Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A skin surface humidity-based discomfort index for hot–humid buildings: Threshold responses and implications for indoor environmental control","authors":"Biting Dai,&nbsp;Yingya Chen,&nbsp;Wei Ren,&nbsp;Xiaoge Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hot–humid environments are typical of buildings on tropical and subtropical islands and reefs. Under these conditions, conventional thermal comfort models based on macro-environmental parameters may show limited accuracy because they do not adequately represent the role of the skin microclimate in thermal and moisture perception. This study established representative hot–humid conditions of 28–32 °C and 70%–90% RH in a climate chamber. Local skin temperature and the relative humidity of the local skin microclimate, operationally termed skin surface humidity (SSH) in this study, were simultaneously measured at multiple body regions, together with local and overall subjective responses, to examine the relationships between physiological responses and subjective discomfort. The results showed that increasing ambient humidity promoted moisture accumulation within the local skin microclimate and altered local thermal responses. Changes in SSH were generally consistent with stronger local humidity sensation and lower humidity comfort. Further analysis showed a sigmoid relationship between the four-site mean SSH and the normalized value of the overall sweating sensation vote (OSSV). The estimated central inflection point was 81.86% SSH, and approximately 80%–85% SSH represented the estimated transition range in which OSSV changed from a gradual to a more rapid increase under the current experimental conditions. Based on this relationship, a skin humidity discomfort index (SHDI) was developed to continuously characterize moisture-related subjective responses associated with moisture accumulation in the skin microclimate. This study improves the understanding of moisture-related subjective responses under hot–humid conditions from the perspective of the skin microclimate and provides insights into coordinated temperature–humidity control and comfort assessment in buildings. The identified response range is constrained by the subjects, clothing, low air velocity, seated activity, and steady-state exposure conditions and should not be interpreted as a universal physiological threshold.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133018"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time frosting detection and deep learning-based defrosting control for air-source heat pumps with optimized discharge pressure","authors":"Youngjun Kim,&nbsp;Changho Han,&nbsp;Youngju Joo,&nbsp;Ilyong Cho,&nbsp;Yonghee Jang,&nbsp;Jeongwoo Roh,&nbsp;Yongchan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost formation in outdoor heat exchangers poses a critical challenge for air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) under frosting conditions. Conventional temperature–time (T–T) defrost control frequently results in performance degradation owing to premature or delayed defrosting. This study proposes a deep learning-based defrost control logic (DL-DCL) for ASHPs with real-time discharge pressure optimization under frosting conditions. The proposed DL-DCL simultaneously optimizes the discharge pressure in real time and predictively determines the defrosting initiation timing for maximizing the cumulative coefficient of performance (COP). DL-DCL uses a deep neural network to dynamically regulate the discharge pressure in response to instantaneous thermal loads, whereas a long short-term memory network forecasts 60 min-ahead trajectories of key thermodynamic variables. Defrosting is initiated when the predicted cumulative COP is maximized, thereby enabling proactive intervention before the frost-induced degradation becomes critical. Experimental validation of ASHPs with the DL-DCL under different operating conditions demonstrates cumulative COP improvements of 5.8%–7.5% over the T–T baseline. Adaptive model updating across successive cyclic operations reduces the indoor temperature deviation by 33.3%, thereby enhancing thermal comfort. Furthermore, its adaptive self-learning capability refines control performance over successive cycles using only built-in sensors, and its stable adaptability is verified under a stepwise time-varying indoor load. Seasonal simulations for six cities confirm cumulative COP gains of 5.5%–6.3% in cold and humid regions. DL-DCL offers a practical solution that requires no additional sensors during operation to maximize the performance and comfort of frost-prone ASHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133010"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An OpenFOAM moment method framework for investigating relaxation mechanisms of wet steam condensation in high- and low-pressure nozzles","authors":"Guojie Zhang,&nbsp;Yiding Wu,&nbsp;Qianhao Zhang,&nbsp;Yifan Yang,&nbsp;Zunlong Jin,&nbsp;Sławomir Dykas","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Against the backdrop of the global pursuit of high-efficiency energy conversion, the non-equilibrium condensation of wet steam during high-speed expansion remains a critical challenge in advanced power equipment, as it introduces additional aerodynamic losses and degrades overall performance. