Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS最新文献_第4页

The rush to accelerate: Early stages of nuclear physics research in Australia 急于加速:澳大利亚核物理研究的早期阶段

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.213

R. Home

引用次数: 2

Accelerators and politics in postwar Japan 战后日本的加速器与政治

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.275

M. Low

{"title":"Accelerators and politics in postwar Japan","authors":"M. Low","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.275","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The destruction of Japan9s cyclotrons by Occupation Forces after the Pacific War resulted in a major setback for experimental physics in that country. Key figures such as Yoshio Nishina, Sin-itiroo Tomonaga, and Ryookichi Sagane strived to help Japan rebuild its scientific infrastructure and regain some of its former eminence in the field, but in the wake of the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the atom had new meaning. Local residents objected to the establishment of the Institute for Nuclear Study in Tanashi, Tokyo. Despite their protests, construction went ahead and the Institute of Nuclear Study (INS) opened in 1955. Within a few years, physicists sought to establish a second major accelerator facility. Sectionalism among physicists and shortage of funds plagued attempts to establish the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK) which eventually came into being in 1970. This paper reveals some of the problems that physicists faced and how they sought to overcome them within the context of a defeated Japan, wary of military research, and desperately seeking to rebuild its economy. Physicists sought to influence the direction of science policy and to deal with the concerns of citizens in a newly democratic Japan.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"36 1","pages":"275-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67157893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Particle accelerators in Mexico 墨西哥的粒子加速器

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.297

M. P. D. Lara

引用次数: 1

Ions, electrometers, and physical constants: Paul Langevin's laboratory work on gas discharges, 1896-1903 离子、静电计和物理常数:保罗·朗格万关于气体放电的实验室工作，1896-1903

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.93

Benoît Lelong

引用次数: 2

Science and exile: David Bohm, the cold war, and a new interpretation of quantum mechanics 科学与放逐:大卫·玻姆，冷战，量子力学的新诠释

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.1

O. Freire

引用次数: 33

The politics of phosphorus-32: A cold war fable based on fact 磷-32的政治:基于事实的冷战寓言

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.71

J. Krige

{"title":"The politics of phosphorus-32: A cold war fable based on fact","authors":"J. Krige","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.71","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In July 1949, and again in January 1950 the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission shipped useful amounts of the short-lived isotope phosphorus-32 to a sanatorium in Trieste, Italy. They were used to treat a patient who had a particularly malignant kind of brain tumor. This distribution of isotopes abroad for medical and research purposes was hotly contested by Commissioner Lewis Strauss, and led to a bruising confrontation between him and J. Robert Oppenheimer. This paper describes the debates surrounding the foreign isotope program inside the Commission and in the U.S. Congress. In parallel, it presents an imagined, but factually-based story of the impact of isotope therapy on the patient and his doctor in Trieste, a city on the Italian-Yugoslavian border that was at the heart of the cold war struggle for influence between the U.S. and the USSR. It weaves together the history of science, institutional history, diplomatic history, and cultural history into a fable that draws attention to the importance of the peaceful atom for winning hearts and minds for the West. The polemics surrounding the distribution of isotopes to foreign countries may have irreversibly soured relationships between Oppenheimer and Strauss, and played into the scientist9s loss of his security clearance. But, as those who supported the program argued, it was an important instrument for projecting a positive image of America among a scientifc elite abroad, and for consolidating its alliance with friendly nations in the early years of the cold war——or so the fable goes.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"36 1","pages":"71-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.71","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67157756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Response to Shaul Katzir: ““On the electromagnetic world-view”” 对Shaul Katzir的回应:“论电磁世界观”

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.193

S. Seth

引用次数: 2

Ellen Gleditsch: Duty and responsibility in a research and teaching career, 1916-1946 Ellen Gleditsch:研究和教学生涯中的义务和责任，1916-1946

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.131

Annette Lykknes, L. Kvittingen, Anne Kristine Børresen

{"title":"Ellen Gleditsch: Duty and responsibility in a research and teaching career, 1916-1946","authors":"Annette Lykknes, L. Kvittingen, Anne Kristine Børresen","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.131","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ellen Gleditsch (1879-1968) became Norway9s first authority of radioactivity and the country9s second female professor. After several years in international centers of radiochemistry, Gleditsch returned to Norway, becoming associate professor and later full professor of chemistry. Between 1916 and 1946 Gleditsch tried to establish a laboratory of radiochemistry at the University of Oslo, a career which included network building, grant applications, travels abroad, committee work, research, teaching, supervision, popularization, and war resistance work. Establishing a new field was demanding; only under her student, Alexis Pappas, was her field institutionalized at Oslo. This paper presents Gleditsch9s everyday life at the Chemistry Department, with emphasis on her formation of a research and teaching laboratory of radiochemistry. Her main scientific work during this period is presented and discussed, including atomic weight determination of chlorine, age calculations in minerals, the hunt for actinium9s ancestor and investigations on 40 K.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"13 1","pages":"131-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67156836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

From white elephant to Nobel Prize: Dennis Gabor's wavefront reconstruction 从白象到诺贝尔奖:Dennis Gabor的波前重建

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.35

S. Johnston

{"title":"From white elephant to Nobel Prize: Dennis Gabor's wavefront reconstruction","authors":"S. Johnston","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.35","url":null,"abstract":"Dennis Gabor devised a new concept for optical imaging in 1947 that went by a variety of names over the following decade: holoscopy, wavefront reconstruction, interference microscopy, diffraction microscopy and Gaboroscopy. A wellconnected and creative research engineer, Gabor worked actively to publicize and exploit his concept, but the scheme failed to capture the interest of many researchers. Gabor’s theory was repeatedly deemed unintuitive and baffling; the technique was appraised by his contemporaries to be of dubious practicality and, at best, constrained to a narrow branch of science. By the late 1950s, Gabor’s subject had been assessed by its handful of practitioners to be a white elephant. Nevertheless, the concept was later rehabilitated by the research of Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks at the University of Michigan, and Yury Denisyuk at the Vavilov Institute in Leningrad. What had been judged a failure was recast as a success: evaluations of Gabor’s work were transformed during the 1960s, when it was represented as the foundation on which to construct the new and distinctly different subject of holography, a re-evaluation that gained the Nobel Prize for Physics for Gabor alone in 1971. This paper focuses on the difficulties experienced in constructing a meaningful subject, a practical application and a viable technical community from Gabor’s ideas during the decade 1947-1957.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"36 1","pages":"35-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.35","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67157566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

On ““the electromagnetic world-view””: A comment on an article by Suman Seth 论“电磁世界观”:对苏曼·赛斯一篇文章的评论

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2005.36.1.189

Shaul Katzir

引用次数: 5