Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A study on the development of digital model of digital twin in nuclear power plant based on a hybrid physics and data-driven approach","authors":"Fukun Chen ,&nbsp;Qingyu Huang ,&nbsp;Meiqi Song ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Zeng ,&nbsp;Houde Song ,&nbsp;Kun Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of digital twin(DT) for nuclear power plants(NPPs) will further promote the use of nuclear energy. In the process of physical modeling for existing DT models, physical simulation modeling is not suitable for real-time monitoring and control of DTs. Moreover, most data-driven modeling methods with high computational efficiency do not consider the theoretical knowledge of the corresponding field, which will affect the application of research results in real situations. Therefore, to model the physical model of the DT model, this paper embeds physical knowledge into the backpropagation neural network(BPNN) to construct the data-driven model and physical-model combined neural network(DPNN) and further proposes the residual DPNN (ResDPNN) by introducing residual connections. This is a digital model developed by a hybrid physics and data-driven approach. Specifically, this paper embeds the law of energy conservation into the ResDPNN, constructs a high-precision digital model of the average temperature of the coolant using real operating data from a NPP, and conducts several sets of comparative experiments. The results show that the Mean Absolute Error(MAE) of DPNN on the testing set is improved by 28.02% compared to BPNN, and the MAE of ResDPNN on the testing set is improved by 7.66% compared to DPNN. The embedding of physical information and the introduction of residual connections effectively improve the generalization ability and predictive accuracy of the model. This can serve as a reference for the future development of DT for NPPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126289"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the heat transfer characteristics of mesh-fed slot cooling configuration: Influence of slot height and pin-fin arrangement","authors":"Lin Ye ,&nbsp;Tianyi Zheng ,&nbsp;Xinyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiyuan Liang ,&nbsp;Cunliang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the performance of cooling structures under different parameters can provide more effective thermal protection for turbine blades. To better understand how the slot height and in-wall pin–fin arrangement affect heat transfer in slot structures, both experimental and numerical methods were utilized. The adiabatic cooling effectiveness <em>η</em> and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) distribution on the slot-downstream surface were measured via transient thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) technology to analyse the effects of the slot height and in-wall pin–fin arrangement on the film cooling characteristics of a mesh-fed slot configuration. The blowing ratio <em>M</em> ranged from 0.26 to 1.25. The results indicated that the <em>η</em> of the mesh-fed slot configuration did not exhibit jet lift-off from the wall as <em>M</em> increased. Owing to the influence of the pin-fins and the inclined surface downstream of the slot, counter-rotating vortices formed downstream of the slot, resulting in a relatively high <em>η</em> downstream of the end row of pin-fins. At a low <em>M</em> of 0.26, the laterally averaged HTC ratio for the configuration with a 3 mm slot height was higher than that of the case with a 5 mm slot height in a staggered pin–fin arrangement. However, this trend was reversed as <em>M</em> increased. Under the in-line pin–fin arrangement, the <em>η</em> distribution downstream of the slot was more uniform, and at a high <em>M</em>, the laterally averaged <em>η</em> was 23 %∼84 % greater than that of the staggered arrangement, with the HTC ratio being 11 % greater. When <em>M</em> was less than 1, the discharge coefficient <em>C_d</em> of the in-line arrangement was greater, whereas when <em>M</em> was greater than 1, the staggered arrangement demonstrated superiority.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126304"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of heat transfer performance of a large-area loop heat pipe heat spreader base on biomimetic leaf veins","authors":"Chenpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Daili Feng ,&nbsp;Hanli Bi ,&nbsp;Guoguang Li ,&nbsp;Hongxing Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianyin Miao ,&nbsp;Yanhui Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The leaf veins can effectively transport water throughout the entire leaf, effectively reducing flow resistance and ensuring that the leaf is sufficiently and evenly supplied with water. Therefore, a biomimetic leaf vein structure has been designed for a large-area loop heat pipe heat spreader to enhance the heat transfer capability in the condensation area and reduce flow resistance. In this study, a loop heat pipe (LHP) is proposed as a heat spreader (HS) to rapidly transfer heat from localized heat sources to large area of 1 m × 0.6 m. