Anaerobe最新文献

{"title":"Theophylline-based control of repA on a Clostridioides difficile plasmid for use in allelic exchange","authors":"Joshua N. Brehm,&nbsp;Joseph A. Sorg","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Historically, mutagenesis in the non-model enteropathogenic bacterium <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> has been challenging. Developing a versatile and reliable method of generating targeted mutations in <em>C. difficile</em> is important to further our understanding of its pathogenesis. Some of the most common targeted mutagenesis systems rely on allelic exchange mediated by either uracil auxotrophy combined with a toxic uracil precursor, a toxin/anti-toxin system, group II introns, or CRISPR/Cas mutagenesis<em>.</em> However, each of these methods suffers from its own issues<em>.</em> Here, we develop and test an allelic exchange strategy which better facilitates screening for integration and selecting for excision than previous systems. This is achieved by controlling plasmid replication with a theophylline-dependent riboswitch cloned upstream of <em>repA,</em> the gene whose product controls plasmid replication. This allows efficient mutant generation, can be performed in a wild-type strain of <em>C. difficile</em>, does not have the off-target effects inherent to group II introns, and alleviates the problem of testing multiple gRNA targets in CRISPR mutagenesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102858"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000416/pdfft?md5=fe6748bed0a9380190a8a8ce0be24021&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000416-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of Irish Clostridioides difficile isolates, 2022","authors":"Lieke Brouwer ,&nbsp;Anne Carroll ,&nbsp;Eleanor McNamara","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Infection with <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> usually occurs after antibiotic treatment for other infections and can cause gastro-intestinal disorders of variable severity. <em>C. difficile</em> can be resistant to a wide spectrum of antimicrobials. Detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is important to direct optimal treatment and surveillance of AMR patterns in the overall population. Correlation between genotypic markers and phenotypic AMR is not yet well defined. The aim for this study is to assess whether and to what extent genotypic determinants of AMR correlate with phenotypic resistance.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><em>C. difficile</em> isolates (n = 99) were phenotypically characterized for resistance to eight antibiotics using Sensititre plates or E-tests. Their genomes were screened for genetic markers of resistance. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found high rates of resistance (&gt;50 %) to cefoxitin and clindamycin, intermediate rates of resistance (10 %–50 %) to moxifloxacin and tetracycline and low rates of resistance (&lt;10 %) to imipenem, metronidazole, vancomycin, and rifampicin. For moxifloxacin, tetracycline, and clindamycin, we found a good correlation between genotypic and phenotypic AMR, with an overall accuracy of 98 % (95 % CI 93%–100 %), 78 % (95 % CI 68%–86 %) and 86 % (95 % CI 77%–92 %) respectively. For the other five antibiotics, accurate estimates on the correlation could not be made.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results suggest that for moxifloxacin, tetracycline and clindamycin, phenotypic resistance in <em>C. difficile</em> can be predicted by genetic indicators and used for public health purposes. However, for the other five antibiotics, the model is not accurate and further development is necessary.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102857"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000404/pdfft?md5=03ef5dd0774d6f89f40459ecc7e12e05&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000404-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140765300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel transcriptional regulator OxtR1 regulates potential ferrodoxin in response to oxygen stress in Treponema denticola","authors":"Yumi Numata ,&nbsp;Yuichiro Kikuchi ,&nbsp;Toru Sato ,&nbsp;Kazuko Okamoto-Shibayama ,&nbsp;Yutaro Ando ,&nbsp;Yuri Miyai-Murai ,&nbsp;Eitoyo Kokubu ,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Ishihara","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><em>Treponema denticola</em> has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Previously, we reported that the potential transcriptional regulator TDE_0259 (<em>oxtR1)</em> is upregulated in the bacteriocin ABC transporter gene-deficient mutant. OxtR1 may regulate genes to adapt to environmental conditions during colonization; however, the exact role of the gene in <em>T. denticola</em> has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated its function using an <em>oxtR1</em>-deficient mutant.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The growth rates of the wild-type and <em>oxtR1</em> mutant were monitored under anaerobic conditions; their antibacterial agent susceptibility and gene expression were assessed using a liquid dilution assay and DNA microarray, respectively. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed to investigate the binding of OxtR1 to promoter regions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The growth rate of the bacterium was accelerated by the inactivation of <em>oxtR1</em>, and the mutant exhibited an increased minimum inhibitory concentration against ofloxacin. We observed a relative increase in the expression of genes associated with potential ferrodoxin (TDE_0260), flavodoxin, ABC transporters, heat-shock proteins, DNA helicase, iron compounds, and lipoproteins in the mutant. OxtR1 expression increased upon oxygen exposure, and <em>oxtR1</em> complementation suppressed the expression of potential ferrodoxin. Our findings also suggested that OxtR1 binds to a potential promoter region of the TDE_0259–260 operon. Moreover, the mutant showed a marginal yet significantly faster growth rate than the wild-type strain under H₂O₂ exposure.