Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Mode-dependent reconfiguration of exergy destruction and optimization of an air-source heat pump with a liquid-storage gas-liquid separator","authors":"Longxia Ma ,&nbsp;Fenghao Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Wang ,&nbsp;Jinghua Jiang ,&nbsp;Qing Xia ,&nbsp;Yongjun Sun ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihua Wang ,&nbsp;Mengjie Song","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost formation significantly degrades the performance of air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) in cold climates. A previous study on a novel ASHP incorporating a liquid-storage gas-liquid separator (Ls-Gls) demonstrated effective frost suppression based on first-law analysis. However, second-law aspects-particularly the reorganization of irreversibility across operational modes-remain insufficiently understood. To address this gap, this study proposes a coupled exergy-pinch analysis framework for both heating and defrosting modes. The results reveal a clear mode-dependent reconfiguration of dominant exergy destruction sources: despite increased compressor work, total system exergy destruction during defrosting is 7.9% lower than during heating,mainly due to a reduced pressure ratio that suppresses compressor-related irreversibility while heat-transfer losses intensify in the outdoor heat exchanger under the fixed 0 °C frost-layer constraint. Pinch analysis further quantifies the spatial shift of dominant irreversibility from the evaporator outlet during heating to the frost-layer interface during defrosting. Compressor isentropic efficiency is identified as the most influential parameter governing overall exergy performance. More importantly, a mode-specific optimization principle is established: an optimal internal heat-transfer temperature difference of 5 K is identified for the Ls-Gls in heating mode, while defrosting performance is primarily governed by the energy grade of the stored refrigerant. Collectively, these findings establish mode-specific principles to guide strategic optimization. This study shifts the optimization paradigm from component-based to mode-aware system design, providing a foundational guideline for next-generation adaptive ASHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130458"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced-order model for predicting flow distribution in plate heat exchangers with novel header designs","authors":"Mohammed Mizanur Rahman,&nbsp;André Bénard","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flow maldistribution in plate heat exchangers (PHEs) can significantly reduce thermal effectiveness and increase pressure losses. Optimizing the header shape has been shown to improve flow uniformity, motivating the development of predictive tools that enable header-shape optimization without reliance on computationally expensive CFD simulations. While prior analytical models have typically focused on individual header geometries, a unified mathematical framework applicable to multiple header configurations is still lacking. To address this gap, the present study introduces a unified reduced-order modeling framework for predicting flow distribution and pressure drop in U-type PHEs with non-uniform headers, including tapered, parabolic (concave and convex), and hyperbolic geometries. The mathematical formulation is based on a generalized one-dimensional nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equation derived from mass and momentum conservation, in which geometry-specific effects are incorporated through a header-area variation function. The numerical implementation is validated against analytical solutions, experimental data, and a discrete theoretical model. Parametric analysis reveals that the performance of different header configurations is strongly influenced by heat exchanger size and channel flow resistance: tapered and concave-parabolic headers can improve flow uniformity in small-scale systems over specific flow resistance regimes, whereas hyperbolic headers provide the most consistent improvement in large-scale systems at higher taper ratios. In contrast, parabolic convex headers typically deteriorate flow uniformity. The proposed framework provides a versatile and computationally efficient tool for predicting and optimizing flow distribution through header-geometry design, ultimately enhancing the performance, reliability, and thermal efficiency of PHEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130003"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring trapped air bubbles in ice slices using image labeling","authors":"Mohammadreza Valizadeh ,&nbsp;Keke Shao ,&nbsp;Seyyed Hossein Hosseini ,&nbsp;Mengjie Song","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice formation is often associated with the presence of air bubbles of various sizes and distributions. These bubbles significantly affect the optical transparency, thermal conductivity, and physical properties of ice. The present study records the features of the trapped bubbles using camera