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the heat transfer performance of this large-area loop heat pipe heat spreader (LHPHS).</div><div>The effects of evaporator thermal load and working fluid charge on the heat transfer performance of the LHP were explored. The LHP can function effectively as a HS, dissipating 290 W thermal load of HS under room temperature forced convection conditions. The heat transfer performance of the HS is optimal when the ratio of the thermal load of the HS to that of the evaporator (EV) is 2–4.8, under the condition of horizontal attitude and working fluid charge of 35 g. The average thermal resistance is 0.059 °C⁻¹·W⁻¹. When the thermal load ratio is 2.8, the LHPHS maintains optimal thermal uniformity. With a working fluid charge of 34 g, the two-phase region in the condenser was close to 100 %, indicating optimal heat transfer performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126298"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal pressure variation during the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries at different state-of-charge","authors":"Ye Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaokun Chen ,&nbsp;Huaibin Wang ,&nbsp;Chengshan Xu ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng ,&nbsp;Fenfen He ,&nbsp;Luoxin Huang ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Yanni Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries, accompanied by violent eruptions, casts significant safety risks for electric vehicles and energy storage stations. The increased internal pressure inflates the structure of the battery pack and electrical components, thereby inducing arcing. Variations in the internal pressure during battery thermal runaway requires further study. Batteries experience oxidation–reduction reactions during thermal runaway, resulting in gas eruptions. This paper tries to measure the dynamic behavior of gas generation throughout the thermal runaway by installing a pressure sensor on the side of the battery. The influence of various states of charge on the internal pressure fluctuations and eruption behaviors during battery thermal runaway is investigated. The results indicate that as the state of charge increases, the internal pressure and mass loss notable rises. A higher state-of-charge brings shorter time for the battery to reach maximum temperature. Notably, the time for the maximum pressure usually occurs before the occurrence of the peak temperature. The maximum pressure commences 20.4 − 288.5 s prior to the moment when peak temperature occurs. A positive correlation has been identified between internal pressure and the mass loss rate during the eruption process. These results clarify the quantitative relationship among the state-of-charge, internal pressure, and eruption behaviors associated with thermal runaway. Therefore, this study offers valuable insights for the safety design of battery pack structures and the mitigation of arc hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126299"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental investigation on extreme optimization of thermal behavior for large-capacity battery modules with rear-inlet air cooling","authors":"Yansen Zhang ,&nbsp;Weikuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoping Tang ,&nbsp;Wenjun Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance and lifetime of batteries are significantly affected by temperature. Therefore, a novel airflow channel with synergistic cooling enhancement is proposed for typical rear-inlet air-cooled lithium iron phosphate (LFP) energy storage battery modules to explore the cooling mechanisms. Initially, considering the feasibility of structural adjustment, a novel rectification structure is proposed. Both simulations and experiments yield considerable improvements, demonstrating the rationality of optimization. Subsequently, two novel structures are proposed: harmonica pipe and heat exchange fin plate. Simulation studies show that among the three novel structures, the rectification structure can achieve the greatest improvement under any circumstances. The harmonica pipe and heat exchange fin plate structure exhibit their inherent superior heat exchange capabilities only when the rectification structure is present, revealing the enabling synergistic amplification effect of rectification structure on auxiliary structures. In addition, the optimal balance between the heat exchange area of the harmonica pipe and the wind speed is achieved, thereby maximizing the overall cooling effect. After extreme optimization, the cooling efficiency increases to 0.61 (64.9 %), and the maximum temperature rise decreases by 8.6 °C (36.9 %). Both temperature differences are less than 1 °C, with respective decreases of 5.4 °C (88.5 %) and 1.3 °C (56.5 %). The optimized flow channel achieves near extreme cooling efficiency and performance. Meanwhile, the cooling performance of final optimization is significantly improved