Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS最新文献_第6页

The SIRIO satellite, 1968––1977: Between scientific engagement and managerial inexperience SIRIO卫星，1968 - 1977:在科学参与和管理经验不足之间

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.371

Lucia Orlando

引用次数: 0

Organized criticism of Einstein and relativity in China, 1949––1989 1949—1989年，中国对爱因斯坦和相对论的有组织批评

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.311

Danian Hu

{"title":"Organized criticism of Einstein and relativity in China, 1949––1989","authors":"Danian Hu","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.311","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Albert Einstein9s unique high status in China made him an easy target of political attacks and maneuvers during the Cultural Revolution. The criticism began with a middle-school teacher9s attack on general relativity and developed into organized campaigns after gaining support from two powerful, radical Party propagandists, Chen Boda and Yao Wenyuan. While Chen supported the criticism out of political ambition and cultural prejudice, Yao exploited it to attack his political rival Zhou Enlai and maintain absolute control of Chinese science by orthodox Marxist ideology. The criticism largely ended after both radical leaders fell from power, but not before it did serious damage to Chinese science and education. This article explores the rise, development, and consequences of the criticism, which first appeared in the Soviet Union and stemmed from ideological insistence on the dominance of dialectical materialism in all scientific studies. Marxist doctrines became the basis of scientific investigations and theoretical research in basic sciences nearly vanished in China. The article also describes the efforts of Chinese scientists at damage control and their occasional achievements against the critics9 expectation.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"1 1","pages":"311-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Early responses to Avery et al.'s paper on DNA as hereditary material 对Avery等人关于DNA作为遗传物质的论文的早期回应

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.207

U. Deichmann

{"title":"Early responses to Avery et al.'s paper on DNA as hereditary material","authors":"U. Deichmann","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.207","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Avery9s et al.9s 1944 paper provides the first direct evidence of DNA having gene-like properties and marks the beginning of a new phase in early molecular genetics (with a strong focus on chemistry and DNA). The study of its reception shows that on the whole, Avery9s results were immediately appreciated and motivated new research on transformation, the chemical nature of DNA9s biological specificity and bacteria genetics. It shows, too, that initial problems of transferring transformation to other systems and prominent criticism of its results nurtured skepticism. Avery9s experiment was downplayed and neglected particularly by many of those scientists who worked in the new fields of biochemical and biophysical genetics, genetic phage, and TMV research. This was not due to the fact that the implications of the paper could not be connected to generally accepted knowledge. Contrary to a widespread belief, the assumed uniformity of DNA as opposed to proteins was not used as an argument against the validity of Avery9s et al.9s finding. The indifference rather reflected, among other things, the disciplinary gap between the chemically oriented microbiologists and the old and new geneticists who remained committed to genetic and physical methods (in particular x-ray studies) and clung to the assumption that proteins were the sole carriers of biological specificity. The responses to Avery9s et al.9s paper show how different research interests in the areas between microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry interacted with the prejudices, dogmas, individual farsightedness or short-sightedness, and scientific authority during a pivotal period of early molecular biology.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"207-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 24

Project Vista, Caltech, and the dilemmas of Lee DuBridge Vista计划，加州理工学院，以及李·杜布里奇的困境

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.339

W. Mccray

{"title":"Project Vista, Caltech, and the dilemmas of Lee DuBridge","authors":"W. Mccray","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.339","url":null,"abstract":"In the summer of 1951, more than one hundred scientists and other academics participated in Project Vista, a secret study hosted by the California Institute of Technology. Its purpose was to determine how existing technologies as well as ones soon to be available——tactical nuclear weapons, in particular——could offset NATO's weaker conventional forces and repel a massive Soviet invasion of Europe many perceived as likely if not imminent. Despite the best efforts of scientists like William Fowler, Lee DuBridge, and J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vista's recommendations were eventually suppressed by the Air Force. This article examines the history of Project Vista as a circumstance of the early Cold War period. By focusing primarily on the local level, the article presents a detailed examination of how people were recruited to Project Vista, how their work was organized and managed, and the relations between Caltech's administration and trustees. Finally, this article considers the history of postwar universities as they struggled to adapt to the Cold War environment and scientists' efforts to provide counsel to the U.S. government and military.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"339-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Investigative and pedagogical styles in French chemistry at the end of the 17th century 17世纪末法国化学的研究与教学风格

