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Lagrangians of Multiannual Growth Systems 多年生长系统的拉格朗日量
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010011
P. Kärenlampi
{"title":"Lagrangians of Multiannual Growth Systems","authors":"P. Kärenlampi","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010011","url":null,"abstract":"Multiannual growth systems are modeled in generic terms and investigated using partial derivatives and Lagrange multipliers. Grown stock density and temperature sum are used as independent variables. Estate capitalization increases continuously with grown stock and temperature sum, whereas capital return rate and gross profit rate reach a maximum with respect to grown stock. As two restrictions are applied simultaneously, the results mostly but not always follow intuition. The derivative of capital return rate with respect to gross profit rate is positive, and negative with respect to capitalization. The derivative of capitalization with respect to capital return rate shows some positive values, as well as that with respect to gross profit rate. The derivative of the gross profit rate is positive with respect to both capitalization and capital return rate. The results indicate a variety of alternative strategies, which may or may not be multiobjective.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78865192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatty Acid Vesicles as Hard UV-C Shields for Early Life 脂肪酸囊泡作为早期生命的紫外线- c屏障
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010010
Iván Lechuga, Karo Michaelian
{"title":"Fatty Acid Vesicles as Hard UV-C Shields for Early Life","authors":"Iván Lechuga, Karo Michaelian","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010010","url":null,"abstract":"Theories on life’s origin generally acknowledge the advantage of a semi-permeable vesicle (protocell) for enhancing the chemical reaction–diffusion processes involved in abiogenesis. However, more and more evidence indicates that the origin of life is concerned with the photo-chemical dissipative structuring of the fundamental molecules under soft UV-C light (245–275 nm). In this paper, we analyze the Mie UV scattering properties of such a vesicle created with long-chain fatty acids. We find that the vesicle could have provided early life with a shield from the faint but destructive hard UV-C ionizing light (180–210 nm) that probably bathed Earth’s surface from before the origin of life and at least until 1200 million years after, until the formation of a protective ozone layer as a result of the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136173866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Extended Newton-like Midpoint Method for Solving Equations in Banach Space Banach空间中求解方程的扩展类牛顿中点法
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010009
I. Argyros, Gagan Deep, Samundra Regmi
{"title":"Extended Newton-like Midpoint Method for Solving Equations in Banach Space","authors":"I. Argyros, Gagan Deep, Samundra Regmi","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010009","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we present a convergence analysis of a Newton-like midpoint method for solving nonlinear equations in a Banach space setting. The semilocal convergence is analyzed in two different ways. The first one is shown by replacing the existing conditions with weaker and tighter continuity conditions, thereby enhancing its applicability. The second one uses more general ω-continuity conditions and the majorizing principle. This approach includes only the first order Fréchet derivative and is applicable for problems that were otherwise hard to solve by using approaches seen in the literature. Moreover, the local convergence is established along with the existence and uniqueness region of the solution. The method is useful for solving Engineering and Applied Science problems. The paper ends with numerical examples that show the applicability of our convergence theorems in cases not covered in earlier studies.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89390901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Investigation of the Acid/Basic Sites of Zeolite Trough Some Catalysed Nucleophilic Reactions 沸石酸碱性位催化亲核反应的研究
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010008
V. Verdoliva, M. Saviano, S. De Luca
{"title":"Investigation of the Acid/Basic Sites of Zeolite Trough Some Catalysed Nucleophilic Reactions","authors":"V. Verdoliva, M. Saviano, S. De Luca","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010008","url":null,"abstract":"Zeolites, both natural and synthetic, are certainly some of the most versatile minerals for their applications. Since the 1940s, they have been used in the chemical industry as catalysts, adsorbents and ion exchanger extensively, and the development of their practical usage is expected to continue upon years. Their versatility is the result of the combination of peculiar and indispensable properties, each of which can be found in other material as a single property, but seldom all of them are found in combination. However, despite the success of their employment, the mechanisms of many important catalytic processes involving zeolites remained elusive. In particular, the comprehension of the structure–property relationships for emerging applications are highly required. In this perspective article we focus on the role of zeolites as solid acid-base catalysts. We go deeply into the structural properties of the LTA kind (Zeolite-Na A 4 Ångstrom) that was successfully employed as basic catalyst for several nucleophilic substitution reactions.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80132252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Zero-Energy Bound States of Neutron–Neutron or Neutron–Muon Systems 中子-中子或中子-介子系统的零能束缚态
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010007
E. Oks
