Foundations最新文献

{"title":"Diatomic Line Strengths for Fitting Selected Molecular Transitions of AlO, C2, CN, OH, N2+, NO, and TiO, Spectra","authors":"C. Parigger","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010001","url":null,"abstract":"This work communicates line-strength data and associated scripts for the computation and spectroscopic fitting of selected transitions of diatomic molecules. The scripts for data analysis are designed for inclusion in various software packages or program languages. Selected results demonstrate the applicability of the program for data analysis in laser-induced optical breakdown spectroscopy primarily at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, Center for Laser Applications. Representative spectra are calculated and referenced to measured data records. Comparisons of experiment data with predictions from other tabulated diatomic molecular databases confirm the accuracy of the communicated line-strength data.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75447527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Sequential Caputo Fractional Differential Equations versus Non-Sequential Caputo Fractional Differential Equations with Applications","authors":"A. Vatsala, Govinda Pageni, V. A. Vijesh","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040074","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that, from a modeling point of view, fractional dynamic equations are more suitable compared to integer derivative models. In fact, a fractional dynamic equation is referred to as an equation with memory. To demonstrate that the fractional dynamic model is better than the corresponding integer model, we need to compute the solutions of the fractional differential equations and compare them with an integer model relative to the data available. In this work, we will illustrate that the linear nq-order sequential Caputo fractional differential equations, which are sequential of order q where q<1 with fractional initial conditions and/or boundary conditions, can be solved. The reason for choosing sequential fractional dynamic equations is that linear non-sequential Caputo fractional dynamic equations with constant coefficients cannot be solved in general. We used the Laplace transform method to solve sequential Caputo fractional initial value problems. We used fractional boundary conditions to compute Green’s function for sequential boundary value problems. In addition, the solution of the sequential dynamic equations yields the solution of the corresponding integer-order differential equations as a special case as q→1.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83836388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics of the Earth’s Glacial Cycle","authors":"B. Smirnov","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040073","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of the atmospheric temperature in the past, resulted from the EPICA project (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) for the analysis of air bubbles in ice deposits near three weather stations in Antarctica, includes several glacial cycles. According to these studies, the glacial cycle consists of a slow cooling of the Earth’s surface at a rate of about 10−4∘C per year for almost the entire time of a single cycle (about 100 thousand years) and of a fast process of heating the planet, similar to a thermal explosion. The observed cooling of the planet follows from the imbalance of energy fluxes absorbed by the Earth and going into its surrounding space, and this imbalance is four orders of magnitude less than the accuracy of determination of the fluxes themselves. The inconsistency of the popular Milankovich theory is shown, according to which glacial cycles in the evolution of the Earth’s thermal state are associated with changes in the Earth’s orbit relative to the Sun. In considering the glacial cycle as the transition between the warm (contemporary) and cold thermal states of the Earth with a difference in their temperatures of 12 ∘C according to measurements, we construct the energetic balance for each of Earth’s states. The fast transition between the Earth’s cold and warm states results from the change of the Earth’s albedo due to the different volcano activity in these states. There is the feedback between the aggregate state of water covering the Earth’s surface and volcanic eruptions, which become intense when ice covers approximately 40% of the Earth’s surface. Dust measurements in ice deposits within the framework of the EPICA project confirms roughly a heightened volcano eruption during the cold phase of the glacial cycle. Numerical parameters of processes related to the glacial cycle are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73432114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homotopy Perturbation Method for Pneumonia–HIV Co-Infection","authors":"Nita H. Shah, Nisha Sheoran","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040072","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) weakens the immune system of individuals, resulting in risk of other infections, such as pneumonia. The most frequent viral pneumonia seen in individuals infected with HIV is cytomegalovirus (CMV). In this paper, pneumonia–HIV co-infection is modeled through the formulation of a mathematical compartmental model consisting of nine compartments. Some of the basic properties of the model are established, such as the positivity, boundedness of the system, equilibrium points, and computation of the basic reproduction number. After obtaining the solution, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is applied, as it is known for its convergence properties. It is observed that the HPM gives an accurate analytical solution that indicates various important factors that are responsible for the spread of cytomegalovirus pneumonia in HIV-infected populations, and this is justified through a plot made by using MATLAB 2020a.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81724368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciding on a Continuum of Equivalent Alternatives Engaging Uncertainty through Behavior Patterning","authors":"Kusal Rathnayake, Alexander Lebedev, D. Volchenkov","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040071","url":null,"abstract":"A psychology experiment examining decision-making on a continuum of subjectively equivalent alternatives (directions) revealed that subjects follow a common pattern, giving preference to just a few directions over all others. When restricted experimental settings made the common pattern unfeasible, subjects demonstrated no common choice preferences. In the latter case, the observed distribution of choices made by a group of subjects was close to normal. We conclude that the abundance of subjectively equivalent alternatives may reduce the individual variability of choices, and vice versa. Choice overload paradoxically results in behavior patterning and eventually facilitates decision predictability, while restricting the range of available options fosters individual variability of choice, reflected in almost random behavior across the group.