Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS最新文献_第5页

'Discovery' as a site for the collective construction of scientific knowledge “发现”作为科学知识集体建构的场所

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.175

K. Caneva

{"title":"'Discovery' as a site for the collective construction of scientific knowledge","authors":"K. Caneva","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.175","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Hans Christian OOrsted and Thomas Johann Seebeck are recognized as the discoverers of electromagnetism and thermoelectricity. Yet what each man believed he had discovered differed markedly from what many contemporaries saw in those discoveries and from subsequent canonized representations of them. The central historical concern of this paper is to track the details of how scientists9 understanding of what was discovered in these two cases, as embodied in their preferred language, evolved over time in response to different interests, conceptual preferences, and ontological beliefs. The very concept of discovery, in accordance with which scientists bestow recognition only on someone who has discovered something held to be true of the world, plays an important role in the process of consensus formation by the interacting collectivity of scientists. In its historiographical assessment of such episodes, this study builds upon Thomas Kuhn9s recognition that ““discovering a new sort of phenomena is necessarily a complex process which includes recognizing both that something is and what it is””; upon augustine Brannigan9s analysis of the social construction of discovery accounts, whereby ““the attribution of discovery is structured……by the perception that the achievement is coherent with existing knowledge in the field””; and upon Ludwik Fleck9s analysis of the creative role of an interacting ““thought collective”” in the ““genesis and development of a scientific fact.””","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"175-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

After the famine: Plant pathology, Phytophthora infestans, and the late blight of potatoes, 1845––1960 饥荒后:植物病理学，疫霉，马铃薯晚疫病，1845 - 1960

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.341

R. Turner

{"title":"After the famine: Plant pathology, Phytophthora infestans, and the late blight of potatoes, 1845––1960","authors":"R. Turner","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.341","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The late blight disease of potatoes, which triggered the great Irish famine of 1845-1849, remains one of the most feared and intractable plant diseases today. Decades of dispute about the cause of the disease followed the outbreak of 1845, and the scientifi c controversy illustrates the uneasy historical relationship among farmers, scientifi c agronomists, and plant pathologists. Consensus fi nally emerged that the fungus Phytophthora infestans was the true cause of the disease, but that organism9s full life cycle remained obscure. Its sexual oospores could not be readily obtained by mycologists, despite sporadic reports that had been observed. The 20th century opened with great optimism that resistant varieties could be developed using dominant R-genes obtainable from some wild species, and this optimism led to a proliferation of public breeding programs between 1925 and 1935. But these hopes had foundered by the early 1950s with the inexplicable appearance of new fungal races that could overwhelm the most blight-resistant germplasm. The Rockefeller Foundation9s postwar agricultural initiative in Mexico led during the 1950s to dramatic and unexpected solutions to some of the late blight puzzles. But even then the fungus remained obscure, and effective, non-chemical control methods have never been forthcoming. This article examines the historical frustrations of late-blight science and advances that history as a case study illustrating the rise and fall of an ““heroic age”” of resistance breeding and plant pathology in the first half of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"341-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2005.35.2.341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67157125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 55

Neutron physics in the early 1930s 20世纪30年代早期的中子物理学

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/hsps.2005.35.2.293

A. Gregorio

{"title":"Neutron physics in the early 1930s","authors":"A. Gregorio","doi":"10.1525/hsps.2005.35.2.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2005.35.2.293","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Dawning neutron physics was more complex than one might expect. The chance that the neutron comprised a proton and an electron was diffusely taken into account after the discovery of the neutron. Moreover, uncertainties persisted about the composition of beryllium radiation until it was realized that the latter comprised both neutrons and γγ-rays. The interaction of neutrons with matter and nuclei was soon investigated. Both a spatial symmetry, a symmetry of charge, and a symmetry in the nuclear reactions soon emerged. The relation of negative ββ-decay to the neutron abundance in nuclei was moreover reviewed. Positive ββ-radioactivity induced by αα-particles was eventually announced, having been foreseen some weeks before. Accelerated deutons and protons shortly afterwards revealed to be efficient in inducing radioactivity. The physics institute in Rome got ready to start research on neutrons, but apparently it only planned to go through αα-induced radioactivity, at first. If so, it is then plausible that some new results achieved by foreign laboratories eventually bent Fermi to neutrons. Fermi9s discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity is reviewed with regard to investigations then current, once more showing simplicity as a distinctive trait of Fermi9s way of doing physics.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"293-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/hsps.2005.35.2.293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67157045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The emergence of the principle of symmetry in physics 物理学中对称原理的出现