{"title":"Zero-Energy Bound States of Neutron–Neutron or Neutron–Muon Systems","authors":"E. Oks","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010007","url":null,"abstract":"There exists the following paradigm: for interaction potentials U(r) that are negative and go to zero as r goes to infinity, bound states may exist only for the negative total energy E. For E > 0 and for E = 0, bound states are considered to be impossible, both in classical and quantum mechanics. In the present paper we break this paradigm. Namely, we demonstrate the existence of bound states of E = 0 in neutron–neutron systems and in neutron–muon systems, specifically when the magnetic moments of the two particles in the pair are parallel to each other. As particular examples, we calculate the root-mean-square size of the bound states of these systems for the values of the lowest admissible values of the angular momentum, and show that it exceeds the neutron radius by an order of magnitude. We also estimate the average kinetic energy and demonstrate that it is nonrelativistic. The corresponding bound states of E = 0 may be called “neutronium” (for the neutron–neutron systems) and “neutron–muonic atoms” (for the neutron–muon systems). We also point out that this physical system possesses higher-than-geometric (i.e., algebraic) symmetry, leading to the approximate conservation of the square of the angular momentum, despite the geometric symmetry being axial. We use this fact for facilitating analytical and numerical calculations.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"8 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88430540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Foundations in 2022 对2022年基金会评审人员的感谢
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010006
{"title":"Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Foundations in 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010006","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87330737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
New Generalized Hermite–Hadamard–Mercer’s Type Inequalities Using (k, ψ)-Proportional Fractional Integral Operator 利用(k， ψ)-比例分数积分算子的新广义Hermite-Hadamard-Mercer型不等式
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010005
Henok Desalegn Desta, E. Nwaeze, Tadesse Abdi, J. Mijena
{"title":"New Generalized Hermite–Hadamard–Mercer’s Type Inequalities Using (k, ψ)-Proportional Fractional Integral Operator","authors":"Henok Desalegn Desta, E. Nwaeze, Tadesse Abdi, J. Mijena","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010005","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, by using Jensen–Mercer’s inequality we obtain Hermite–Hadamard–Mercer’s type inequalities for a convex function employing left-sided (k,ψ)-proportional fractional integral operators involving continuous strictly increasing function. Our findings are a generalization of some results that existed in the literature.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85894439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Treatment of a Coupled System for Quadratic Functional Integral Equation on the Real Half-Line via Measure of Noncompactness 用非紧性测度处理实半线上二次泛函积分方程的耦合系统
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-01-06 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010004
A. El-Sayed, Y. Omar, H. Hashem, S. Al-Issa
{"title":"Treatment of a Coupled System for Quadratic Functional Integral Equation on the Real Half-Line via Measure of Noncompactness","authors":"A. El-Sayed, Y. Omar, H. Hashem, S. Al-Issa","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010004","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the solvability and the asymptotic stability of a coupled system of a functional integral equation on the real half-axis. Our consideration is located in the space of bounded continuous functions on R+(BC(R+)). The main tool applied in this work is the technique associated with measures of noncompactness in BC(R+) by a given modulus of continuity. Next, we formulate and prove a sufficient condition for the solvability of that coupled system. We, additionally, provide an example and some particular cases to demonstrate the effectiveness and value of our results.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78394896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Improved Higher Order Compositions for Nonlinear Equations 非线性方程的改进高阶组合
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-01-06 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010003
G. Deep, I. Argyros
{"title":"Improved Higher Order Compositions for Nonlinear Equations","authors":"G. Deep, I. Argyros","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010003","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, two new compositions of convergence order six are presented for solving nonlinear equations. The first method is obtained from the third-order one given by Homeier using linear interpolation, and the second one is obtained from the third-order method given by Traub using divided differences. The first method requires three evaluations of the function and one evaluation of the first derivative, thereby enhancing the efficiency index. In the second method, the computation of a derivative is reduced by approximating it using divided differences. Various numerical experiments are performed which demonstrate the accuracy and efficacy of the proposed methods.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74626019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Methylidyne Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in a Microwave Plasma Discharge 微波等离子体放电中的甲基乙炔腔衰荡光谱
Foundations Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/foundations3010002
L. Nemes, C. Parigger
{"title":"Methylidyne Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in a Microwave Plasma Discharge","authors":"L. Nemes, C. Parigger","doi":"10.3390/foundations3010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3010002","url":null,"abstract":"This work communicates cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) of methylidyne (CH) in a chemiluminescent plasma that is produced in a microwave cavity. Of interest are the rotational lines of the 0-0 vibrational transition for the A–X band and the 1-0 vibrational transition for the B–X band. The reported investigations originate from research on the CH radical in 1996, which constituted the first case of applying CRDS to the CH radical. The report also includes a recent analysis that shows excellent agreement of the measured and computed data, and it communicates CH line strength data. The CH radical is an important diatomic molecule in hydrocarbon combustion diagnosis and the analysis of stellar plasma emissions, to name just two examples of analytical plasma chemistry.","PeriodicalId":81291,"journal":{"name":"Foundations","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86498861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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