Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS最新文献_第7页

Chemistry in the Acadéémie Royale des Sciences 《皇家科学院化学

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.41

F. Holmes

{"title":"Chemistry in the Acadéémie Royale des Sciences","authors":"F. Holmes","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.41","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: In the received history, chemistry began to transform from cookery to science toward the end of the 17th century with the introduction of sustained systematic experiment, color indicators, and the mechanical philosophy. Robert Boyle is usually considered the chief promoter of these improvements. In fact, the mechanical philosophy played a marginal part in the development of chemistry during Boyle9s time and he was too eager an alchemical adept to establish the cooperative enterprise that precipitated modern chemistry. While Boyle sought the philosopher9s stone, members of the Paris Academy of Sciences set the course of modern chemistry by developing a style of thorough, repeated, systematic experimentation and accurate measurement that resemble the practices that historians customarily credit to the late 18th century. The present paper makes this case by reconstructing the Academy9s program of experiments to determine the constituents of chemical ““mixts,”” mainly parts of plants, as recorded in the laboratory notebooks of Claude Bourdelin. These experiments typically employed maceration or a similar technique to ““loosen”” the ingredients of the substance under investigation followed by distillation at various temperatures. The academicians tested the several fractions of distillate thus produced with many reagents, including color indicators of acidity. Some of the preliminary steps lasted for weeks, and some of the distillations for days. To reassure themselves that their procedures did not destroy or discard important constituents, they weighed both raw materials and end products and totted up the sum in a manner worthy of Lavoisier.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"41-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.41","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

From explanation to description: Molecular and phenomenological theories of piezoelectricity 从解释到描述:压电的分子和现象学理论

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.69

Shaul Katzir

{"title":"From explanation to description: Molecular and phenomenological theories of piezoelectricity","authors":"Shaul Katzir","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.69","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The second half of the 19th century saw the rise of new corpuscular theories in physics. Piezoelectricity, discovered in 1880, underwent a development reverse to that of most fields of physics. The first molecular theories were soon replaced by a continuum-phenomeno-logical theory, which guided most research in the field, while, at the same time, physicists continued to propose molecular models. This article studies the reasons for the peculiar development of piezoelectric theory, through a close look at the models suggested and the developments in the field. It argues that the transition originated in a failure of the molecular model to account for new experimental results. Furthermore, later explanatory theories remained speculations, since they failed to derive any relations left unaccounted for by the phenomenological theory and since their basic premises were doubtful. Protagonists also raised general claims about the necessity of a phenomenological theory. Yet they did not derive their position from a doctrinal antagonism to molecular explanation. The same physicists studied both the secure phenomenological theory and speculative explanation simultaneously. They advanced in two mostly separated kinds of researches: molecular-atomistic and phenomenological-positivistic. Nevertheless, the separation between these approaches was not complete. This suggests that physicists embodied the same persona in elaborating ““positivistic”” theory as in elaborating ““realistic”” molecular theory.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"69-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.69","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

If we build it, who will come? Radio astronomy and the limitations of national laboratories in Cold War America 如果我们建了它，谁会来?射电天文学和冷战时期美国国家实验室的局限性

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.95

David P. D. Munns

{"title":"If we build it, who will come? Radio astronomy and the limitations of national laboratories in Cold War America","authors":"David P. D. Munns","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.95","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The history of big science, especially physics, informs historians that the instrument is at the heart of Cold War science. This article presents the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which was consciously modeled on the Brookhaven National Laboratory and where the choice of instrument was of only secondary importance. During the planning for the NRAO, which took place from 1954 until 1956, mostly in offices in Washington, D.C. and New York, an extended debate emerged over the place of ““national”” facilities in science, and their relationship to established university programs, particularly those concerned with graduate student instruction. The case of the NRAO reveals the resilience of notions of dispersed scientific community, emphasizing smaller programs in many universities, as well as the perceived necessity of continued participation from a wide disciplinary array of practitioners who, cooperatively, forged radio astronomy. This essay illustrates substantial resistance to the model of scientific practice advocated by the national laboratories when applied to radio astronomy. Critics of a national facility for radio astronomy charged that the substantial funds could be better utilized within existing university-based programs, which would need to be expanded in any event to provide the researchers for the national facility. The senior researchers in radio astronomy were not American, highlighting the fallacy of the notion of national science.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"34 1","pages":"95-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.34.1.95","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

We had the hose turned on us!: Ross Gunn and the Naval Research Laboratory's early research into nuclear propulsion, 1939-1946 水管对着我们开了!罗斯·冈恩和海军研究实验室对核动力的早期研究，1939-1946

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.217

J. Ahern

{"title":"We had the hose turned on us!: Ross Gunn and the Naval Research Laboratory's early research into nuclear propulsion, 1939-1946","authors":"J. Ahern","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.217","url":null,"abstract":"In March 1939, Dr. Ross Gunn of the Naval Research Laboratory initiated a research program that would lay the groundwork for applying nuclear energy to submarine propulsion. The Navy contracts that followed initiated the first practical research into uranium production and isotope separation, and produced a practical method for uranium hexafluoride production (a process still used today). However, by the end of World War II the Navy's program had been absorbed by the Army's Manhattan Engineering District. This paper argues that the Navy, not the Army, deserves credit for laying the groundwork for nuclear energy in the united States. Although the atomic bomb was built by the Manhattan Engineering District under General Leslie Groves, the little-known and nearly suppressed story of the Navy's prior work in this field gives credence to Dr. Ross Gunn's claim that the Navy has been denied the credit it deserves. How and why the Navy was cut out of nuclear research and how the story was ignored illuminates another side of the first military applications of nuclear energy.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"217-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The study of long-distance radio-wave propagation, 1900-1919 远距离无线电波传播的研究，1900-1919