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.35

Shaul Katzir

{"title":"The emergence of the principle of symmetry in physics","authors":"Shaul Katzir","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.35","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: In 1894 Pierre Curie formulated rules for relations between physical phenomena and their symmetry. The symmetry concept originated in the geometrical study of crystals, which it served as a well-defined concept from the 1830s. Its extension as a rule for all physics was a gradual and slow process in which applications, though often partial, preceded the formulation and clear conceptualization of the rules. Two traditions that involved ““interdisciplinary”” study were prominent in applying consideration of symmetry to physics. One is a French tradition of physical crystallography that linked crystalline structure and form to their physical, chemical and even biological qualities, which drew back to Hauuy, and included Delafosse, Pasteur, Senarmont, and Curie. This tradition (until Curie) employed qualitative argument in deducing physical properties. A mathematical approach characterizes the second tradition of Franz Neumann and his students. During the 1880s two members of this tradition, Minnigerode and Voigt, formulated rules of symmetry and implicitly recognized their significance. Yet, until 1894 both traditions studied only crystalline or other asymmetric matter. Then, Curie, who drew on the two traditions, extended the rules of symmetry to any physical system including fields and forces. Although originated in a specific idealistic ontological context, symmetry served also adherents of molecular materialism and was eventually found most effective for a phenomenological approach, which avoided any commitment to a specific view of nature or causal processes. Therefore, the rule of symmetry resembles the principles of thermodynamics. Its emergence suggests parallels to the history of energy conservation.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"35-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.35","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67157208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

The protean nature of Stanford University's biological sciences, 1946––1972 斯坦福大学生物科学的千变万化，1946 - 1972

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.95

Eric J. Vettel

引用次数: 9

A proton accelerator in Trondheim in the 1930s 20世纪30年代在特隆赫姆的质子加速器

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.115

Roland Wittje

{"title":"A proton accelerator in Trondheim in the 1930s","authors":"Roland Wittje","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.115","url":null,"abstract":"Johan Holtsmark at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (N.T.H.) in Trondheim, Norway, built a Van de Graaff generator for nuclear disintegration between 1933 and 1937. This is believed to be the second Van de Graaff generator in Europe and the first particle accelerator in Scandinavia. Holtsmark's successful project followed the failed attempt at N.T.H. by Olaf Devik in the 1920s to develop a discharge tube for nuclear disintegration driven by an evacuated Tesla coil. The genesis of Holtsmark's project was the interaction with Odd Dahl, who had constructed a Van de Graaff accelerator at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Holtsmark approached organizations potentially interested in cancer research and treatment for financial support. The electrical engineers appointed to build several parts of the accelerator had been radio amateurs, like many accelerator pioneers at the time. The team had to construct almost everything themselves given financial constraints and the lack of a supporting electrical industry. When operative in 1937, the Van de Graaff generator was already a comparatively small machine. The Trondheim scientists chose to develop it as a precision machine for proton capturing experiments in light elements. The accelerator proved a useful tool for research and teaching until 1963, when it was shut down and given to the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology. This article seeks to answer why Holtsmark engaged in such an ambitious project in the periphery of Europe's scientific community and how he succeeded at a small department with several coexisting research activities.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"115-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

