Applied Radiation and Isotopes最新文献

{"title":"Determination of ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U in environmental samples from the analysis of the 186 keV photopeak and their progeny in equilibrium.","authors":"K M Lake, K Kanoutos, M J Anagnostakis","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radium-226 is a significant natural radionuclide in environmental studies, primarily due to its decay product ²²²Rn and its progeny. It is widely determined via the short-lived ²²²Rn progeny in equilibrium, a well-established method. Alternatively, ²²⁶Ra can be quantified through its 186.21 keV γ-ray. In environmental samples, this photopeak overlaps with the 185.72 keV peak of ²³⁵U, forming a multiplet around 186 keV, which is challenging to deconvolute. Resolving these peaks provides valuable information for the determination of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U. At Nuclear Engineering Laboratory of the National Technical University of Athens (NEL-NTUA), both the direct and indirect methods for analysing ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁵U, ²³⁸U as well as other natural radionuclides such as ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁸Ra and ²²⁴Ra in environmental samples have been employed for decades. For the γ-spectroscopic analysis at NEL-NTUA, the in-house developed SPUNAL code is used, which however does not always analyse the multiplet photopeak at ∼186 keV to its components. This study introduces an enhancement of the methods applied, combining a new calibration of the detector system and a suitable algorithm to resolve the multiplet peak at ∼186 keV. The method offers results from both the 186 keV photopeak analysis and the γ-rays emitted by ²³⁴Th and the short-lived radon progeny, ensuring the accuracy of yielded results for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U. The proposed analysis technique has been successfully validated through a series of analyses of constructed spectra. Furthermore, the technique was applied successfully for the analysis of a series of samples, proving of great value for the analysis of samples of environmental significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of retrospective dosimetry using ceramic material from spark plugs.","authors":"Claudete Roberta Evangelista Silva, Luiz Claudio Meira-Belo","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of retrospective dosimetry is to estimate absorbed radiation doses experienced by individuals or objects in past events using physical, chemical, biological, or historical evidence. Solid-state dosimetry techniques, such as thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), play a crucial role in reconstructing radiation exposure scenarios. In this study, the feasibility of using automotive spark plugs as retrospective dosimeters was investigated, inspired by the luminescent properties of the ceramic insulator, which is primarily composed of alumina (Al₂O₃). The high operational temperature of spark plugs effectively reset any pre-existing environmental radiation signals, ensuring that any luminescent response primarily reflects accidental radiation exposure. The single-aliquot regeneration-dose (SAR) protocol was applied using TL and OSL to assess the dosimetric properties of spark plug insulators. The results demonstrate that these components can serve as reliable dosimetric materials and can accurately map radiation dose distributions in accidental exposure scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable deep learning unlocks high-fidelity prediction for medical radioisotope production.","authors":"YanBang Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficient and pure production of medical radioisotopes, indispensable for diagnostic imaging and targeted radiotherapy, critically depends on accurate nuclear reaction cross section data. However, traditional physics-based models face limitations from inherent uncertainties and sparse experimental data, hindering optimal production strategies. Here, we introduce a comprehensive framework leveraging Bayesian-optimized deep neural networks to predict (p,2n) reaction cross sections for the production of clinically vital radioisotopes-⁴⁷Sc, ¹¹¹In, ¹²⁴I, and ¹⁶⁵Tm-with exceptional accuracy. Our models, trained and validated on evaluated data from the IAEA database, achieve a Pearson correlation coefficient R of 0.9997, significantly surpassing the performance of the TALYS-2.0 nuclear reaction code (R = 0.9783) using default parameters. Crucially, by integrating SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis, we provide unprecedented interpretability, elucidating the influence of projectile energy and nuclear structure features (notably neutron numbers of target and product nuclei) on cross-section predictions. This work demonstrates that data-driven, interpretable AI models can overcome long-standing challenges in nuclear data evaluation, offering a powerful tool to optimize cyclotron-based radioisotope production and advance nuclear medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unpaired T1-weighted MRI synthesis from T2-weighted data using unsupervised learning.","authors":"Junxiong Zhao, Nvjia Zeng, Lei Zhao, Na Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is indispensable for modern diagnostics because of its detailed anatomical and functional information without the use of ionizing radiation. However, acquiring multiple imaging sequences - such as T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) scans - can prolong scan times, increase patient discomfort, and raise healthcare costs. In this study, we propose an unsupervised framework based on a contrast-sensitive domain translation network with adaptive feature normalization to translate unpaired T2w MRI images into clinically acceptable T1w images. Our method employs adversarial training, along with cycle consistency, identity, and attention-guided loss