Applied Radiation and Isotopes最新文献

{"title":"Computational image analysis of kidney tissue samples of beagle dogs irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays","authors":"Jelena Matković ,&nbsp;Jelena Trajković ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Nenadović ,&nbsp;Gayle E. Woloschak ,&nbsp;Tatjana Paunesku ,&nbsp;Andjelija Ž. Ilić","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancements in the computational capabilities, over the past two decades, led to the intensification of research and practical application in the fields of computational image analysis and data classification. In particular, this approach is of interest in medicine, as it promises enhanced diagnostic accuracy and detection of subtle features. Alterations and patterns in medical images can be detected and quantified with precision. Additionally, the approach is markedly time saving and enabling of handling big amounts of data, giving new insights into the disease mechanisms and progression through data patterns and correlations.</div><div>Given relatively large quantities of data collected from radiobiology megastudies conducted in the past, we decided to subject some of these archival tissue specimens to computational image analysis in order to study in more detail structural changes in particular organs due to exposures to ionizing radiation. Here, we analyzed solid tissue samples of kidneys in beagle dogs irradiated with ⁶⁰Co gamma-rays. We performed multifractal analysis, of the arrangements and shapes of cell nuclei, as well as tissue architecture in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Although the dosing patterns differed, as well as the resulting days of survival and causes of death (not directly linked to the kidneys), we were able to quantify some of the structural changes present in the analyzed specimens. With the further analyses and more systematic study, we hope to form a base of knowledge on tissue structural modifications and typical values of tissue descriptors in various cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 111952"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dosimetry measurement on head and neck sensitive organs during CT scan, a comprehensive study","authors":"Amir Reza Khoshhal ,&nbsp;Ahmad Esmaili Torshabi ,&nbsp;Mehdi Zehtabian","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing use of Computed Tomography (CT) significantly aids in diagnosing various diseases. However, patient radiation exposure remains a major concern. This study presents experimental dosimetry measurements of the radiation dose received by sensitive organs in the head and neck region during CT imaging with a Canon CT scanner using scan parameters of 135 kV, 150 mA, 6.6 s, and 5 mm slice thickness. Calibrated GR-200 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs) were used to measure the absorbed doses at various points on a Rando phantom. A total of 84 TLDs were used for: the occipital (24) and temporal lobes (24), the thalamus (12), the hypothalamus (6), right parotid gland (4), eyes (4) and for background dose measurement (10). The absorbed doses were found to be 23.84 mGy for the occipital lobe, 23.11 mGy for the temporal lobe, 22.81 mGy for the hypothalamus, 22.94 mGy for the thalamus, 17.63 mGy for the left eye, 17.08 mGy for the right eye, and 28.08 mGy for the right parotid gland. The highest and lowest doses were observed in the right parotid gland and eyes, respectively. This study provides valuable insights for clinicians and radiologists, understanding the risk of overexposure with a quantitative vision in sensitive head and neck organs during scanning especially in pediatric and repeat-scan cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 111949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of high-energy X-ray conversion target based on linear electron accelerator","authors":"Hongchao Yang ,&nbsp;Xingfan Yang ,&nbsp;Yinghong Tang ,&nbsp;Heng Dai ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Li ,&nbsp;Guohua Liang ,&nbsp;Yadong Wu ,&nbsp;Xianguo Tuo ,&nbsp;Qibiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-energy X-rays can be employed to inspect fuel elements, even weld seams, cracks, and internal structural deformations of the components due to their density-sensitive characteristics and strong penetration capabilities. The quality of these X-rays is determined by various factors such as the X-ray conversion target, the cooling system for the conversion target, and the filter type, thereby influencing the detection accuracy. This study was conducted using an electron linear accelerator with an energy of 10 MeV and an average current of 150 μA. Firstly, we designed the conversion target material and geometry structure by Monte Carlo method. The results indicate that the optimal target material is tungsten and the optimum shape of the conversion target is a cylinder with dimensions of Φ 40 × 2.2 mm. Second, finite element analysis was applied to design the conversion target cooling system. After 60 min of electron beam irradiation, the local maximum temperature of the conversion target is approximately 1330 °C. Lastly, theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were used to design the X-ray filters. The result demonstrates that a double-layer filter consisting of 8 mm bismuth and 4 mm iron can increase the proportion of high-energy X-rays by 13.89 ± 0.05 %. Finally, the results of using the attenuation method to measure the X-ray energy spectrum produced by an electron linear accelerator indicate that without a filter 78.81 % of the X-rays are above 1 MeV and with a filter this proportion increases to 80.55 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 111951"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative compilation of experimental and theoretical internal conversion coefficients of pure E2 transitions","authors":"Venkataramaniah K. ,&nbsp;Scheidenberger C. ,&nbsp;Madhusudhana Rao K. ,&nbsp;Vijay Sai K. ,&nbsp;A. Srinivasa Pradeep ,&nbsp;Deepa Seetharaman","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The most precise theoretical internal conversion coefficient (ICC) tables are of Hager and Seltzer, Rosel et al. and Kibe'di et al. with subtle differences. The experimental measurements of ICCs are one of the important parameters in nuclear structure studies. A rigorous comparison of experimental ICCs with various theoretical tabulations is possible only when a large