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Annual review of physiology最新文献

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AMPK and the Adaptation to Exercise. AMPK与运动适应。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-095517
Hannah R Spaulding, Zhen Yan
{"title":"AMPK and the Adaptation to Exercise.","authors":"Hannah R Spaulding,&nbsp;Zhen Yan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-095517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-095517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noncommunicable diseases are chronic diseases that contribute to death worldwide, but these diseases can be prevented and mitigated with regular exercise. Exercise activates signaling molecules and the transcriptional network to promote physiological adaptations, such as fiber type transformation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator that senses the energy state, promotes metabolism for glucose and fatty acid utilization, and mediates beneficial cellular adaptations in many vital tissues and organs. This review focuses on the current, integrative understanding of the role of exercise-induced activation of AMPK in the regulation of system metabolism and promotion of health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8919726/pdf/nihms-1785132.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10743690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 34
Under the Radar: Strategies Used by Helicobacter pylori to Evade Host Responses. 在雷达下:幽门螺杆菌用来逃避宿主反应的策略。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930
Akriti Prashar, Mariana I Capurro, Nicola L Jones
{"title":"Under the Radar: Strategies Used by <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> to Evade Host Responses.","authors":"Akriti Prashar,&nbsp;Mariana I Capurro,&nbsp;Nicola L Jones","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The body depends on its physical barriers and innate and adaptive immune responses to defend against the constant assault of potentially harmful microbes. In turn, successful pathogens have evolved unique mechanisms to adapt to the host environment and manipulate host defenses. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>Hp</i>), a human gastric pathogen that is acquired in childhood and persists throughout life, is an example of a bacterium that is very successful at remodeling the host-pathogen interface to promote a long-term persistent infection. Using a combination of secreted virulence factors, immune subversion, and manipulation of cellular mechanisms, <i>Hp</i> can colonize and persist in the hostile environment of the human stomach. Here, we review the most recent and relevant information regarding how this successful pathogen overcomes gastric epithelial host defense responses to facilitate its own survival and establish a chronic infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39539277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Adrenergic Regulation of Calcium Channels in the Heart. 肾上腺素能调节心脏中的钙通道
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041653
Arianne Papa, Jared Kushner, Steven O Marx
{"title":"Adrenergic Regulation of Calcium Channels in the Heart.","authors":"Arianne Papa, Jared Kushner, Steven O Marx","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041653","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Each heartbeat is initiated by the action potential, an electrical signal that depolarizes the plasma membrane and activates a cycle of calcium influx via voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium release via ryanodine receptors, and calcium reuptake and efflux via calcium-ATPase pumps and sodium-calcium exchangers. Agonists of the sympathetic nervous system bind to adrenergic receptors in cardiomyocytes, which, via cascading signal transduction pathways and protein kinase A (PKA), increase the heart rate (chronotropy), the strength of myocardial contraction (inotropy), and the rate of myocardial relaxation (lusitropy). These effects correlate with increased intracellular concentration of calcium, which is required for the augmentation of cardiomyocyte contraction. Despite extensive investigations, the molecular mechanisms underlying sympathetic nervous system regulation of calcium influx in cardiomyocytes have remained elusive over the last 40 years. Recent studies have uncovered the mechanisms underlying this fundamental biologic process, namely that PKA phosphorylates a calcium channel inhibitor, Rad, thereby releasing inhibition and increasing calcium influx. Here, we describe an updated model for how signals from adrenergic agonists are transduced to stimulate calcium influx and contractility in the heart.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573788/pdf/nihms-1841880.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39603333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Somatic Mosaicism in Biology and Disease. 生物学与疾病中的躯体Mosaiism。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-040048
Hayato Ogawa, Keita Horitani, Yasuhiro Izumiya, Soichi Sano
{"title":"Somatic Mosaicism in Biology and Disease.","authors":"Hayato Ogawa,&nbsp;Keita Horitani,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Izumiya,&nbsp;Soichi Sano","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-040048","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-040048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contrary to earlier beliefs, every cell in the individual is genetically different due to somatic mutations. Consequently, tissues become a mixture of cells with distinct genomes, a phenomenon termed somatic mosaicism. Recent advances in genome sequencing technology have unveiled possible causes of mutations and how they shape the unique mutational landscape of the tissues. Moreover, the analysis of sequencing data in combination with clinical information has revealed the impacts of somatic mosaicism on disease processes. In this review, we discuss somatic mosaicism in various tissues and its clinical implications for human disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10552082/pdf/nihms-1881505.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39509274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
β-Adrenergic Receptors and Adipose Tissue Metabolism: Evolution of an Old Story. β-肾上腺素能受体和脂肪组织代谢:一个古老故事的进化。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092939
Sheila Collins
{"title":"β-Adrenergic Receptors and Adipose Tissue Metabolism: Evolution of an Old Story.","authors":"Sheila Collins","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) in adipose tissue to promote lipolysis and the release of fatty acids and nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat has been studied for so many decades that one would think there is nothing left to discover. With the rediscovery of brown fat in humans and renewed interest in UCP1 and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, it seems that a review of adipose tissue as an organ, pivotal observations, and the investigators who made them would be instructive to understanding where the field stands now. The discovery of the β<sub>3</sub>-adrenergic receptor was important for accurately defining the pharmacology of the adipocyte, while the clinical targeting of this receptor for obesity and metabolic disease has had its highs and lows. Many questions still remain about how βARs regulate adipocyte metabolism and the signaling molecules through which they do it.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39611414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Sour Taste. 酸味的细胞和分子基础。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041637