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"238 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77244931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twenty Significant Problems in AI Research, with Potential Solutions via the SP Theory of Intelligence and Its Realisation in the SP Computer Model","authors":"J. Wolff","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040070","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights 20 significant problems in AI research, with potential solutions via the SP Theory of Intelligence (SPTI) and its realisation in the SP Computer Model. With other evidence referenced in the paper, this is strong evidence in support of the SPTI as a promising foundation for the development of human-level broad AI, aka artificial general intelligence. The 20 problems include: the tendency of deep neural networks to make major errors in recognition; the need for a coherent account of generalisation, over- and under-generalisation, and minimising the corrupting effect of `dirty data’; how to achieve one-trial learning; how to achieve transfer learning; the need for transparency in the representation and processing of knowledge; and how to eliminate the problem of catastrophic forgetting. In addition to its promise as a foundation for the development of AGI, the SPTI has potential as a foundation for the study of human learning, perception, and cognition. And it has potential as a foundation for mathematics, logic, and computing.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90763582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ball Comparison between Two Efficient Weighted-Newton-like Solvers for Equations","authors":"I. Argyros, Samundra Regmi, Christopher I. Argyros, Debasis Sharma","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040069","url":null,"abstract":"We compare the convergence balls and the dynamical behaviors of two efficient weighted-Newton-like equation solvers by Sharma and Arora, and Grau-Sánchez et al. First of all, the results of ball convergence for these algorithms are established by employing generalized Lipschitz constants and assumptions on the first derivative only. Consequently, outcomes for the radii of convergence, measurable error distances and the existence–uniqueness areas for the solution are discussed. Then, the complex dynamical behaviors of these solvers are compared by applying the attraction basin tool. It is observed that the solver suggested by Grau-Sánchez et al. has bigger basins than the method described by Sharma and Arora. Lastly, our ball analysis findings are verified on application problems and the convergence balls are compared. It is found that the method given by Grau-Sánchez et al. has larger convergence balls than the solver of Sharma and Arora. Hence, the solver presented by Grau-Sánchez et al. is more suitable for practical application. The convergence analysis uses the first derivative in contrast to the aforementioned studies, utilizing the seventh derivative not on these methods. The developed process can be used on other methods in order to increase their applicability.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79457984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-Local Convergence of Two Derivative-Free Methods of Order Six for Solving Equations under the Same Conditions","authors":"I. Argyros, Christopher I. Argyros, Jinny Ann John, Jayakumar Jayaraman","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040068","url":null,"abstract":"We propose the semi-local convergence of two derivative-free, competing methods of order six to address non-linear equations. The sufficient convergence criteria are the same, making a direct comparison between them possible. The existing convergence technique uses the standard Taylor series approach, which requires derivatives up to order seven. The novelty and originality of our work lies in the fact that in contrast to previous research works, our convergence theorems only demand the first derivative. In addition, formulas for determining the region of uniqueness for solution, convergence radii, and error estimations are suggested. Such results cannot be found in works relying on the seventh derivatives. As a consequence, we are able to broaden the utility of these productive methods. The confirmation of our convergence findings through application problems brings this research to a close.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90588685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a Social-Ecological-Entropy Perspective of Sustainable Exploitation of Natural Resources","authors":"Sebastian Michel-Mata, Mónica Gómez-Salazar, Víctor Castaño, I. Santamaría-Holek","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040067","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative and integrative modeling strategy for assessing the sustainability and resilience of social-ecological systems (SES) is presented by introducing a social-ecological entropy production (SEEP) method. In analogy to the thermodynamic entropy production of irreversible processes, we discuss a theoretical model that relates energy and information flow with the cultural and epistemological peculiarities of different communities that exploit the same natural resource. One of the innovative aspects of our approach comes from the fact that sustainability is assessed by a single parameter (SEEP) incorporating the simulation outcomes of all the populations participating in the dynamics, and not only on the fate of the resource. This is significant as far as the non-linearities introduced by the coupling of the different dynamics considered may lead to high sensitivity to small perturbations. Specifically, by assuming two possible types of technical and environmental knowledge-transfer methods [direct (D) and phase-in (P)] within each one of the two communities that exploit and restore a resource, we generate four mathematical models to explore the long-term sustainability scenario due to the intervention, by a new epistemological community, of an initially sustainable resource-community SES. By exploring the space of four key parameters characterizing the degree of technical and environmental knowledge, as well as the rates of social inclusion and knowledge transfer, our simulations show that, from 400 scenarios studied in each case, the P-P model predicts 100% sustainable cases in the use of the resource after the intervention by the second community. The mixed scenarios P-D and D-P predict about 29%, and the D-D scenario only predicts 23% of sustainable cases. Catastrophic outcomes are predicted at about 71% in P-D and D-P scenarios, and about 77% of extinction of the system by exhaustion of the resource and community populations in the D-D scenario. In this form, our theoretical strategy and the knowledge-transfer scenarios studied may help policymakers to find a priori science-based criteria to solve possible controversies arising from social-ecological interventions.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72723130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elemental Laser-Plasma Analysis of Pointed Gourd Leaves for Diabetes Management","authors":"T. Kumar, P. Rai, A. K. Rai, N. Rai, A. K. Rai, C. Parigger, G. Watal, S. Yadav","doi":"10.3390/foundations2040066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2040066","url":null,"abstract":"This interdisciplinary work communicates the identification and quantification of elements responsible for the bioactive potency of leaves from pointed gourd, trichosanthes dioica, using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Calibration-free LIBS determines the presence of various trace and major elements, their concentrations, and ratios in which they are present in the leaves. The presence of specific elemental ratios of magnesium/sodium and magnesium/potassium could be promising for managing diabetes mellitus. Variable doses of aqueous extract from trichosanthes dioica leaves are administered for determination of the most effective one. Based on encouraging results, the extract could be harvested to serve as anti-diabetic medication for diabetes and associated symptoms.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74143591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}