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of different pressure levels on this phase-change process, this study employs the method of moments (MOM) within the OpenFOAM framework to conduct a comparative investigation of the SUT D2 low-pressure nozzle and the Moore 2/M high-pressure nozzle, with a focus on nucleation behavior, thermodynamic trajectories, relaxation characteristics, mass transfer rates, and liquid mass fraction. The results indicate that in the low-pressure nozzle, steam expansion is relatively slow, resulting in a broader nucleation zone, longer thermal relaxation time, and lower latent heat release rate, which locally weakens the phase-change driving force and inhibits droplet growth and mass transfer efficiency. In contrast, under high-pressure conditions, the condensation process is highly localized, and the faster thermal relaxation signifies rapid latent heat release, sustaining a higher mass transfer rate during the droplet growth stage. By constructing a comprehensive analytical framework that couple's condensation, relaxation, mass transfer, and droplet distribution, this study systematically reveals the differentiated behavior of condensation kinetics between high- and low-pressure environments, providing a theoretical basis for targeted optimization of advanced fluid machinery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132924"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal management of a 21,700 lithium-ion battery employing Si3N4-enhanced composite phase change material coupled with dendritic fins","authors":"Jian Liu,&nbsp;Bihui Chen,&nbsp;Dahai Zeng,&nbsp;Xin Ge,&nbsp;Yiwei Zhu,&nbsp;Yanfeng Li,&nbsp;Muchao Qu,&nbsp;Junjie Yu,&nbsp;Shuaibo Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a hybrid thermal management system that integrates silicon nitride (Si₃N₄)-enhanced composite phase change material (CPCM) with a dendritic fins structure for a 21,700 cylindrical battery. A series of CPCM samples were fabricated via melt blending, where paraffin (PA) with melting points of 40, 44, and 48 °C served as the phase-change matrix, expanded graphite (EG) acted as a porous supporting skeleton, and Si₃N₄ powders were adopted as high-thermal-conductivity fillers. Material characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the uniform dispersion of Si₃N₄ on the EG surface and excellent physicochemical compatibility among the components, with only physical interactions occurring during preparation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated outstanding thermal stability of the CPCMs below 150 °C. Battery thermal management experiments were conducted under various discharge rates (1–3C) and ambient temperatures (25–45 °C). The results show that the integration of CPCM with dendritic fins significantly enhanced thermal regulation performance. Comparative tests among four control groups (CPCM only, fins only, CPCM with conventional fins, CPCM with dendritic fins) further verified the synergistic effect of Si₃N₄-enhanced CPCM and dendritic fins. The optimal configuration, utilizing CPCM with 44 °C PA (CPCM2) coupled with dendritic fins, successfully maintained the maximum battery temperature (Tₘₐₓ) below 50 °C under 35 °C/3C and 40 °C/2C conditions; under the 40 °C/3C condition, the Tₘₐₓ was maintained within the range of 49.83 ± 0.60–50.27 ± 0.76 °C. Meanwhile, the maximum temperature difference (ΔTₘₐₓ) ranged from 3.32 ± 0.37 to 3.85 ± 0.09 °C. For the extreme working condition of 45 °C/3C, CPCM3 with 48 °C PA limited Tₘₐₓ to 58.07 ± 0.30–59.03 ± 0.65 °C (below 60 °C) and restricted ΔTₘₐₓ to 1.93 ± 0.76–2.49 ± 0.30 °C. Compared with natural air cooling, the Tₘₐₓ and ΔTₘₐₓ were reduced by 24.56%–27.63% and 76.44%–79.18%, respectively. The above results demonstrate that the synergistic combination of Si₃N₄-enhanced CPCMs and dendritic fins, together with the rational selection of paraffin phase change temperature, can deliver an efficient, reliable thermal management solution for 21,700 lithium-ion batteries under harsh high-rate and high-temperature operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132978"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoacoustic instability analysis using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition for hydrogen-enriched swirl flames at elevated pressures","authors":"Hosung Byun,&nbsp;Hyungrok Do,&nbsp;Seon Woong Kim,&nbsp;Hyunseung Rhee,&nbsp;Ju Hyeong Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates thermoacoustic instability in a swirl-stabilized premixed flame burning an equimolar methane‑hydrogen fuel blend at elevated pressures up to 10 bar. High-speed flame emission images are captured simultaneously with OH^⁎ chemiluminescence and acoustic pressure measurements. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) extracts a spatiotemporal coherent flame structure at the thermoacoustic frequency, effectively eliminating quartz wall radiation and periodic electrical noise. While the flame reaction zone extends from the root to the tip, the spectrally decomposed coherent flame driving the thermoacoustic instability is concentrated within the shear layer near the flame tip. The coherent structure becomes sharper and shifts upstream with increasing pressure. A phase-resolved snapshot visualizes a heat release wave propagating axially from the flame root to the tip. The wave speed scales with the mean flow velocity, maintaining a nearly constant Strouhal number of 0.9–1.0 across all conditions. The two-microphone method (TMM) reconstructs a longitudinal acoustic pressure distribution using SPOD-resolved pressure data, revealing a standing wave resonating in the combustor. The spectral Rayleigh index is evaluated by combining the reconstructed pressure field with the spatially resolved heat release to quantify their coupling. At 3–5 bar, a strong positive sRI prevails over the entire reaction zone, representing in-phase coupling that drives thermoacoustic instability. At 7 bar, the acoustic pressure is mitigated despite the highest heat release oscillation, due to out-of-phase coupling indicated by negative sRI. At 10 bar, the integrated sRI becomes very small, yielding no significant net energy to develop the thermoacoustic instability across a wide frequency range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132810"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subcooled