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.369

C. Yeang

{"title":"The study of long-distance radio-wave propagation, 1900-1919","authors":"C. Yeang","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.369","url":null,"abstract":"at the beginning of the 20th century, scientists and engineers were puzzled by the fact that the long wireless waves could propagate along the earth's curvature without being blocked by the earth. Two explanatory theories were suggested: that the waves are diffracted along the earth's surface and that the waves are reflected back and forth between the earth and a conducting atmosphere. the surface diffraction theory, first proposed by Hector Munro Macdonald in 1901, was continuously elaborated by the British and German mathematical physicists. But its predictions were not consistent with the empirical Austin-Cohen formula obtained from the U.S. Navy's long distance experiments. The atmospheric reflection theory, first proposed by Arthur Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside in 1901/2, was more commonly believed to be the correct physical model. Yet it had problems yielding quantitative prediction because of its lack of mathematical developement. In 1919, the English mathematician, George Neville Watson, developed a mathematical theory of atmospheric reflection that generated predictions consistent with the Austin-Cohen formula on the analytic techniques established by the surface diffraction theorists.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"369-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

The bequest of the nuclear battlefield: Science, nature, and the atom during the first decade of the Cold War 核战场的遗产:冷战头十年的科学、自然和原子

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.237

L. A. Bruno

引用次数: 12

On Einstein's distrust of the electromagnetic theory: The origin of the lightvelocity postulate 论爱因斯坦对电磁理论的不信任:光速假设的起源

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.193

S. Abiko

{"title":"On Einstein's distrust of the electromagnetic theory: The origin of the lightvelocity postulate","authors":"S. Abiko","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.193","url":null,"abstract":"The constancy of light velocity is a consequence derivable from the application of the relativity postulate to Maxwell's equations. Therefore, Lorentz and Poincare felt no necessity for introducing the light-velocity postulate independently of the relativity postulate. On the other hand, Einstein, who had already developed the theory of light quantum, knew the inadequacy of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in the microscopic sphere. Therefore, he felt it necessary to set up the light-velocity postulate independently in order to make the electromagnetic foundation of physics compatible with Planck's radiation formula. This point constitutes the essential difference between the theories of Lorentz-Poincare and Einstein. In other words, the Lorentz-Poincare theory lacks the kinematical part essential for the special theory of relativity. The reqson that students of the history of the special theory of relativity hitherto overlooked this obvious fact might lie in a crucial error contained in Einstein's Autobiographical notes in their first and second editions. The correction, introduced for the first time in the German edition of 1955, the year of Einstein's death, revealed that the first core ingredient of Einstein's research program was thermodynamics. His letters to his fiancee as well as his works in his early years permit us to more about his research program. This program conformed to the chemico-thermal research tradition to which he belonged. The latter tradition made postulates of the relativity and the light-velocity accessible to him, and was also important in the receptive process of the special theory of relativity.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"193-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

LIGO becomes big science LIGO成为一门大科学

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.261

H. M. Collins

引用次数: 14

Physicists in the Krieg der Geister: Wilhelm Wien's Proclamation 灵魂之战的物理学家

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.337

S. Wolff

{"title":"Physicists in the Krieg der Geister: Wilhelm Wien's Proclamation","authors":"S. Wolff","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.337","url":null,"abstract":"After the outbreak of World War II prominent representatives of science and culture of all countries applied their reputation for the credibility of war propaganda in a series of proclamations and counter-proclamations. This was called the Krieg der Geister. Nobel-prize winner Wilhelm wien composed a proclamation (Aufforderung) which was directed to German-speaking physicists unlike other proclamations that were directed at people in other countries. Facing the hostile behavior of well-known english colleagues, Wien intended to restrain the English influence on German physics. He demanded that German papers contain more German than English citations, for example. The controversial discussions on this matter made an ideological gap visible within the community of German-speaking physicists for the first time. It was an antagonism between Berlin and the rest of the empire mainly, based on different political views with the more liberal tendency in Berlin. Another aspect was the organisational dominance of the Berliner in the national physics society which was increasingly questioned. There was a continuity of these conflicts in the postwar era. It became obvious in organizational matters concerning the journals of the society for example, as well as in physics itself which can be seen in the dispute on the theory of relativity. This episode of the physicists in the Krieg der Geister has importance not only in the context of World War I, but also for the understanding of the further development of German physics.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"337-368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Experimenting theory: The proofs of Kirchhoff's radiation law before and after Planck 实验理论:在普朗克之前和之后基尔霍夫辐射定律的证明

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.299

A. Schirrmacher

{"title":"Experimenting theory: The proofs of Kirchhoff's radiation law before and after Planck","authors":"A. Schirrmacher","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.299","url":null,"abstract":"The role of experimental thinking and action in theorizing is investigated using an example from classical theory. The history of Kirchhoff's law exhibits both the development of the views on radiation and the evolution of the content as well as the assumed foundational roots of this law. Planck's search for the correct justification of his radiation formula is placed into the context of the contemporary debate over his prerequisite. It is then asked what the analysis of the variety of approaches, arguments, and ontological claims that can be found in radiation theory can reveal to us concerning the conceptual framework that was available in Planck's researches. Next, the different forms of reasoning applied in proving a physical law will be exemplified, which range from procedures that are closely abstracted from experimental action like those found with Kirchhoff or Helmholtz, to a purely mathematical approach-as that of Hilbert-which is void of any experimental notion or object. This discussion shall finally both locate Planck's specific method and elucidate the great difficulties the establisment of a truly non-experimental, i.e., mathematical, theory in physics met before a new generation of quantum physics appeared.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"299-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2003.33.2.299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 35