under different ambient temperatures and charging rates, demonstrating its excellent universal applicability. The results of this study provide substantial and effective guidance not only for the rear air inlet method but also for other airflow methods and other domains such as the thermal management design of power batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126288"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of heat transfer characteristics and effective thermal conductivity in a 3-D water–rock fracture structure","authors":"Dun Liu,&nbsp;Chao Zeng,&nbsp;Shengnan Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoling Cao,&nbsp;Yanping Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of mid-deep geothermal energy and underground thermal storage faces significant challenges due to the variability in geological conditions. The impact of fracture morphology on thermal storage and heat transfer has become a critical area of research, driven by the lack of comprehensive characterizations of the heat exchange processes within these systems. This research examines the heat transfer characteristics and effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of a 3-D water–rock fracture structure. Firstly, the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) at fracture surfaces within the 70–100 ℃ range is compared and selected for accuracy. Secondly, the coupled flow and heat transfer processes of water and rock in a 3-D rough fracture are quantified under varying amplitude factors (A_mn). Finally, the ETC at different A_mn ranges is quantitatively characterized. The study reveals that with A_mn escalating from 0.01 to 0.035, the effective heat exchange area within the fracture increases by 22.73 %. Concurrently, the normalized velocity (UN) exhibits a non-linear rise of 67.64 %, escalating from 2.2 to 6.8. Afterwards the selection of proper calculation formulas for h in water–rock systems, the correlation between ETC and h is considered. It is found that ETC positively correlates with A_mn, increasing by 83.33 % with rising A_mn. Finally, An empirical model to describe ETC in fracture structures is proposed, contributing to the understanding of fluid flow and heat transfer in fractured rocks at high temperatures and enriching the theory for mid-deep geothermal energy exploitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126287"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal transfer learning for multiphase flow prediction in the fluidized bed reactor","authors":"Xinyu Xie ,&nbsp;Yichen Hao ,&nbsp;Pu Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi An ,&nbsp;Bo Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaomo Jiang ,&nbsp;Rong Xie ,&nbsp;Haitao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data-driven deep learning has been utilized to provide fast yet accurate predictions for the multi-phase flow systems, thus significantly accelerating the downstream tasks like design and optimization. However, the performance of data-driven deep learning heavily relies on the amount of available data. In order to tackle the scenario with limited data, this paper develops a spatio-temporal transfer learning framework, named <span>TransReactorNet</span>, for predicting unsteady multi-phase flow fields in the coal-supercritical water fluidized bed reactor. Besides, this framework presents a coordinate affine transformation technique to address the issue of handling 3D unstructured flow data. Furthermore, an efficient residual modeling strategy built upon pure 3D convolutional neural networks with the direct multi-step forecasting and the channel independent strategy is developed to capture spatio-temporal multi-phase flow characteristics. Comprehensive comparison study against the competitors indicates that the <span>TransReactorNet</span> model can provide accurate and fast prediction of the unsteady multi-phase flow fields with scarce data. By leveraging knowledge transfer from the spatio-temporal data of reactors with similar operational conditions, the proposed method achieved remarkable performance metrics, attaining a peak-signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 35 dB and a structural similarity index above 0.96, while requiring only 10% of the target training data. Besides, it showcases good generalizability and low time complexity, indicated by the approximately 20<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> GPU memory consumption reduction compared to counterparts, and the nearly 1500<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> speedup compared to the numerical solver.