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.277

F. Holmes

{"title":"Investigative and pedagogical styles in French chemistry at the end of the 17th century","authors":"F. Holmes","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.277","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Laboratory notebooks preserved at the Acadeemie Royale des Sciences in Paris together with printed summary reports of the same work make possible a detailed reconstruction of chemical investigations undertaken by the Parisian academicians in the later 17th century. Denis Dodart set out the program for the investigations, whihc concerned the principles of plants; Claude Bourdelin did most of the experimental work; which, in keeping with proper bureaucratic procedure, Dodart wrote up for publication. The results did not change the course of chemistry. They and the procedures used to obtain them, however, are of great interest for their detail and accuracy; and the system, perseverance, and numeracy of Bourdelin and his assistants will surprise those who think that elaborate bookkeeping in chemistry came in with Lavoisier. The academicians tried to extract plan ““principles,”” which were of interest to druggists as well as to philosophers——by maceration, soaking, and, most potently, heat maintained at various temperatures over extended periods. Some treatments required the best part of a year. The extracts were subjected to systematic tests with standard reagents to provide reliable identificatons. To help evaluate the academicians achievement in creating new knowledge, the article includes a comprehensive survey of relevant parts of Nicolas Lemery9s Cours de chymie of 1675.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"277-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Scientific discovery in statu nascendi: The case of Dmitrii Mendeleev's Periodic Law 新生状态下的科学发现:门捷列夫周期律的例子

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2004-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.233

I. Dmitriev

{"title":"Scientific discovery in statu nascendi: The case of Dmitrii Mendeleev's Periodic Law","authors":"I. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.233","url":null,"abstract":"The history of Mendeleev's famous discovery has long been a matter of lively debate among experts. This essay proposes a new reading of this story, which differs from the well-known reconstructions made by Kedrov, Bensaude-Vincent, Graham and others. Particular attention is paid to the context of a Mendelevian thought and the analysis of the surviving outlines of his first variants of the Periodic Table. By considering Mendeleev's discovery of the Periodic Law one can identify the three principal stages in his work: 1) the composition of the ““first attempt””( pervaia proba ) of the system of chemical elements and the discovery of the periodic character in dependence of the elements, properties on their atomic weights (late 1868-early 1869); 2) the composition of Attempt at a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarity as a temporary version of the Periodic Table (February 1869); 3) the composition of the Natural system of elements (November 1870).\u0000\u0000Mendeleevian work on Attempt revealed a lack of clear chemical criteria for unifying elements of different classes——the ““natural families”” and ““transitional metals””——into a general taxomonical scheme that forced him to reject the ideal structure of the system of elements that he had formed earlier (1868). It was only by November of 1870 that Mendeleev finally solved the ““unification problem,”” formulating the basic principles of his system. This article also discusses how Mendeleev's views on the structure of the Periodic System were mediated by his convictions regarding the constitution of organic compounds.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"233-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2004.34.2.233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Fundamental physics and its justifications, 1945-1993 基础物理学及其理由，1945-1993

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.151

Hallam Stevens

{"title":"Fundamental physics and its justifications, 1945-1993","authors":"Hallam Stevens","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.151","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The justifications for public expenditure on accelerator laboratories that high energy physicists deployed over the course of the Cold War are examined.It is shown how legitimization in terms of Cold War economic and national security aims was rendered ineffective during the 1960s anti-science movements. As a consequence high energy physicists framed a response that emphasized the elegance and cultural value of their work. Their story vaunted universal and fundamental concepts that could be appreciated by even an anti-scientific audience. In particular, the concept of ““symmetry,”” which had become a powerful tool of high energy physics, was utilized to communicate the aesthetic qualities toward which the physicists aspired. Robert Wilson realized this vision in his design and successful construction and operation of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1967-1974). During the 1980s, renewed Cold War tensions, string theory, and challenges from condensed matter physicists fragmented the physics community and broke down the high energy physicists9 symmetry narrative. The multiplicity of competing stories about fundamental physics that resulted are considered as one cause of the 1993 cancellation of the Superconducting Super Collider.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"151-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Who invented the laser: An analysis of the early patents 谁发明了激光:早期专利分析

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.115

R. A. Myers, R. Dixon

引用次数: 12

The grandfather of the hydrogen bomb?: Anglo-American intelligence and Klaus Fuchs 氢弹的鼻祖?英美情报机构和克劳斯·富克斯

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.1

M. Goodman

引用次数: 5

A comparative study of cyclotron development at Cambridge and Liverpool in the 1930s 20世纪30年代剑桥和利物浦回旋加速器发展的比较研究

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.23

Shizue Hinokawa

引用次数: 1