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Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS最新文献

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Scientism and social justice: Meghnad Saha's critique of the state of science in India 科学主义与社会正义:麦格纳德·萨哈对印度科学状况的批评
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.87
A. Sur
{"title":"Scientism and social justice: Meghnad Saha's critique of the state of science in India","authors":"A. Sur","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.87","url":null,"abstract":"Meghnad Saha, India9s most distinguished astrophysicist of the 20th century, was a zealous advocate of large-scale industrialization and scientific development. Yet Saha became an outspoken critic of the\u0000 science and industrialization policies of the Nehru era that seemed in accord with his own views. This paper examines the nature of the differences——ideological and hierarchical——between the social\u0000 outlook and worldviews of Saha and Nehru9s coterie of scientists, and thus offers an understanding of the state of science and technology in India during their time.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"87-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
The conflict between the image and role of physics in South Korea 韩国物理学的形象与作用之间的冲突
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.107
Dong-Won Kim
{"title":"The conflict between the image and role of physics in South Korea","authors":"Dong-Won Kim","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.107","url":null,"abstract":"In South Korea, the physicist is popularly perceived as a theoretician who writes the laws of the universe in mathematical language rather than as an experimentalist who discovers or measures. In fact,\u0000 since 1948 South Korea9s governments have supported physics as an eminently practical route to the development of a nuclear arsenal, improvement of nuclear power plants, and the growth of South Korea9s\u0000 semiconductor industry. This article attempts to answer how and why this strange conflict between the image and role of physics emerged and continued in South Korea during the last half of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"107-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Values of "pure science": Nishina Yoshio's wartime discourse between nationalism and physics, 1940-1945 “纯科学”的价值:西吉夫在民族主义和物理学之间的战时话语，1940-1945
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.61
K. Ito
{"title":"Values of \"pure science\": Nishina Yoshio's wartime discourse between nationalism and physics, 1940-1945","authors":"K. Ito","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses Nishina Yoshio's attitude toward World War II and scientific research during the war. Nishina was the leading Japanese physicist in interwar Japan and the chief scientist of Japan's wartime nuclear power project. The paper describes how Nishina was caught between conflicting norms of his professional and national identities and how he tried to resolve the conflicts.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"61-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
David Bohm and collective movement 大卫·博姆和集体运动
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.161
Alexei Kojevnikov
{"title":"David Bohm and collective movement","authors":"Alexei Kojevnikov","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.161","url":null,"abstract":"Collectivist philosophy inspired David Bohm9s research program in physics in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which laid foundations for the modern theory of plasma and for a new stage in the development\u0000 of the quantum theory of metals. Bohm saw electrons in plasma and in metals as capable of combining collective action with individual freedom, a combination that he pursued in his personal and political\u0000 life. Mathematical models of such complex states of freedom, developed by Bohm and other socialist-minded physicists (Yakov Frenkel, Lev Landau, Igor Tamm), transformed the physics of condensed matter and\u0000 led to the introduction of a new fundamental physical concept, collective excitations or quasiparticles. Together, these contributions illustrate the impact of socialist thought on the development of physics\u0000 during the last century.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"24 1","pages":"161-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War 1900年至冷战期间西班牙物理学的国际关系
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.3
Joséé M. Sáánchez-Ron
{"title":"International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War","authors":"Joséé M. Sáánchez-Ron","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the tactics developed in Spain to improve the country's scientific capacity over most of the 20th century. Early in the 20th century, Spain sought to raise its low scientific standing by establishing relations with foreign scientists. The tactics changed according to the political situation. The first part of the paper covers the period from 1900 to the Civil War (1936-39); the second examines consequences of the conflict for physical scientists in Spain; and the third analyzes the growth of physical sciences in Franco's Spain following the Civil War, a period in which the United States exerted special influence.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"3-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
The tale of two peripheries: The creation of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste 两个边缘的故事:在的里雅斯特建立了国际理论物理中心
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.33
A. D. Greiff