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The oxygen-sensing regulator OxtR1 plays a role in regulating the expression of a potential ferrodoxin, which may contribute to the response of <em>T. denticola</em> to oxygen-induced stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140638212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effect of Clostridium butyricum on lung injury associated with acute pancreatitis in mice by combined 16S rRNA and metabolomics analysis","authors":"Jiaxin Liu ,&nbsp;Biyan Wen ,&nbsp;Yaoxing Huang ,&nbsp;Guiqing Deng ,&nbsp;Qingqing Yan ,&nbsp;Lin Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Acute lung injury is a critical complication of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The gut microbiota and its metabolites play an important role in SAP development and may provide new targets for AP-associated lung injury. Based on the ability to reverse AP injury, we proposed that <em>Clostridium butyricum</em> may reduce the potential for AP-associated lung injury by modulating with intestinal microbiota and related metabolic pathways.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>An AP disease model was established in mice and treated with <em>C. butyricum.</em> The structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota in mouse feces were analyzed by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Non-targeted metabolite analysis was used to quantify the microbiota derivatives. The histopathology of mouse pancreas and lung tissues was examined using hematoxylin–eosin staining. Pancreatic and lung tissues from mice were stained with immunohistochemistry and protein immunoblotting to detect inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><em>C. butyricum</em> ameliorated the dysregulation of microbiota diversity in a model of AP combined with lung injury and affected fatty acid metabolism by lowering triglyceride levels, which were closely related to the alteration in the relative abundance of <em>Erysipelatoclostridium</em> and <em>Akkermansia</em>. In addition, <em>C. butyricum</em> treatment attenuated pathological damage in the pancreatic and lung tissues and significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors in mice.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p><em>C. butyricum</em> may alleviate lung injury associated with AP by interfering with the relevant intestinal microbiota and modulating relevant metabolic pathways.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102854"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140618596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of CO fermentation by Clostridium carboxidivorans in batch reactors: Effects of the medium composition","authors":"F. Lanzillo ,&nbsp;S. Pisacane ,&nbsp;F. Raganati ,&nbsp;M.E. Russo ,&nbsp;P. Salatino ,&nbsp;A. Marzocchella","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of medium composition on CO fermentation by <em>Clostridium carboxidivorans</em>. The focus was to reduce the medium cost preserving acceptable levels of solvent production.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Yeast extract (YE) concentration was set in the range of 0–3 g/L. Different reducing agents were investigated, including cysteine-HCl 0.6 g/L, pure cysteine 0.6 g/L, sodium sulphide (Na2S) 0.6 g/L, cysteine-sodium sulphide 0.6 g/L and cysteine-sodium sulphide 0.72 g/L. The concentration of the metal solution was decreased down to 25 % of the standard value. Fermentation tests were also carried out with and without tungsten or selenium.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The results demonstrated that under optimized conditions, namely yeast extract (YE) concentration set at 1 g/L, pure cysteine as the reducing agent and trace metal concentration reduced to 75 % of the standard value, reasonable solvent production was achieved in less than 150 h. Under these operating conditions, the production levels were found to be 1.39 g/L of ethanol and 0.27 g/L of butanol. Furthermore, the study revealed that selenium was not necessary for <em>C. carboxidivorans</em> fermentation, whereas the presence of tungsten played a crucial role in both cell growth and solvent production.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The optimization of the medium composition in CO fermentation by <em>Clostridium carboxidivorans</em> is crucial for cost-effective solvent production. Tuning the yeast extract (YE) concentration, using pure cysteine as the reducing agent and reducing trace metal concentration contribute to reasonable solvent production within a relatively short fermentation period. Tungsten is essential for cell growth and solvent production, while selenium is not required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102855"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000386/pdfft?md5=220b5c513d3eb6afc1b72891a6a4b0a3&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000386-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140555159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human fecal alpha-glucosidase activity and its relationship with gut microbiota profiles and early stages of intestinal mucosa damage","authors":"Sergio Ruiz-Saavedra ,&nbsp;Nuria Salazar ,&nbsp;Adolfo Suárez ,&nbsp;Ylenia Diaz ,&nbsp;Carmen González del Rey ,&nbsp;Sonia González ,&nbsp;Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>We investigated potential relationships among initial lesions of the intestinal mucosa, fecal enzymatic activities and microbiota profiles.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fecal samples from 54 volunteers were collected after recruitment among individuals participating in a colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program in our region (Northern Spain) or attending for consultation due to clinical symptoms; intestinal mucosa samples were resected during colonoscopy. Enzymatic activities were determined in fecal supernatants by a semi-quantitative method. The fecal microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing. The results were compared between samples from clinical diagnosis groups (controls and polyps), according with the type of polyp (hyperplastic polyps or conventional adenomas) and considering the grade of dysplasia for conventional adenomas (low and high grade dysplasia).