imaging in a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell at different freezing temperatures. A robust framework for image processing is proposed for the automatic detection and quantitative analysis of entrapped air bubbles in ice samples at −15 °C to −35 °C. The algorithm obtains a mean accuracy of 94.6% in bubble detection, consistently performing well across a wide range of bubble sizes and challenging imaging conditions. In addition, compared to the deep learning approach, which obtains a mean detection accuracy of 80% but struggles with small or overlapping bubbles, the proposed method yields more reliable and precise detection. Temporal and spatial analyses show that lower freezing temperatures significantly increase the nucleation rate of the bubbles, as well as morphological parameters such as length, width, and aspect ratio, which are consistent with conventional manual techniques. These findings offer new insights into the formation of ice microstructure and highlight its importance for industrial freezing processes, where controlled air entrapment highly affects key product quality characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129764"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of injection timing and EGR on the combustion characteristics and emission behavior of DI diesel engines fueled with renewable alcohol based oxygenated blends","authors":"K. Santhosh ,&nbsp;Jayashish Kumar Pandey ,&nbsp;B.E. Naveena ,&nbsp;H.M. Shankara Murthy ,&nbsp;B.M. Praveenkumara ,&nbsp;R. Thirumaleswara Naik ,&nbsp;N.R. Banapurmath ,&nbsp;Solomon Jenoris Muthiya","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing carbon emissions from diesel engines has increased interest in oxygenated biofuels that offer cleaner combustion without engine modifications. Among higher alcohols, n-pentanol offers a promising combination of high oxygen content, renewable origin, and favorable combustion properties. This study experimentally demonstrates an additive-free strategy for operating a 40% n-pentanol/diesel blend (D60P40) in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine through the synergistic integration of advanced injection timing (15° BTDC) and exhaust gas recirculation (10% and 20%) across 20–80% engine loads. Advancing injection timing to 15° BTDC improved combustion, with an 8.85% increase in peak cylinder pressure and 15.19% higher heat release rate compared to diesel. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of D60P40 at this timing was only 2.36% lower than diesel, while retarded timing (9° BTDC) reduced BTE by 15.7%. EGR at 20% reduced NOx by 15.15%, but increased HC and CO due to thermal quenching. However, the inherent oxygen in pentanol helped limit these increases. The synergy of advanced injection timing with moderate EGR resolved the NOx–CO/HC trade-off, maintaining combustion efficiency while reducing emissions. These findings demonstrate a viable, retrofitting-free pathway for diesel engine decarbonization using oxygenated fuel blends, supporting global efforts toward cleaner and sustainable transport energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130023"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized control strategy for transcritical CO2 heat pump systems under wide temperature conditions","authors":"Guangman Li ,&nbsp;Yabin Guo ,&nbsp;Dingbiao Wang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Liu ,&nbsp;Guanghui Wang ,&nbsp;Yuduo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcritical CO₂ heat pumps (TCHPs) are regarded as an efficient and low-carbon solution for heating and hot water supply; however, their performance is highly dependent on appropriate control strategies under wide variations in ambient and water temperatures. In this study, a numerical investigation of a TCHP system operating under the original control strategy was first conducted for ambient temperatures ranging from −25 °C to 35 °C and outlet water temperatures from 30 °C to 70 °C. Based on the analysis, an optimal discharge pressure library control strategy considering segmented outlet water temperatures and multiple practical constraints (OPL-SWMC) is proposed. By optimizing the water tank configuration, the control strategies for cyclic and direct heating modes are unified, which simplifies system operation and control implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed OPL-SWMC strategy is further evaluated through a comparative study between fuzzy PID and conventional PID controllers. The results indicate that the OPL-SWMC strategy achieves a maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.15, representing a 22.0% improvement compared with the original cyclic heating mode. In addition, the fuzzy PID controller significantly shortens the settling time of the discharge pressure to its optimal setpoint. Compared with the conventional PID controller, the settling time is reduced by 31.0%, 22.3%, and 30.2% at ambient temperatures of −25 °C, 15 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. Overall, the proposed OPL-SWMC strategy demonstrates robust