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Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS最新文献

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Tolerance and integrity at Johns Hopkins 约翰霍普金斯大学的宽容和正直
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.463
R. Friedman
{"title":"Tolerance and integrity at Johns Hopkins","authors":"R. Friedman","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.463","url":null,"abstract":"The Department of History of Science at Johns Hopkins shaped by Harry Woolf and Robert H. Kargon brought together diverse scholars who nevertheless shared a basic outlook. Historical questions and scholarly craft took precedent over theo-retical or historiographic positioning. At the same time, students were allowed great freedom to explore and develop new perspectives for analyzing science historically. When Russell McCormmach arrived in Baltimore in the fall of 1972, he joined a departmental culture of intellectual tolerance and forthright expres-sion. In paying homage to Russ and the department I illuminate the departmental culture into which Russ entered, Russ9s seminars and academic mentoring, and .nally Russ9s vision for combining art and scholarship. Russ shared a deep affection for solid conceptual history of physics while supporting our ventures into new historiographic terrain.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"463-474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Russell McCormmach as a colleague Russell mccormach的同事
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.475
J. Brooke, P. Harman
{"title":"Russell McCormmach as a colleague","authors":"J. Brooke, P. Harman","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.475","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"475-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.475","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Historical Sources of Science-as-Social-Practice: Michael Polanyi's Berlin 科学作为社会实践的历史渊源:波兰尼的《柏林》
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.409
M. Nye
{"title":"Historical Sources of Science-as-Social-Practice: Michael Polanyi's Berlin","authors":"M. Nye","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.409","url":null,"abstract":"Historians and sociologists of science often identify the ef.orescence of social stud-ies of science with the work of postwar American intellectuals such as Robert K. Merton and Thomas S. Kuhn. They often also refer to the views of Michael Polanyi (1891––1976) on the roles of tacit knowledge, apprenticeship, social tradition, and intellectual dogmas (or what Kuhn popularized as \"paradigms\") in the construction of scienti.c knowledge. The roots of Polanyi9s views on the social nature of sci-ence and his insistence on the need for scientists9 autonomy in managing their own affairs lie speci.cally in his career experiences as a physical chemist from 1920 to 1933 in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft Institutes in Berlin-Dahlem. Polanyi worked in an institution in which scienti.c research was supported by an array of state, industrial, and philanthropic funds, but in which he and his colleagues enjoyed substantial autonomy in their everyday research. His own successes and failures in the .elds of physical chemistry, x-ray crystallography, and solid-state chemistry led him to re.ect upon the everyday practices of normal science and to stress the role of the ordinary rather than the revolutionary scientist in the production of scienti.c knowledge. Polanyi9s views lend insight into the character of German science and the research institutes in Berlin-Dahlem in the late 19th and early 20th century.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"409-434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Russell McCormmach as a teacher Russell mccormach是一名教师
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.453
F. Aaserud
{"title":"Russell McCormmach as a teacher","authors":"F. Aaserud","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.453","url":null,"abstract":"The author gives a personal tribute of Russell McCormmach as a scholar and a person. From 1972 to 1976, McCormmach9s writings, notably his introductions to the HSPS, served as unique inspiration for the author9s .rst grapplings with the history of science in far-away Norway. From 1976 to 1984 the author was a student at Johns Hopkins University, with McCormmach as dissertation adviser until he left Hopkins in 1983. Because the doctoral research was carried out for the most part in Scandinavia, McCormmach9s advice is to a great extent preserved in personal letters, which are quoted at some length. Ever since, the author and McCormmach have maintained a close, if sporadic, relationship. While his approach is personal, the author hopes to convey a general sense of McCormmach9s unique qualities as a writer, editor and teacher, as well as a human being.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"453-462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The interpretation of the Einstein-Rupp experiments and their influence on the history of quantum mechanics 爱因斯坦-鲁普实验的解释及其对量子力学历史的影响
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.S.121
J. Dongen
{"title":"The interpretation of the Einstein-Rupp experiments and their influence on the history of quantum mechanics","authors":"J. Dongen","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.S.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.S.121","url":null,"abstract":"The Einstein-Rupp experiments were proposed in 1926 to study the wave versus particle nature of light. Einstein presented a theoretical analysis of these experiments to the Berlin Academy together with the results of Rupp, who claimed to have successfully carried them out. However, as the preceding paper shows, this success was the result of scientific fraud. After exploring the interpretation of the experiments, the present paper shows that they were a relevant part of the background to such celebrated contributions to quantum mechanics as Born's statistical interpretation of the wave function and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Yet the Einstein-Rupp experiments have hardly received attention in the literature on the history of quantum mechanics. In part, this is a consequence of self-censorship in the physics community, enforced in the wake of the Rupp affair. Self-censorship among historians of physics may also have played a role.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"121-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.S.121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Modernism, postmodernism and the historiography of science 现代主义，后现代主义和科学史学
