified volumetric method","authors":"Qinghang Meng ,&nbsp;Teng Pan ,&nbsp;Xiaotao Wang ,&nbsp;Haishan Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The measurement of adsorption isotherms at liquid helium temperatures provides fundamental data for understanding gas-solid interactions dominated by quantum effects, and also provides key parameters for the design and optimization of low-temperature components such as sorption pumps and heat switches. However, in existing adsorption measurement systems based on the volumetric method, accurately quantifying the amount of free gas in the non-isothermal section remains challenging, which in turn affects the accuracy of the measured adsorption isotherms. To address this issue, this study proposes a blank-experiment method for estimating the amount of free gas, aiming to correct the influence of the non-isothermal section on the accuracy of adsorption measurements. Using this method, adsorption isotherms of <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>He on activated carbon were measured at 5-30 K and pressures up to 2.5 bar, and the associated uncertainty in the measured adsorption amounts was analyzed and discussed in detail. The results provide a robust theoretical foundation and a reliable experimental methodology for obtaining high-precision adsorption isotherm data in the liquid-helium temperature range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130216"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}