operational stability and improved dynamic performance, providing a practical and effective control solution for TCHP systems operating under wide temperature conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130040"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of reduced gravity on liquid helium pool boiling heat transfer","authors":"Simon Bagnis ,&nbsp;Bertrand Baudouy ,&nbsp;Steffen Krämer ,&nbsp;Clément Lorin ,&nbsp;Hugo Reymond","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through a series of experimental sessions, we have characterized pool boiling heat transfer in liquid helium (LHe) around saturation (4.2 K) under reduced gravity conditions ranging from 0.02g to 1g using magnetic forces. The magnetic forces were generated using a 30 T resistive magnet. First, the experimental results confirm and strengthen previous measurements regarding the critical heat flux dependency with respect to reduced gravity. Secondly and more importantly, they provide Nukiyama’s curves for liquid helium at 4.2 K and 1 bar at various reduced gravity levels (<span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span>0.02g, <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span>0.25g, <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span>0.5g, 1g). Measurements of both nucleate and film boiling regimes are studied and compared with considerations of their theoretically predicted gravity-dependent evolution. The measurements do not show significant degradation of the heat transfer coefficient under reduced gravity only the critical heat flux seems to be drastically impacted by the gravity level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129910"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoelectric generators for harvesting medium-temperature geothermal anomalies: printed vs bulk devices","authors":"Muhammad Irfan Khan ,&nbsp;Leonard Franke ,&nbsp;Andres Georg Rösch ,&nbsp;Zirui Wang ,&nbsp;Md. Mofasser Mallick ,&nbsp;Patricia Alegría ,&nbsp;Nerea Pascual ,&nbsp;David Astrain ,&nbsp;Uli Lemmer","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have gained significant attention for directly converting geothermal energy into electricity. Due to the considerable variations in heat-source and sink geometries and boundary conditions, the design of TEGs should offer flexibility to fulfill the specific constraints. Printing technologies, such as screen printing or 3D printing, offer versatile, cost-effective manufacturing approaches for TEGs, enabling scalability and shape conformability. In this work, we present a comparative performance optimization of both printed TEGs and bulk-material-based TEGs for medium-temperature geothermal anomalies at T ∼ 170 °C. The proposed system for geothermal energy harvesting consists of a two-phase thermosyphon serving as the hot-side heat exchanger, TEGs, and an efficient heat sink based on heat pipes. We investigate the performance of both types of TEGs attached to the exterior of the thermosyphon for three heights (h = 100, 200, and 500 mm). For both bulk and printed TEGs, thermal and electrical impedance optimizations are achieved by adjusting the TEG fill factor, leg dimensions, and the cross-sectional areas of the n-type and p-type legs. Under the given boundary conditions, the higher power density at lower cost occurs at a TEG height of 100 mm for both bulk and printed-TEG devices. And in all three cases, at a higher fill factor (<em>F</em> ∼ 0.9), printed TEGs showed comparable power densities to bulk TEGs at lower cost. As <em>F</em> decreases, the printed TEGs' power densities drop more rapidly than those of their bulk counterparts. Despite lower performance at lower fill factors, printed TEGs remain promising, with lower cost per watt (€/W) thanks to lower TE material consumption and lower manufacturing cost. Lastly, the projection of the levelized cost of electricity LCOE (€/kWh) and the economic analysis for both approaches conclude our work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130125"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimentation and optimization of a novel PCM-based thermal storage-cum-exchanger using steel wire mesh","authors":"Vinay Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Pradyumna Ghosh,&nbsp;Jahar Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change material (PCM)-based heat exchanger employing metal foam inside is promising for thermal energy storage and transfer applications; however, it incurs a very high cost. To mitigate this issue, metal wire mesh is a promising, cost-effective alternative, but it has not yet been studied. Hence, a novel PCM-based heat exchanger featuring steel wire mesh is developed for the first time and experimentally investigated for simultaneous charging–discharging. Three configurations: pure PCM, PCM with steel mesh, and PCM with both fins and steel mesh have been tested and the outcomes demonstrated that the combined steel mesh–fin configuration exhibited superior thermal performance, achieving highest energy storage and output, with respective improvements of 46% and 100% over steel