Heather N Turner, Emily R Liman
{"title":"The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Sour Taste.","authors":"Heather N Turner,&nbsp;Emily R Liman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sour taste, the taste of acids, is one of the most enigmatic of the five basic taste qualities; its function is unclear and its receptor was until recently unknown. Sour tastes are transduced in taste buds on the tongue and palate epithelium by a subset of taste receptor cells, known as type III cells. Type III cells express a number of unique markers, which allow for their identification and manipulation. These cells respond to acid stimuli with action potentials and release neurotransmitters onto afferent nerve fibers, with cell bodies in geniculate and petrosal ganglia. Here, we review classical studies of sour taste leading up to the identification of the sour receptor as the proton channel OTOP1.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10191257/pdf/nihms-1886150.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9480165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
How Many Cell Types Are in the Kidney and What Do They Do? 肾脏中有多少种细胞类型？
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-121841
Michael S Balzer, Tibor Rohacs, Katalin Susztak
{"title":"How Many Cell Types Are in the Kidney and What Do They Do?","authors":"Michael S Balzer, Tibor Rohacs, Katalin Susztak","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-121841","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-121841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The kidney maintains electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance, eliminates foreign and waste compounds, regulates blood pressure, and secretes hormones. There are at least 16 different highly specialized epithelial cell types in the mammalian kidney. The number of specialized endothelial cells, immune cells, and interstitial cell types might even be larger. The concerted interplay between different cell types is critical for kidney function. Traditionally, cells were defined by their function or microscopical morphological appearance. With the advent of new single-cell modalities such as transcriptomics, epigenetics, metabolomics, and proteomics we are entering into a new era of cell type definition. This new technological revolution provides new opportunities to classify cells in the kidney and understand their functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9233501/pdf/nihms-1817608.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39928908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mitochondrial H+ Leak and Thermogenesis. 线粒体H+泄漏与产热。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034405
Ambre M Bertholet, Yuriy Kirichok
{"title":"Mitochondrial H<sup>+</sup> Leak and Thermogenesis.","authors":"Ambre M Bertholet,&nbsp;Yuriy Kirichok","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondria of all tissues convert various metabolic substrates into two forms of energy: ATP and heat. Historically, the primary focus of research in mitochondrial bioenergetics was on the mechanisms of ATP production, while mitochondrial thermogenesis received significantly less attention. Nevertheless, mitochondrial heat production is crucial for the maintenance of body temperature, regulation of the pace of metabolism, and prevention of oxidative damage to mitochondria and the cell. In addition, mitochondrial thermogenesis has gained significance as a pharmacological target for treating metabolic disorders. Mitochondria produce heat as the result of H<sup>+</sup> leak across their inner membrane. This review provides a critical assessment of the current field of mitochondrial H<sup>+</sup> leak and thermogenesis, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in the function and regulation of uncoupling protein 1 and the ADP/ATP carrier, the two proteins that mediate mitochondrial H<sup>+</sup> leak.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8976115/pdf/nihms-1789380.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10690724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Adipose Tissue Fibrosis in Obesity: Etiology and Challenges. 肥胖的脂肪组织纤维化:病因学和挑战。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092930
Geneviève Marcelin, Emmanuel L Gautier, Karine Clément
{"title":"Adipose Tissue Fibrosis in Obesity: Etiology and Challenges.","authors":"Geneviève Marcelin,&nbsp;Emmanuel L Gautier,&nbsp;Karine Clément","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is a chronic and progressive process affecting whole-body energy balance and is associated with comorbidity development. In addition to increased fat mass, obesity induces white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and fibrosis, leading to local and systemic metabolic dysfunctions, such as insulin resistance (IR). Accordingly, limiting inflammation or fibrosis deposition may improve IR and glucose homeostasis. Although no targeted therapy yet exists to slow or reverse adipose tissue fibrosis, a number of findings have clarified the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. In this review, we highlight adipose tissue remodeling events shown to be associated with fibrosis deposition, with a focus on adipose progenitors involved in obesity-induced healthy as well as unhealthy WAT expansion.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39603331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 36
Temperature Sensation: From Molecular Thermosensors to Neural Circuits and Coding Principles. 温度感觉:从分子热传感器到神经回路和编码原理。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2021-02-10 Epub Date: 2020-10-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-031220-095215
Rui Xiao, X Z Shawn Xu
{"title":"Temperature Sensation: From Molecular Thermosensors to Neural Circuits and Coding Principles.","authors":"Rui Xiao,&nbsp;X Z Shawn Xu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-031220-095215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-031220-095215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Temperature is a universal cue and regulates many essential processes ranging from enzymatic reactions to species migration. Due to the profound impact of temperature on physiology and behavior, animals and humans have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to detect temperature changes. Studies from animal models, such as mouse, <i>Drosophila</i>, and <i>C. elegans</i>, have revealed many exciting principles of thermosensation. For example, conserved molecular thermosensors, including thermosensitive channels and receptors, act as the initial detectors of temperature changes across taxa. Additionally, thermosensory neurons and circuits in different species appear to adopt similar logic to transduce and process temperature information. Here, we present the current understanding of thermosensation at the molecular and cellular levels. We also discuss the fundamental coding strategies of thermosensation at the circuit level. A thorough understanding of thermosensation not only provides key insights into sensory biology but also builds a foundation for developing better treatments for various sensory disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-physiol-031220-095215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38616885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
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