Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS最新文献_第3页

The invisible businessman: Nuclear physics, patenting practices, and trading activities in the 1930s 看不见的商人:20世纪30年代的核物理学、专利实践和贸易活动

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.153

S. Turchetti

引用次数: 2

Drowning in data: Satellite oceanography and information overload in the Earth sciences 淹没在数据中:卫星海洋学和地球科学中的信息超载

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.127

E. Conway

{"title":"Drowning in data: Satellite oceanography and information overload in the Earth sciences","authors":"E. Conway","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.127","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the late 20 th century, remote sensing from space offered a means of resolving one of the principal challenges plaguing physical oceanographers, poor spatial sampling. But in fact, remote sensing offered an opposing problem––so much data that the traditional oceanographic institutions were not equipped to cope with it. NASA decided to resolve this problem by having the Jet Propulsion Laboratory construct an oceanographic data center at its Pasadena facility. This represents a new kind of scientific institution, whose purpose is the development, validation, and distribution of scientific data to third-party users. Since 1990, NASA has established several such facilities, each rooted in a subset of the Earth science disciplines and each making its data publicly available via the Internet. In so doing, it reversed a decades-old policy that had given an instrument9s science team proprietary privileges. Agency leaders did this to expand scientific demand for NASA9s capabilities, thus buttressing the agency9s political support; because they believed remote sensing could enable great scientific strides; because they thought open access to data would foster competition and thus produce better scientific results; and because they believed that publicly-funded data should be public. In the process, they created a ““market”” for oceanographic data far larger than that represented by professional oceanographers.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"77 1","pages":"127-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

The pathological history of weather and climate modification: Three cycles of promise and hype 天气和气候变化的病理历史:承诺和炒作的三个周期

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.3

J. Fleming

引用次数: 71

Introduction: Changing climate––Modeling climate 引言:气候变化——气候模拟

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/hsps.2006.37.1.1

Matthias Döörries, Christophe Masutti

引用次数: 1

In the public eye: Volcanology and climate change studies in the 20th century 公众眼中:20世纪的火山学和气候变化研究

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.87

Matthias Döörries

{"title":"In the public eye: Volcanology and climate change studies in the 20th century","authors":"Matthias Döörries","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.87","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Three factors furthered the emergence of the field of volcanism and climate change in the 20th century: trigger events in the form of major volcanic eruptions, which attracted scientific and public attention (Katmai [1912], Agung [1963], Mount St. Helens [1980], El Chichoon [1982], Pinatubo [1991]); the availability of long-term global data obtained by instruments including pyrheliometers, sondes, computers, and satellites, which allowed generalizations and theoretical considerations; and major scientific and public debates that assigned an important place to the theme. No one of these factors alone would have been sufficient; the new object of research emerged only from a specific but not necessarily simultaneous combination of arbitrary events in nature, standardized measurements of global reach, and public demand. The latter comprised many aspects, beginning with the debate around the cause of the ice ages, mutating into an environmental discussion of man-made climate change covering a spectrum of apocalyptic scenarios that pointed up the fragility of human existence on earth, including the possible impact of atmospheric H-bomb tests during the 1950s and 1960s, the environmental and human consequences of a nuclear war between the USSR and the United States, and anthropogenic climate change. Existing historical representations of the research field have so far been written exclusively by scientists themselves. This paper critically examines these accounts while placing the research on the field of volcanism and climate change within its larger social and political history.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"87-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Chemical free energies and the third law of thermodynamics 化学自由能和热力学第三定律

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.365

P. Coffey

引用次数: 11

Brazilian synchrocyclotron light 巴西同步回旋加速器光

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.329

Marcelo Baumann Burgos

引用次数: 0

The quest for the Brazilian synchrocyclotron 寻找巴西同步回旋加速器

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.311

A. M. R. D. Andrade, R. Muniz

引用次数: 9

Political storms, financial uncertainties, and dreams of ““big science:”” The construction of a heavy ion accelerator in Argentina 政治风暴，金融不确定性，以及“大科学”的梦想:“在阿根廷建造重离子加速器”

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.343

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, A. Vara

引用次数: 4

Yoshio Nishina and two cyclotrons 西西吉夫和两个回旋加速器

Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.243

Dong-Won Kim

{"title":"Yoshio Nishina and two cyclotrons","authors":"Dong-Won Kim","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.243","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Yoshio Nishina is often honored as ““a father of modern physics in Japan.”” By performing multiple roles as a competent researcher, a formidable teacher, and a shrewd organizer, he not only made a great contribution to the emergence of a research network that produced two Nobel prize winners in physics but also raised the level of Japanese physics overall. Among Nishina9s many contributions to the Japanese physics community, the construction and operation of two cyclotrons during the 1930s and 1940s were the most celebrated. In this paper I try to answer the following questions: why did Nishina start the construction of two cyclotron in the mid-1930s?; how did he secure the necessary financial support?; what were the original objectives of the machines, and how were they were actually used?; what difficulties did he meet and overcome in the construction and running of the cyclotrons?; how significant was the Berkeley connection in contributing to the construction and operation of the cyclotrons?; why did Nishina skip the construction of the medium size cyclotron (30––40 inches) and move directly from a small (26-inch) to a large one (60-inch)?; and how much did the cyclotron project influence the future path of Japanese physics? I argue that Nishina9s two cyclotrons, especially the larger one, should be considered as successful examples of reverse engineering, a hallmark of Japanese technology in the interwar period.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"36 1","pages":"243-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2006.36.2.243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67157784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1