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.383
J. Mcevoy
{"title":"Modernism, postmodernism and the historiography of science","authors":"J. Mcevoy","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.383","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Since its inception in the eighteenth century, the discipline of the history of science has served a motley collection of extrinsic disciplinary interests, philosophical ideas, and cultural movements. This paper examines the historiographical implications of modernism and postmodernism and shows how they influenced positivist, postpositivist, and sociological interpretations of the Chemical Revolution. It also shows how these interpretations served the disciplinary interests of science, philosophy, and sociology, respectively, and it points toward a model of the history of science as history.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"383-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
How ideas became knowledge: The light-quantum hypothesis 1905––1935 思想如何成为知识:光量子假说1905—1935
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.205
S. Brush
{"title":"How ideas became knowledge: The light-quantum hypothesis 1905––1935","authors":"S. Brush","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.205","url":null,"abstract":"In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed as a “heuristic viewpoint” that light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation behave in some respects like streams of particles, each carrying energy hn (h = Planck’s constant, n = frequency), even though they also behave like waves. This became known as the Light Quantum Hypothesis. J. J. Thomson and other physicists proposed similar but less quantitative ideas. When and why did physicists accept the LQH? It is shown that a significant number of physicists already accepted particulate aspects of radiation before the discovery of the Compton effect in 1923, and that research on the photoelectric effect played an important role in this acceptance. Compton argued that his research was stronger evidence for the LQH because it yielded a prediction about a previously unknown phenomenon, the recoil electron. But there is little evidence that other scientists gave extra credit for predicting a result before rather than after it was known. Probably the combination of both effects (and other evidence) was needed to persuade skeptics.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"205-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
How Lewis Mumford saw science, and art, and himself 刘易斯·芒福德是如何看待科学、艺术和他自己的
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2007-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.271
P. Forman
{"title":"How Lewis Mumford saw science, and art, and himself","authors":"P. Forman","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.271","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"271-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2007.37.2.271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Modeling reality. Practice, knowledge, and uncertainty in atmospheric transport simulation 模拟现实。大气输送模拟的实践、知识和不确定性
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.49
Matthias Heymann
{"title":"Modeling reality. Practice, knowledge, and uncertainty in atmospheric transport simulation","authors":"Matthias Heymann","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.49","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Computer modeling, a new form of knowledge production implying new theoretical and experimental practices, has since the 1950s become an important tool in scientific investigation. This paper analyzes computer simulation in two cases of atmospheric transport modeling. First, it investigates pioneering efforts by the meteorologist Heinz Fortak in the 1960s to construct Gaussian models of local and regional air pollution transport. Second, it deals with the much more complex simulation efforts by a Norwegian group around Anton Eliassen in the 1970s and 1980s to model long distance transport and transformation of pollutants. In both cases, the simulation of air pollution phenomena implied a set of specific practices. The use of the computer as a tool required drastic simplifications; the collection and preparation of an enormous amount of input data; the adoption of control procedures to validate the models; and the execution of ““computer experiments”” in sensitivity studies. Because of uncertainty and ignorance, scientists enjoyed a large freedom of choice in the construction of models and simulation runs, and great interpretative flexibility of their outcome. Nevertheless, by relying on tacit expert knowledge and intuition, scientists were ultimately able to approach coherence and stability.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"49-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Frederic Clements, climatology, and conservation in the 1930s 弗雷德里克·克莱门茨，气候学和自然保护
Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.27
Christophe Masutti
{"title":"Frederic Clements, climatology, and conservation in the 1930s","authors":"Christophe Masutti","doi":"10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study of climate change has deep roots in the history of North American ecology. At the time of the Wall Street crash and the Depression of the 1930s, America .s Great Plains were struck by the Dust Bowl, a phenomenon of catastrophic soil erosion that resulted from the combined effects of intensive farming practices and a particularly harsh drought. Contemporaneously, the ecologist Frederic Clements proposed a theory of plant succession that itself took the history of the Great Plains as its model, and drew on the notion of climatic cycles. This theory became established as the model for ecological expertise in the politics of conservation adopted by the Roosevelt administration. In this paper, I will show how climatology became inscribed in plant ecology not only for epistemological reasons, but also due to an ideology that promoted the ecologist as an expert in the optimization of resources, in an illustration of the tripartite relationship between ecology, politics, and climate change.","PeriodicalId":81438,"journal":{"name":"Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences : HSPS","volume":"37 1","pages":"27-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/HSPS.2006.37.1.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67158400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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