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>High levels of α-glucosidase activity were more frequent among samples from individuals diagnosed with intestinal polyps, reaching statistical significance for conventional adenomas and for low grade dysplasia adenomas when compared to controls. Regarding the microbiota profiles, higher abundance of <em>Christensenellaceae_R-7</em> group and <em>Oscillospiraceae</em>_<em>UCG-002</em> were found in fecal samples displaying low α-glucosidase activity as compared with those with higher activity as well as in controls with respect to conventional adenomas. A relationship was evidenced among intestinal mucosal lesions, gut glucosidase activities and intestinal microbiota profiles.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings suggest a relationship among altered fecal α-glucosidase levels, the presence of intestinal mucosal lesions, which can be precursors of CRC, and shifts in defined microbial groups of the fecal microbiota.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000362/pdfft?md5=47ffa1eaeb36489ae825c3cddf0c8b6a&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000362-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140555158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell damage by Clostridium perfringens","authors":"Lanxin Ou ,&nbsp;Bijin Ye ,&nbsp;Mingfei Sun ,&nbsp;Nanshan Qi ,&nbsp;Juan Li ,&nbsp;Minna Lv ,&nbsp;Xuhui Lin ,&nbsp;Haiming Cai ,&nbsp;Junjing Hu ,&nbsp;Yongle Song ,&nbsp;Xiangjie Chen ,&nbsp;Yibin Zhu ,&nbsp;Lijun Yin ,&nbsp;Jianfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Shenquan Liao ,&nbsp;Haoji Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Clostridium perfringens</em>, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes intestinal diseases in humans and livestock through its toxins, related to alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB), <em>C. perfringens</em> enterotoxin (CPE), epsilon toxin (ETX), Iota toxin (ITX), and necrotic enteritis B-like toxin (NetB). These toxins disrupt intestinal barrier, leading to various cell death mechanisms such as necrosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Additionally, non-toxin factors like adhesins and degradative enzymes contribute to virulence by enhancing colonization and survival of <em>C. perfringens</em>. A vicious cycle of intestinal barrier breach, misregulated cell death, and subsequent inflammation is at the heart of chronic inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal diseases. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies against <em>C. perfringens</em>-associated intestinal diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102856"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000398/pdfft?md5=72253330a0f355abc010d876a62a219d&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000398-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140788105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA-based regulation in bacteria-phage interactions","authors":"Marion Saunier ,&nbsp;Louis-Charles Fortier ,&nbsp;Olga Soutourina","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interactions of bacteria with their viruses named bacteriophages or phages shape the bacterial genome evolution and contribute to the diversity of phages. RNAs have emerged as key components of several anti-phage defense systems in bacteria including CRISPR-Cas, toxin-antitoxin and abortive infection. Frequent association with mobile genetic elements and interplay between different anti-phage defense systems are largely discussed. Newly discovered defense systems such as retrons and CBASS include RNA components. RNAs also perform their well-recognized regulatory roles in crossroad of phage-bacteria regulatory networks. Both regulatory and defensive function can be sometimes attributed to the same RNA molecules including CRISPR RNAs. This review presents the recent advances on the role of RNAs in the bacteria-phage interactions with a particular focus on clostridial species including an important human pathogen, <em>Clostridioides difficile</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102851"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000349/pdfft?md5=8b178f0cd4f8113a7a2463a6ddc04d55&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000349-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140540345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The small acid-soluble proteins of spore-forming organisms: Similarities and differences in function","authors":"Hailee N. Nerber,&nbsp;Joseph A. Sorg","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The small acid-soluble proteins are found in all endospore-forming organisms and are a major component of spores. Through their DNA binding capabilities, the SASPs shield the DNA from outside insults (e.g., UV and genotoxic chemicals). The absence of the major SASPs results in spores with reduced viability when exposed to UV light and, in at least one case, the inability to complete sporulation. While the SASPs have been characterized for decades, some evidence suggests that using newer technologies to revisit the roles of the SASPs could reveal novel functions in spore regulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000271/pdfft?md5=43c02569759ce5a7d997c1defcfc5882&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000271-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140543038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of existing total anti-toxin B IgG immunity in outcomes of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","authors":"Isaura Rigo,&nbsp;Mary K. Young,&nbsp;Mayuresh M. Abhyankar,&nbsp;Feifan Xu,&nbsp;Girija Ramakrishnan,&nbsp;Farha Naz,&nbsp;Gregory R. Madden ,&nbsp;William A. Petri","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Late anti-toxin-B humoral immunity acquired after treatment is important for preventing recurrent <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infection. We prospectively-measured anti-toxin-B IgG and neutralization titers at diagnosis as potential early predictors of recurrence. High anti-toxin-B-IgG/neutralizing antibodies were associated with short-lasting protection within 6-weeks, however, no difference in recurrence risk was observed by 90-days post-infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000258/pdfft?md5=0f538c143729db31974658bf8b4a2a0a&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000258-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140326265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}