flow boiling of HFE-7100 in a horizontal rectangular channel over laser-textured and electrical-discharge-machined ferritic stainless steel surfaces","authors":"Marcos Conde-Fontenla,&nbsp;Concepción Paz,&nbsp;Adrián Cabarcos,&nbsp;Miguel Concheiro","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subcooled flow boiling of highly wetting dielectric fluids on engineered stainless-steel surfaces remains insufficiently documented, despite its relevance for compact two-phase thermal-management devices. HFE-7100 is investigated in a horizontal rectangular channel using seven ferritic stainless-steel heating plates: one smooth rolled surface, three electrical discharge machined (EDM) textures, and three femtosecond or nanosecond-laser-textured morphologies. It covers velocities of 0.2–0.8 m/s, pressures of 130–220 kPa, and inlet temperatures of 20–50 °C. Performance is assessed using Nusselt-number ratios relative to the smooth reference surface, i.e. Φ_Nu = Nu_textured/Nu_smooth.</div><div>Surface morphology affects heat transfer in a regime-dependent manner. In single-phase convection, the femtosecond-laser cross-patterned surface gives the highest enhancement, reaching Nusselt-number ratios (Φ_Nu) close to 1.28 at 0.8 m/s. In boiling, EDM textures provide moderate enhancement and exhibit an upper roughness limit: the moderately rough EDM surface maintains ratios of about 1.09 at high boiling intensity, whereas the roughest EDM surface underperforms. Laser-textured surfaces outperform EDM morphologies in medium and high-boiling regimes. The nanosecond-laser pit-textured surface yields the best response, with ratios above 1.2 and values exceeding 1.3 under low-subcooling conditions. Its hybrid deterministic–stochastic morphology includes ordered pits preserving liquid access and secondary roughness providing additional nucleation scales. This surface is the only one exhibiting S-shaped boiling curves, suggesting boiling-inversion-like behavior, although further investigation is required to confirm this phenomenon. A proposed Lee–Mudawar-type correlation for the smooth surface reduces the mean absolute percentage error to 5.54%. Nanosecond laser texturing is identified as a potentially scalable route for compact dielectric two-phase cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132989"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the application potentials of auto-ignition mode in an ammonia-diesel dual-fuel HCCI engine","authors":"Run Chen,&nbsp;Guangyuan Li,&nbsp;Xinran Wang,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhou,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Kobayashi,&nbsp;Katsuyoshi Asaka,&nbsp;Tie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given ammonia's low chemical reactivity and high resistance to ignition, strategies to enhance global mixture reactivity hold promise for improving ammonia combustion performance and reducing emissions. This study explores a novel approach where ammonia and diesel are premixed during the early intake stroke and undergo auto-ignition near top dead center (TDC), marking the first systematic experimental investigation of ammonia-diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion on a 4-cylinder engine test bench. The results demonstrate that in ammonia-diesel HCCI mode, combustion stability governs the achievable ammonia energy ratio limit, while in-cylinder pressure rise rate defines the engine load boundary. A significant limit of ammonia energy ratio at mid-to-high engine loads was found, probably characterized by the reactivity balance of ammonia and diesel. At higher engine loads, substantial energy release occurs well before TDC, elevating combustion temperatures. This effectively suppresses unburned NH₃ and N₂O emissions but simultaneously increases heat loss, NO_x emissions, and pressure rise rates. Increasing ammonia fraction reduces global chemical reactivity, thereby delaying low-temperature reactions. Thermal efficiency improves with ammonia addition owing to reduced heat transfer losses. When ammonia exceeds 50% of the energy share, the low-temperature reaction (LTR) diminishes significantly, becoming negligible and eliminating the characteristic two-stage heat release pattern. In addition, a pronounced negative temperature coefficient (NTC) effect is observed at ammonia energy ratios of 20% and 30%. Emissions analysis reveals a strong proportional correlation between unburned NH₃ and N₂O. Optimizing NO_x-N₂O trade-offs requires precise control of engine load while maintaining an intermediate level of ammonia energy share. At around 50% ammonia substitution, the thermal efficiency of ammonia–diesel dual-fuel HCCI combustion becomes comparable to, or may even exceed, that of conventional dual-fuel compression ignition (CI) modes. This study reveals favorable thermal efficiency at 1000 rpm over an ammonia energy ratio range of 40% ∼ 60%, corresponding to an engine load of approximately 35% ∼ 60%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 133007"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of wall-injection cooling for hypersonic vehicles","authors":"Nian-Duo Song,&nbsp;Xin-Lin Xia,&nbsp;Qin-Yang Wang,&nbsp;Chuang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve wall-injection heat reduction for hypersonic vehicles under limited coolant resources, a source-term-coupled numerical model was established for Mach 10 and 30 km flight conditions. Based on this model, the heat-reduction performances of CO₂, air, and He, the effects of regional mass-flow redistribution, and the response-surface-based optimization characteristics under a fixed total mass-flow-rate constraint were systematically investigated. The results show that coolant type has a significant influence on thermal protection performance, with He consistently providing the strongest suppression of wall temperature and wall