mesh with PCM configuration and 85% and 163% relative to pure PCM case at mean operating scenario. Parametric analysis of the steel mesh-fin-PCM case further revealed that increasing the charging fluid temperature from 383 K to 403 K at a 2 LPM flow rate markedly enhanced energy storage and output by approximately 44.3% and 49%, respectively. In contrast, a rise in discharging fluid temperature from 313 K to 333 K produced a modest 27.3% increase in stored energy but a 27.5% reduction in output. Response Surface Methodology is employed to determine the optimal operating scenario. Overall, the suggested configuration demonstrates promising potential for solar-assisted thermal energy storage applications, subject to further system-level life cycle analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130100"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impingement cooling by high-speed air-jet arrays for the green quenching of turbine disc","authors":"Yahao Chen ,&nbsp;Shengyu Liu ,&nbsp;Renyou Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingqi Hou ,&nbsp;Jiaying Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhibiao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Kailun Zheng ,&nbsp;Lei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quenching of extremely high-temperature components (above 1100 °C) with complex geometries, such as aerospace turbine discs, remains a critical challenge for green and controllable manufacturing. Conventional immersion quenching using water or oil often leads to non-uniform cooling, excessive thermal stresses, and high consumption of cooling media, which limits component quality and environmental sustainability. In this study, high-speed air jet impingement with jet velocities up to 150 m/s is investigated as a green quenching strategy for turbine discs subjected to extreme thermal conditions. Both experimental measurements and transient conjugate heat transfer simulations are employed to analyze the cooling behavior of a steel disc initially heated to above 1100 °C. Particular attention is paid to the strong spatial non-uniformity between the rim (outer annular region) and the bore (central hole), which represents a critical cooling bottleneck in thick discs with internal cavities. The results show that high-speed air jet quenching can achieve rapid and stable cooling, achieving maximum cooling rate of 516 °C /min even for the bore region during phase transformation, greatly exceeding the critical cooling rate 200 °C/min under optimized jet configurations. A sensitivity analysis further reveals that temperature-dependent air density plays a dominant role in determining the transient cooling intensity under extreme thermal conditions. The present work demonstrates that high-speed air jet impingement provides a viable and environmentally friendly alternative for quenching extremely high-temperature components with complex geometries, offering a promising pathway toward green, controllable, and scalable quenching processes in advanced manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130385"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time preparation of dry water for advanced suppression of Lithium-ion battery fires","authors":"Xiutao Li ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Kang Du ,&nbsp;Haoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaoyu Jin ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway (TR) and its propagation in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) pose severe challenges for thermal safety management, demanding effective cooling and rapid fire suppression. While water is widely used for its cooling capacity, its application in LIB fires is limited by electrical conductivity and inefficient use. This study introduces an on-site, real-time preparation method for dry water (DW)—a powder comprising water droplets encapsulated by hydrophobic silica—using an external-mixing nozzle. The thermal behavior, including endothermic enthalpy and evaporation kinetics, was systematically investigated under varying SiO₂-to-liquid ratios. Results demonstrate that DW exhibits high latent heat (up to 2010.2 kJ·kg⁻¹) and enhanced evaporation rates due to its fine particulate morphology, leading to improved heat absorption before TR initiation. Activation energies for water evaporation in DW were found to be lower than in bulk water, confirming faster thermal response. In battery module tests, DW rapidly suppressed TR propagation and sustained cooling with minimal agent loss, outperforming conventional water mist. The hydrophobic silica shell also ensured electrical insulation, with breakdown voltages exceeding operational levels of commercial LIB systems. Furthermore, silica could be recycled for multiple preparation cycles, though particle uniformity decreased with reuse. This work presents a scalable, efficient approach to on-demand DW production, emphasizing its superior thermal performance and practical potential for LIB safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130186"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}