data on experimental ICCs is available at one place. For this reason, a compilation of all the available experimental K-shell internal conversion coefficients (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>K</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) of pure E2 transitions for a number of elements in the range of 24⩽Z ⩽ 94 is presented. Listing of experimental data includes 284 pure E2 transitions in 175 nuclei across the nuclear chart of which 30 transitions in 19 nuclei are of high precision. Data sets with less than 10 % experimental uncertainty have been selected for comparison with the theoretical values of Hager and Seltzer, Rosel et al. and Kibe'di et al. The relative percentage deviation (%Δ) have been calculated for each of the above theories and the average (<span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mo>%</mo><mo>Δ</mo></mrow><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>)are estimated. The BrIccFO theoretical calculations of Kibe'di et al. using the frozen orbital approximation are seen to give theoretical ICCs closest to experimental values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 111932"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrophotomaterically study for PS and MO/PS composites as high-doses dosimeters","authors":"Samah M. Hussein ,&nbsp;Nahida J. Hameed ,&nbsp;Evan T. Salim","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work concerns preparing and characterizing polymer systems for dosimetry applications. The samples were cast as a thin film from homopolymer (Polystyrene (PS)) before and after doping with Methyl Orange (MO) at different weight ratios of (0.2 %, 0.4 %, 0.6 %, 0.8 %, and 1 % wt./wt.). The prepared samples were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co (gamma source) within a range of (1–13 kGy). The polymer systems were evaluated spectrostomaterically for use as high-dose dosimeters. The absorption spectra of prepared samples before and after irradiation manifested the Gamma radiation-induced absorption changes with the absorbed doses (Systematic changes) for (PS and 0.2 % MO/PS), and unsystematic for the others. The calibration plots were selected at (700 nm) wavelength for their linear response at this wavelength. The results proved that the PS and 0.2 % MO/PS can be used as dosimeters for their linear response to the radiation dose. The effective dose range in the linear part for PS and 0.2 % MO/PS was (1–13 kGy), and the maximum optical absorption difference reached 1.291 and 1.122, respectively. The two dosimeters show perfect stability for 20 days. The FTIR and optical microscope results were investigated. The photographs elucidated the surface damage, i.e., grooves, holes, bubbles, and cracks induced by photodegradation for the samples involved. It was seen that the PS and 0.2 % MO/PS were promising for use as high-dose dosimeter applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 111935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elemental characterisation of arable soil and crop samples employing neutron activation analysis and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique","authors":"Vaishali Dadwal ,&nbsp;Deep Shikha ,&nbsp;Sonika Gupta ,&nbsp;Aditi Dalvi ,&nbsp;Vimal Mehta ,&nbsp;R. Acharya","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research work investigates into the elemental distribution within arable soil and locally collected crop samples from farmers of Nawanshahr region of Punjab, offering insights into nutrient concentration, potential contamination, and their impact on agricultural sustainability. Crop and soil samples were collected from 10 selected agricultural sites at Nawanshahr region of Punjab and subsequently analyzed using radioanalytical technique; Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) via the Pneumatic Carrier Facility (PCF) at BARC, Mumbai and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF). These methodologies enabled precise quantification of essential elements: Al, Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn, revealing distribution patterns in soil and crop samples. In soil, the concentration value followed: Al &gt; Fe &gt; Na &gt; K &gt; Ca &gt; Mg &gt; Mn &gt; Zn, while in crops, it shifted to Al &gt; Ca &gt; Fe &gt; Na &gt; Mg &gt; Zn &gt; Mn. Upon analysis, a strong correlation was observed between soil and crop elemental concentrations, for zinc (Zn) showing the highest uptake efficiency from soil to plant. However, other elements such as Fe, Mn, Na and Al exhibited insignificant relationships. It was also observed that Zn accumulation has an impact on crop yield productivity. To assess elemental accumulation in soil samples, the Contamination Factor (CF) was calculated, highlighting the accumulation of Ca and Zn in arable soil. The limit of detection values obtained for crop and soil samples using ED-XRF were also evaluated, underscoring the importance of assessing both major and minor elements to enhance soil and crop quality, thereby fostering sustainable agriculture and ensuring long-term food security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 111947"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of experimental and simulated gamma ray shielding features of pure Sm2O3 and yttrium doped Sm2O3 nanoparticles","authors":"Amir Reza Khoshhal ,&nbsp;Shahin Kookaeyan ,&nbsp;Abbas Bagheri Khatibani ,&nbsp;Alireza Azadbar","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the development of alternative materials to lead for environmentally friendly and non-toxic radiation shielding has garnered significant interest. This study focuses on synthesizing pure samarium oxide (Sm₂O₃) and yttrium-doped Sm₂O₃ nanostructures (with 10 % and 20 % yttrium) using the sol-gel method as potential lead-free radiation shielding materials. The structural, optical, and morphological properties were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). XRD confirmed a cubic crystal structure for Sm₂O₃, with yttrium incorporation causing slight structural modifications. FESEM images highlighted the interaction between yttrium nanoplates and Sm₂O₃ nanorods, while EDS confirmed the expected elemental composition. Key gamma shielding parameters—including mean free path (MFP), mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), linear attenuation coefficients (LAC), transmission factor (TF), tenth value layer (TVL), half value layer (HVL) and radiation protection efficiency (RPE) —were experimentally measured and simulated using GEometry ANd Tracking (GEANT4) toolkit. The results demonstrated that the addition of yttrium enhanced radiation shielding performance. The LAC values for pure Sm₂O₃ (SY0), 10 % (SY1) and 20 % (SY2) yttrium-doped samples were 2.1070, 2.1622 and 2.2058, respectively. The HVL, TVL, MFP and TF exhibited a decreasing trend. The GEANT4 simulations confirmed these findings, showing gamma attenuation percentages of 25.21 %, 25.79 % and 26.24 % for the respective samples. The study suggests that Sm₂O₃/yttrium composites can serve as efficient gamma shielding materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 111946"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of aluminum-bismuth alloys and determination of their shielding capacity against ionizing energies","authors":"Maximiliano Díaz Molina,&nbsp;J. Rafael Molina Contreras","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work are reported five Al/Bi synthetized alloys with 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 % of bismuth. XCOM calculations suggest the best shielding capacity for the sample made with 50Al/50Bi. Half value layer results compared with a pure Aluminum sample show reduction in thickness higher than 65 % for photon energies from 1 to 100 keV. These results suggest that 50Al/50Bi can be used as shielding barrier in mammography, dental machines, bone x-rays and cancer treatment in the medical field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 111941"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ce3+ doping on the structural, optical, and dosimetric properties of magnesium-borate glasses","authors":"Gerardo R. Barrera ,&nbsp;Adriel S. Almeida ,&nbsp;Bruno M. Vidigal ,&nbsp;Anderson M.B. Silva ,&nbsp;Matheus C.S. Nunes ,&nbsp;Andrea L.F. Novais ,&nbsp;Neilo M. Trindade ,&nbsp;Divanizia N. Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ce³⁺ doped magnesium-borate glasses with compositions 80MgB₂O₄-20MgB₄O₇:xCe and 60MgB₂O₄-40MgB₄O₇:xCe (where x = 0.10, 0.30, 0.50, 0.70, and 0.90 wt%), were successfully synthesized using the melt quenching method. The physical, structural, and luminescent properties of the glasses were systematically investigated through density measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical absorption, spectrofluorometry, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the glasses, while DSC provided insights into their thermal stability and phase transition behavior. The thermal stability of the 60 MBO matrix was found to be higher than that of the 80 MBO glass. An increase in glass density with higher Ce³⁺ concentrations was observed, accompanied by a reduction in molar volume. The indirect and direct optical band gap decreased with increasing Ce³⁺ content, correlating with the observed decrease in molar volume. Photoluminescence studies revealed emissions associated with Ce³⁺ ions incorporated into the glass matrix. Additionally, OSL measurements demonstrated the dose-response behavior of the glasses over the range of 0.02–5 Gy. Particularly, the 60MBO glass composition exhibited superior sensitivity to ionizing radiation compared to the 80MBO composition. The OSL signal of the 60MGO glass fades significantly within a few days. Long-term stability of the OSL signal should be a goal for new studies on these glasses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 111942"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of diorites and feldspars on soil radioactivity: Evidence from university city of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases","authors":"E.G. Villarreyes Peña ,&nbsp;G. Patiño Camargo ,&nbsp;P. Mendoza ,&nbsp;O. Baltuano Elias","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111923","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study represents the first systematic measurement of environmental radiation in the University City of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) and the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) in the city of Lima, Peru, conducted between July, December 2022, and January 2023. Natural radioactivity levels and absorbed dose rates in soil samples were determined by using gamma spectroscopy with a high purity germanium detector (HPGe) semiconductor detector with 150 % efficiency.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At UNMSM, the following results were obtained for the activity concentrations (A) of the four main naturally occurring radioactive materials NORM (&lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U, &lt;sup&gt;226&lt;/sup&gt;Ra, &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th, and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K): &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;U&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;238&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;24.2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3.4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;226&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;28.8&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0.7&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;232&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;39.4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;40&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;539&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;7&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. We find the absorbed dose rate of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;57.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;G&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and an annual effective dose equivalent of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0.28&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;v&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. On the other hand, at INEN, the following activity concentrations of NORM were found: &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;U&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;238&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;26.0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3.4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;226&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;27.9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0.8&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 111923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}