{"title":"The tale of two peripheries: The creation of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste","authors":"A. D. Greiff","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.33","url":null,"abstract":"The negotiations to create the International Centre for Theoretical Physics took place between 1960 and 1963 within the International Atomic Energy Agency. This study pays special attention to the active roles played by scientists, politicians, and intellectuals from the host-city, Trieste (Italy), and the historical circumstances that allowed this group of local actors to become key figures in the establishment of the Centre. The hostility of delegations from several industrialized countries, the Soviet Union, and India, and the constraints that the American hostility put upon the future of the Centre, are also considered. The paper lies at the intersection of the history of 20th-century physics, international relations of science, and development studies.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"33-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Cold War requisitions, scientific manpower, and the production of American physicists after World War II 冷战时期的征用，科学人力，以及二战后美国物理学家的生产
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.131
David Kaiser
{"title":"Cold War requisitions, scientific manpower, and the production of American physicists after World War II","authors":"David Kaiser","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.131","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning most explicitly with the American involvement in the Korean War, and continuing unabated until 1970, the demand for Ph.D.-trained physicists in the United States followed a particular Cold War\u0000 logic of \"manpower\" and requisitions. This logic, rehearsed by senior physicists, university administrators, government commissions, individual senators, and newspaper reporters from across the country\u0000 argued that young graduate students in physics constituted the nation9s most precious resource. The purported need to train ever-larger numbers of physics graduate students was often used to justify the\u0000 structural rearrangements associated with \"big science,\" from huge federally-subsidized budgets to factory-sized equipment. The exigencies of training roomfuls of graduate students, rather than mentoring\u0000 handfuls of disciples, reinforced the prevailing American pragmatic, instrumentalist approach to theory.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"33 1","pages":"131-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.33.1.131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 92
The scientist as moral authority: Albert Einstein between elitism and democracy, 1914-1933 作为道德权威的科学家:阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在精英主义与民主之间，1914-1933
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.319
Britta Scheideler
{"title":"The scientist as moral authority: Albert Einstein between elitism and democracy, 1914-1933","authors":"Britta Scheideler","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.319","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article analyse et explique l'apparente contradiction entre elitisme et democratie dans le cadre du raisonnement politique d'Einstein en montrant que sa conception de la democratie ne correspond pas aux concepts liberaux et pluralistes d'aujourd'hui et que sa conception de la science attribuait non seulement de grandes qualites intellectuelles mais egalement de grandes qualites morales aux academiques et scientifiques.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"32 1","pages":"319-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
A tale of two more laboratories: Readying for research at Fermilab and Jefferson Laboratory 另外两个实验室的故事:费米实验室和杰斐逊实验室准备进行研究
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.369
C. Westfall
{"title":"A tale of two more laboratories: Readying for research at Fermilab and Jefferson Laboratory","authors":"C. Westfall","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.369","url":null,"abstract":"En partant de la creation du Laboratoire National E.O. Lawrence de Berkeley, l'article retrace le reseau d'influence et de hasards qui ont mene a la creation de Fermilab et du Laboratoire Jefferson.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"32 1","pages":"369-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67155403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Scientists' errors, nature's fluctuations, and the law of radioactive decay, 1899-1926 科学家的错误，自然的波动，以及放射性衰变的规律，1899-1926
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.179
D. Coen
{"title":"Scientists' errors, nature's fluctuations, and the law of radioactive decay, 1899-1926","authors":"D. Coen","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.179","url":null,"abstract":"L'histoire du raisonnement probabiliste dans le domaine des sciences physiques a longtemps ete decrit comme etant une histoire de la theorie de la physique. Les historiens ont toujours cherche les explications de cet interet pour l'indeterminisme qui a marque le debut du XXe siecle dans le travail des theoriciens de la physique ainsi que dans leurs convictions philosophiques et leurs predispositions culturelles. L'etude de la decroissance radioactive imposa une physique probabiliste qui peu a peu prit le pas sur le determinisme qui regnait jusque la.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"32 1","pages":"179-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2002.32.2.179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67154986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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