On a recent article by Seiya Abiko 在最近的一篇文章中，由星矢阿比子

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.153

O. Darrigol

引用次数: 0

Quantum theory and the electromagnetic world-view 量子理论和电磁世界观

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.67

S. Seth

{"title":"Quantum theory and the electromagnetic world-view","authors":"S. Seth","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.67","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This paper has two goals: to use the electromagnetic world-view as a means of probing what we now know as the quantum theory, and to use the case of the quantum theory to explicate the practices of the electromagnetic program. It focuses on the work of Arnold Sommerfeld (1868––1951) as one of the leading theorists of the so-called ““older”” quantum theory. By 1911, the year he presented a paper on the ““Quantum of action”” at the Solvay Conference, Sommerfeld vocally espoused the necessity of some form of a quantum hypothesis. In his earlier lectures, however, his reservations about Max Planck9s position were far more apparent. Section 1 argues that Sommerfeld9s hostility towards Planck9s derivation of the Black-body law, and his support for the result achieved by James Jeans and rederived using the electron theory by Lorentz, can be traced to his commitment to the programmatic aims of the electromagnetic world-view. Section 2 suggests that this conclusion has deep implications for our understanding of the ““conversion”” of several leading physicists to the quantum theory after around 1908. Section 3 traces a partial continuation of Sommerfeld9s deeply held beliefs. Sommerfeld9s Solvay paper is best understood as an attempt to reconcile the programmatic aims of the electromagnetic world-view with the necessity of recourse to the quantum hypothesis. No longer a universalizing vision, the attempt to prove the necessity of electromagnetic theory at all levels of explanation remained a key element of Sommerfeld9s research agenda until (and even beyond) the advent of Niels Bohr9s ““planetary”” model of the atom in 1913.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"67-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Reply to Olivier Darrigol 回复Olivier Darrigol

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.157

S. Abiko

{"title":"Reply to Olivier Darrigol","authors":"S. Abiko","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.157","url":null,"abstract":"HSPS, Volume 35, Part 1, pages 157-160. ISSN 0890-9997. ©2004 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223. * Seirei Chrisopher College, 3453 Mikatahara-Town Hamamatsu-City, 433-8558, Japan; abiko@ceres.dti.ne.jp. 1. Seiya Abiko, “On Einstein’s distrust of the electromagnetic theory: The origin of the light-velocity postulate,” HSPS, 33 (2003), 193-215. 2. Olivier Darrigol, “The electromagnetic origins of relativity theory,” HSPS, 26 (1996), 241-312, on 243. 3. Abiko (ref. 1), 202. 4. Einstein to Maric, 10? Aug 1899, The collected papers of Albert Einstein, 1, 225-227 on 226, Engl. trans. from J. Renn and R. Schulmann, eds., Albert Einstein –Mileva Maric, the love letters (Princeton, 1992), 10-11, on 10. I WOULD LIKE to thank Olivier Darrigol for taking the trouble to comment on my paper. To my disappointment, however, I find that his comment relates to an article entitled “On the origins of Einstein’s light-velocity postulate,” whereas the title of my paper is “On Einstein’s distrust of the electromagnetic theory: The origin of the light-velocity postulate.” The crucial point of my paper is just “Einstein’s distrust of the electromagnetic theory.” In contrast, Darrigol holds in his paper entitled “The electromagnetic origins of relativity theory” that in order to study Einstein’s relativity “the intricate evolution of electrodynamics at the turn of the century is the optimal context.” Darrigol also errs in writing that, “According to Abiko, Einstein expressed a complete rejection of the ether when, in August 1899, he wrote to Maric ...” [italics added]; in fact, I wrote, “Evidently by 1899 Einstein questioned, if he had not already rejected, the existence of the ether” [italics added]. To come to substance, the relevant quotation from Einstein’s letter to Maric reads:","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"157-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Helmholtz and the shaping of the American physics elite in the Gilded Age 亥姆霍兹和镀金时代美国物理学精英的塑造

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.1

D. Cahan

{"title":"Helmholtz and the shaping of the American physics elite in the Gilded Age","authors":"D. Cahan","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This essay concerns Helmholtz9s relationships with American physics students and colleagues, and with his general image in Gilded Age America. His person, his teaching style, his views on the nature and function of science and its role within culture at large, and his institutional facilities played an important part in shaping the views of young American scientists and the institutional structures that they developed. The essay samples Helmholtz9s reputation among American men of science and letters, and surveys the American physics students and postdocs who studied with him in Berlin or worked in or simply visited him and his institute there. It points to the leadership roles that several of these men played in their own academic institutions and their new emerging discipline. It provides an analysis of Helmholtz as a teacher and mentor of American physics students, and considers the special case of Henry Rowland9s relationship with Helmholtz and his Berlin institute. Finally, it suggests that Helmholtz played a role, as inspirer, in the emergence of four key institutions of American physics——The physical review, The astrophysical journal, the American Physical Society, and the National Bureau of Standards. American physics students and postdocs in the Gilded Age idolized and lionized Helmholtz as a hero of pure science and research, as the embodiment of what it meant to be a physicist. As such, he helped shape the professional ideals and reality of the American physics elite that emerged during the late-19th century.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.35.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3