heat flux over all surface regions, followed by air and CO₂. Compared with the fuselage-enhanced scheme, the nose-enhanced scheme yields higher temperature- and heat-flux-reduction benefits per unit increase in coolant mass flow rate, indicating that prioritizing coolant supply to high-heat-load regions is more effective for improving coolant utilization. Although simultaneous enhancement over all regions can further reduce the absolute wall temperature and heat flux, it does not necessarily lead to the highest normalized cooling efficiency. Response surface optimization further shows that the optimal points of the area-weighted average temperature and average heat flux do not fully coincide, but exhibit the same allocation trend, namely increasing the injection intensity in key regions while reducing that in less sensitive regions. The optimized minimum area-weighted average temperature and average heat flux are approximately 611.42 K and 16.09 kW·m⁻², respectively. These results guide coolant selection and zonal flow-allocation design in active thermal protection systems under severe aerodynamic heating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132835"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical comparative analysis of multi-channel layout parameters and their effects on printed circuit heat exchanger performance","authors":"Ping Yuan,&nbsp;Huitong Zhou,&nbsp;Jing sun,&nbsp;Xuanang Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanxun Ding,&nbsp;Xuan Wang,&nbsp;Lingfeng Shi,&nbsp;Hua Tian,&nbsp;Gequn Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CO₂ power cycle has attracted attention in nuclear and solar power generation owing to its high thermal efficiency. Printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) has become the preferred regenerator in such systems due to their superior compact structure and high pressure resistance. To enhance PCHE performance, existing studies have primarily focused on optimizing individual microchannel geometries. However, plate multi-channel layouts significantly affect PCHE performance, while related research remains limited. To address this gap, numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of plate multi-channel layouts on PCHE performance. Particular attention is given to the influences of channel bend numbers (CS) and intermediate gaps (CG) on heat transfer performance, flow performance, compactness, and thermal stress. Furthermore, it elucidates the performance differences among all channels within the plate. Based on existing single-path plate (OS1), optimized multi-channel layout design schemes are developed, including two-paths (OS2 and OS3) and four-paths (OS4) plates. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation criterion <em>P</em>_<em>N</em> was established to compare the overall performance of different layouts. The results indicate that increasing CG has a negligible effect on heat transfer performance but progressively deteriorates flow performance. As CS increases, both heat transfer and compactness performance are enhanced, whereas flow performance deteriorates, accompanied by a gradual reduction in maximum thermal stress. Among the all multi-channel layouts, the highest <em>P</em>_<em>N</em> was obtained for OS4, indicating that it has the best overall performance. Compared with OS1, OS4 increased the <em>P</em>_<em>N</em> by 3.01 kW. This study provides theoretical guidance for the design of high performance PCHE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132959"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148855644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-criteria-based selection of working-pairs for liquid-sorption thermochemical energy storage systems","authors":"Tina Azmoodeh,&nbsp;Víctor Collar-Serradilla,&nbsp;Ricardo Silva,&nbsp;Kashif Mushtaq,&nbsp;Rebeca Salgado-Pizarro,&nbsp;Camila Barreneche,&nbsp;Rubén Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a systematic multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework for the selection of optimal working-pairs for liquid-sorption thermochemical energy storage (TCES) applications. An initial set of candidates was identified and subjected to a preliminary screening process based on fundamental technical and safety constraints, resulting in 5 feasible candidates for detailed evaluation. Eight criteria indicating the performance, cost, and sustainability aspects were defined to capture the key factors governing the applicability of the working-pairs. To ensure a robust and balanced evaluation, criteria weights were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), while four widely used MCDM techniques (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Viekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR), Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE II), and Combinative Distance-based Assessment (CODAS)) were employed to rank the candidates. The analysis was conducted under 8 different scenarios reflecting varying priorities among performance, economic, and sustainability aspects. Furthermore, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the influence of variations in criteria values and weighting factors on the final ranking results. The analysis demonstrated the stability of the proposed framework and highlighted the relative importance of key criteria in determining the optimal working pair for liquid-sorption TCES systems. The findings indicate that LiCl emerges as the superior candidate when evaluated against performance criteria, CaCl₂ is identified as the most sustainable and economically viable candidate for applications necessitating low regeneration temperatures, and KOH and NaOH are deemed appropriate for large-scale system implementations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 132862"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}