functions. These components ensure that the generated images not only preserve essential anatomical details but also exhibit high visual fidelity compared to ground truth T1w images. Quantitative evaluation on a publicly available MRI dataset yielded a mean Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 22.403 dB, a mean Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) of 0.775, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.078, and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.036. Additional analysis of pixel intensity and grayscale distributions further supported the consistency between the generated and ground truth images. Qualitative assessment included visual comparison to assess perceptual fidelity. These promising results suggest that a contrast-sensitive domain translation network with an adaptive feature normalization framework can effectively generate realistic T1w images from T2w inputs, potentially reducing the need for acquiring multiple sequences and thereby streamlining MRI protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112049"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of the ²¹¹At activity via alpha-particles counting with a liquid scintillation spectrometer.","authors":"Chihiro Shimodan, Kasumi Arai, Masataka Imamura, Tetsuro Matsumoto, Akihiko Masuda, Seiya Manabe, Rio Furukawa, Ryan Smith, Hideki Harano, Yasushi Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alpha-particle emitters have garnered considerable interest as therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, with ²¹¹At emerging as a viable candidate. In this study, the activity concentration of an ²¹¹At solution was determined via alpha-particle counting with a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Alpha-particles, in the region of interest set for pulse-height spectral measurement, were counted, and the counts were corrected for alpha-particle counting efficiency determined using ²⁴¹Am standard source. The uncertainty in the alpha-particle counting efficiency was the largest contributor to the overall uncertainty. This result suggests that the combined uncertainty can be reduced by improving the method for evaluating alpha-particle counting efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112093"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144939347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Framework for evaluating legacy high activity building material based on indoor gamma radiation surveys.","authors":"Zsolt Homoki, Ágnes Szigeti, Anita Csordás, Gergely Tóth, Hegedűs Miklós, Tibor Kovács","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Europe, people spend most of their time in buildings. The indoor gamma radiation has the highest contribution to our natural exposure after the inhalation of radon and its daughter elements and its level can reach sometimes very high values. But there is no reference level which can support the decision about the necessity of mitigation actions. Our purpose was to characterise the usual level of indoor gamma radiation in the Hungarian homes and to originate a Reference Level by the adoption of legislation applied for building materials. In this article, a statistical evaluation was made from the results of outdoor and indoor gamma radiation surveys made between 1995 and 2024 using passive and active detectors and gamma-ray spectrometric results of building materials. The average outdoor and indoor gamma radiation level was found to be 97 nSv/h and 149 nSv/h, respectively. According to our calculation, 250 nSv/h ambient gamma dose rate corresponds to the 1 mSv annual effective dose. Therefore, the Reference Level of indoor gamma radiation should be 350 nSv/h for the Hungarian homes. Such kind of elevated levels was detected only in buildings where bottom ash weas used as floor space filling material or the main walls were made from bottom ash concrete blocks. Additionally, a direct link was found between the gamma dose rate levels near to the surface of the building materials and its radioactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112034"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of modeling applications and radioactive tracers for the hydrodynamic determination of groundwater flow in Wetlands.","authors":"Eleftheria Ioannidou, Christos Pouliaris, Ioanna Zerva, Dimitra Kemitzoglou, Alexandra Ioannidou, Eleni Zagana, Nerantzis Kazakis","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Constructed wetlands (CWs) are treatment engineered systems designed to mimic the processes of natural wetlands for the purpose of treating wastewater or stormwater. These wetlands use vegetation, soil, and microbial processes to remove pollutants and improve water quality. CWs have been employed as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods. CWs contribute to sustainable water management by utilizing natural processes and promoting environmental conservation. Their design and operation should be tailored to specific site conditions and treatment objectives. Groundwater modelling applications and the use of tracers play crucial roles in understanding and optimizing the performance of constructed wetlands. A detailed literature overview was performed to identify the various modelling methods and tracer applications commonly used around the globe for assessing CWs' development and operation. The most widely applied groundwater models include MODFLOW-MODPATH for simulating groundwater flow and transport processes, as well as MT3DMS and HYDRUS for evaluating contaminant transport. Additionally, coupled hydrological models and reactive transport simulations provide insights into the hydraulic and biochemical processes occurring within CWs. In terms of tracer applications, both natural and artificial radioactive tracers are frequently utilized to assess hydrodynamics and pollutant removal efficiency. Key radiotracers include isotopes such as ²²²Rn, ⁷Be, ¹³⁷Cs, and ²¹⁰Pb for sediment transport and water movement analysis, as well as ³H and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U for groundwater interactions. These tracers, in combination with numerical modelling, enhance the accuracy of hydrodynamic assessments and improve the predictive capacity of CW performance under various operational scenarios. This integrated approach enhances the efficiency and reliability of constructed wetlands in treating wastewater and stormwater, providing an effective solution and contributing to sustainable water management practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112095"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and vertical distribution of uranium and associated hydro-geochemistry, chemometric statistics in groundwater of Mansa and Barnala districts, Punjab, India.","authors":"Satvir Singh, Tanu Sharma, B S Bajwa, Inderpreet Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study aimed to elucidate the spatial and vertical distribution of uranium in groundwater of Mansa and Barnala districts of South-West Punjab, along with associated physico-geochemical properties and related pathfinder elements, employing hydro-geochemical methodologies and chemometric statistics. In this study, high prevalence (surpassing WHO limit 30 μg/L in drinking water) of uranium was observed in 67 % and 50 % of groundwater samples from Mansa and Barnala districts, respectively. Substantial fluoride contamination followed by nitrates was found in groundwater of both districts. The groundwater from deeper aquifers was found to be suitable for irrigation purpose in the study area. From the hydro-geochemistry study in Mansa district, it was observed both water-rock interactions and high saline water intrusions were responsible for ionic solubility whereas in Barnala district, the primary source of dissolved ions is water-rock interaction. A strong positive correlation of uranium was observed with its path finder elements (Cr, Mo, Se) in both districts indicated that the geogenic sources are predominantly responsible for the origin of U in groundwater of two districts. This study may provide a foundational dataset for the spatial and vertical distribution of uranium in groundwater across both districts, serving local communities, state and central governments and related organizations in formulating the policies and remediation strategies to address water pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of active personal dosimeter in terms of Hp(10) for X and gamma radiation beams.","authors":"Fernanda Rocha Cavalcante, Sibele Reis Reynaldo, Claudio Roberto Soares, Camila Engler, Sara Suely da Silva Lima, Teógenes Augusto da Silva, Maria do Socorro Nogueira","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of active personal dosimeters (APDs) is becoming more widespread in hospitals, generally found to be beneficial due to instant reading and useful for optimization purposes. In this study, three active personal dosimeters of Polimaster® model RadFlash® were chosen for characterization in terms of H_p(10) according to reference conditions of ISO 4037-3 (ISO, 2019b). The dosimeters were irradiated in X and gamma reference radiation defined in the ISO 4037-1 standard (ISO, 2019a), using the gamma irradiator and X-ray irradiator GE Isovolt 160, both located at the Dosimeter Calibration Laboratory (LCD) of the Center for Development of Nuclear Technology (CDTN). The repeatability of RadFlash® APDs resulted in a dosimeter percentage difference smaller than 5 %. The energy and angular response of each RadFlash® APD is within the interval from 0.71 to 1.67 for photon energies above or equal to 50 keV, considered adequate according to IEC 61526 standard (IEC, 2024).</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144940159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Helium ⁴He nuclei based radiotherapy.","authors":"Natalia Knake, Rafał Prokopowicz, Michał A Gryziński, Janusz Kocik","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to their advantageous physical and biological properties, ⁴He nuclei are the subject of growing interest in medicine. Low-energy ⁴He nuclei (α particles) are currently used in internal radiotherapy (IR) in the form of an implant in Diffusing Alpha-Emitters Radiation Therapy (DaRT) or radiopharmaceutical in Alpha - emitters based Radiopharmaceutical Therapy (αRT) and in binary therapy such as Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) in a form of stable compound introduced into the body as a potential source of α particles in reaction with neutrons. High energy ⁴He ions were not used clinically since the 1990s. However, their application in external beam radiotherapy was extensively investigated and the first patient treatment was performed after a long time in 2021. The major challenging in dosimetry and treatment planning in radiation therapy with use of α particles is in vivo dose distribution monitoring in a body to get adequate information on biological response in cancerous and healthy tissues. The α particles, and in the case of BNCT also accompanying ⁷Li nuclei, cannot be measured directly, therefore suitable indirectly methods for imaging their distribution and concentration in tissues are emerging. Moreover, physical dose distribution imaging system shall be related to the specified biological response to allow real therapeutic effect determining and treatment plan establishment. Therefore, radiobiological parameters for weighting absorbed dose models taking into account synergic effects of different types of radiation in therapy are emerging. In the article general overview of used currently in clinics or being subject of pre-clinical studies ⁴He nuclei based therapies with particular emphasis on adequate methods of therapeutical dose imaging during therapy, was performed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"112068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}