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126247"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of hierarchical dendritic wicks in vapor chambers for high-power heat dissipation applications","authors":"Chao-Yang Chiang ,&nbsp;Po-Hsun He ,&nbsp;Heng-Chieh Chien ,&nbsp;Jui-Cheng Yu ,&nbsp;En-Chia Liu ,&nbsp;Li-Chi Chen ,&nbsp;Yu-Hsiang Chang ,&nbsp;Hung-Hsien Huang ,&nbsp;Chen-Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Chih-Pin Hung ,&nbsp;Chien-Neng Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective heat dissipation is crucial for maintaining high performance and reliability of microelectronic devices. This study examines the thermal performance of vapor chambers featuring various hierarchical dendritic wick structures. The capillary wicks, featuring different dendritic morphologies and thicknesses, are fabricated on high-strength cupronickel alloy substrates using electrodeposition and sintering processes. The optimal capillary performance value (<em>K</em>/<em>R_eff</em>) of the featured wick structure is 1.34 µm. The wick’s multiscale porous structure facilitates liquid circulation, liquid/vapor phase-change efficiency, and vapor transport capability in the vapor chamber device. The diffusion-bonded vapor chamber devices, charged with different water-filling ratios, achieve a remarkably low thermal resistance of 0.056 °C/W at a heat load of 500 W and can operate effectively under 800 W. The vapor chamber device with hierarchical dendritic wicks stands out from traditional heat dissipation devices with sintered powder, mesh, and grooved wicks regarding capillarity and thermal performance, making it highly effective for dissipating heat from concentrated sources. This study will contribute to the development of vapor chamber technology for high-power heat dissipation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126295"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia-enhanced calcium looping for carbon reduction in natural gas combined cycle plants","authors":"Yawen Zheng ,&nbsp;Song He ,&nbsp;Jianhui Liu ,&nbsp;Xuelan Zeng ,&nbsp;Bin Xu ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Guang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia co-firing and carbon capture, and storage technologies are promising alternatives for decarbonizing fossil-fueled power plants. However, ammonia co-firing is constrained by the co-firing ratio, while carbon capture technology faces challenges from high energy penalties. Thus, this study proposes a novel ammonia-driven calcium looping post-combustion capture technology for decarbonizing existing fossil fuel power plants. By utilizing the heat from the carbonation reaction of calcium looping technology to drive ammonia cracking, the system avoids inefficiencies from large temperature heat exchange during steam generation. Results show the new system achieves an efficiency penalty of 0.6 percentage points, carbon emission intensity of 18.6 kg CO₂/MWh_e, and CO₂ avoidance energy consumption of −8.1 MJ_LHV/kg CO₂, outperforming conventional systems. The system also demonstrates higher exergy efficiency (47.9 %) and lower cost of CO₂ avoided (191.1 $/t CO₂). And when the price of green ammonia decreases to 240 $/t in the future, the cost of CO₂ avoided for the new system could further drop to −28.4 $/t CO₂, presenting a substantial economic advantage over the other systems. This study provides an innovative approach for power plant decarbonization with improved efficiency and economic feasibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 126245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient thermal management of PEM fuel cells using cascaded multi-layer phase change materials: Analysis of series and parallel configurations","authors":"Mohamed Boujelbene ,&nbsp;Hakim S. Sultan Aljibori ,&nbsp;Marrwa S. Ghanim ,&nbsp;Jasim M. Mahdi ,&nbsp;Raad Z. Homod ,&nbsp;Nidhal Ben Khedher","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite their potential as a sustainable energy technology, the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in sub-freezing conditions remains a critical challenge due to the risk of ice formation and performance degradation. This study introduces a new passive thermal management technique using strategically arranged multi-layer phase change materials (PCMs) to address this challenge. A numerical model was developed to evaluate the thermal behavior across various PCM configurations, incorporating one, two, and three layers arranged both in parallel and series with distinct melting points ranging from 55 to 65 °C. The results show that multi-layer PCM configurations provide significant improvements over the single-layer baseline. The parallel three-layer arrangement extended the thermal management duration by 48.8 % compared to the single-layer system, maintaining PEMFC temperatures above 55 °C for over 12 h in an ambient at −20 °C. This configuration also demonstrated superior temperature stability, with a temperature differential of only 3 °C. The series three-layer design achieved a 39 % increase in duration but maintained the same 3 °C temperature differential. The novelty of this work lies in the systematic analysis of parallel and series PCM layer configurations, each designed for specific operating conditions. These passive solutions can effectively manage the energy demand of PEMFCs during cold startup, overcoming the limitations of conventional methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 126294"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}