Anaerobe最新文献

{"title":"Regulatory Networks: Linking Toxin Production and Sporulation in Clostridioides difficile.","authors":"Md Kamrul Hasan, Oluchi Alaribe, Revathi Govind","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease as a consequence of antibiotic exposure and costs the healthcare system billions of dollars every year. C. difficile enters the host gut as dormant spores, germinates into vegetative cells, colonizes the gut, and produces toxins TcdA and/or TcdB, leading to diarrhea and inflammation. Spores are the primary transmission vehicle, while the toxins A and B directly contribute to the disease. Thus, toxin production and sporulation are the key traits that determine the success of C. difficile as a pathogen. Both toxins and spores are produced during the late stationary phase in response to various stimuli. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms, highlighting the regulatory pathways that interconnect toxin gene expression and sporulation in C. difficile. The roles of carbohydrates, amino acids and other nutrients and signals, in modulating these virulence traits through global regulatory networks are discussed. Understanding the links within the gene regulatory network is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies against C. difficile infections, potentially leading to targeted interventions that disrupt the co-regulation of toxin production and sporulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":" ","pages":"102920"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142613602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Granular activated carbon enhances the anaerobic digestion of solid and liquid fractions of swine effluent at different mesophilic temperatures","authors":"Miriam Orrantia ,&nbsp;Edna R. Meza-Escalante ,&nbsp;Vianey A. Burboa-Charis ,&nbsp;Refugio B. García-Reyes ,&nbsp;Marina M. Atilano-Camino ,&nbsp;Denisse Serrano-Palacios ,&nbsp;Luis A. Leyva ,&nbsp;Yair A. Del Angel ,&nbsp;Luis H. Alvarez","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p><span>This study evaluated the effect of particle size and dosage of granular activated carbon (GAC) on methane production from the </span>anaerobic digestion of raw effluent (RE) of swine wastewater, and the solid (SF) and liquid (LF) fractions. The effect of temperature using the selected size and dosage of GAC was also evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>60 mL of swine wastewater were inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge and GAC at different dosages and particle size. The cultures were incubated at different temperatures at 130 rpm. The kinetic parameters from experimental data were obtained using the Gompertz model.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The cultures with the LF and GAC (75–150 μm, 15 g/L) increased 1.87-fold the methane production compared to the control without GAC. The GAC at 75–150 μm showed lower lag phases and higher R_max<span> than the cultures with GAC at 590–600 μm. The cumulative methane production at 45 °C with the RE + GAC was 7.4-fold higher than the control. Moreover, methane production at 45 °C significantly increased with the cultures LF + GAC (6.0-fold) and SF + GAC (2.0-fold). The highest production of volatile fatty acids and ammonium was obtained at 45 °C regardless of the substrate and the addition of GAC contributed to a higher extent than the cultures lacking GAC. In most cases, the kinetic parameters at 30 °C and 37 °C were also higher with GAC.</span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>GAC contributed to improving the fermentative and methanogenesis stages during the anaerobic digestion of fractions, evidenced by an improvement in the kinetic parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10288792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autolysin as a fibronectin receptor on the cell surface of Clostridium perfringens","authors":"Riyo Aono ,&nbsp;Shogo Emi ,&nbsp;Kanako Okabe-Watanabe ,&nbsp;Hirofumi Nariya ,&nbsp;Nozomu Matsunaga ,&nbsp;Yasuo Hitsumoto ,&nbsp;Seiichi Katayama","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></span><span> causes food poisoning and gas gangrene, a serious wound-associated infection. </span><em>C. perfringens</em><span> cells adhere to collagen via fibronectin (Fn). We thought that </span><em>C. perfringens</em><span> cells have some kind of Fn receptor. We investigated whether the peptidoglycan<span> hydrolase of </span></span><em>C. perfringens</em>, <em>i.e.,</em><span> autolysin (Acp), is implicated in Fn binding to </span><em>C. perfringens</em> cells.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study used recombinant Acp fragments, human Fn and knockout mutants (<em>C. perfringens</em> 13 <em>acp::erm</em> and HN13 <em>ΔfbpC ΔfbpD</em><span><span>). Ligand blotting, Western blotting analysis, and complementation tests were performed. The Fn-binding activity of each mutant was evaluated by </span>ELISA.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span><span>From an Fn-binding assay using recombinant Acp fragments, Fn was found to bind to the catalytic domain of Acp. In </span>mutant cells lacking Acp, Fn binding was significantly decreased, but was restored by the complementation of the </span><em>acp</em> gene. There are three known kinds of Fn-binding proteins in <em>C. perfringens</em>: FbpC, FbpD, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We found no difference in Fn-binding activity between the mutant cells lacking both FbpC and FbpD (SAK3 cells) and the wild-type cells, indicating that these Fn-binding proteins are not involved in Fn binding to <em>C. perfringens</em> cells.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We found that the Acp is an Fn-binding protein that acts as an Fn receptor on the surface of <em>C. perfringens</em> cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10022538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of microbiome-based therapeutics for the reduction and prevention of antimicrobial-resistant organism colonization","authors":"Armaghan-e-Rehman Mansoor,&nbsp;Caroline A. O'Neil,&nbsp;Jennie H. Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The gut is host to a diverse array of microbiota that constitute a complex ecological system crucial to </span>human physiology<span>. Disruptors to the normal host microbiota, such as antimicrobials, can cause a loss of species diversity in the gut, reducing its ability to resist colonization by invading pathogens<span><span> and potentially leading to colonization with antimicrobial resistant organisms (AROs). ARO negatively impact gut health by disrupting the usual heterogeneity of gut microbiota and have the potential to cause </span>systemic disease<span>. In recent years, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been increasingly explored in the management of specific disease states such as </span></span></span></span><span><em>Clostridioides difficile</em></span> infection (CDI). Promising data from management of CDI has led to considerable interest in understanding the role of therapeutics to restore the gut microbiota to a healthy state. This review aims to discuss key studies that highlight the current landscape, and explore existing clinical evidence, for the use of FMT and microbiome-based therapeutics in combating intestinal colonization with ARO. We also explore potential future directions of such therapeutics and discuss unaddressed needs in this field that merit further investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10073026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common laboratory tests and their correlation with the clinical presentation and prognosis of lemierre syndrome","authors":"Riccardo M. Fumagalli ,&nbsp;Elvira Gloor ,&nbsp;Philippe A. Kaufmann ,&nbsp;Maurus Frehner ,&nbsp;Davide Voci ,&nbsp;Stavros V. Konstantinides ,&nbsp;Nils Kucher ,&nbsp;Tommaso F. Nicoletti ,&nbsp;Alessandro Pecci ,&nbsp;Luca Valerio ,&nbsp;Stefano Barco","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Lemierre syndrome is a thromboembolic complication following an acute bacterial infection of the head/neck area, often due to anaerobes. Data on the prognostic role of laboratory parameters is lacking.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We analyzed individual-patient level data from a multinational cohort of patients with Lemierre-syndrome. Patients had an infection in the head/neck area, and contiguous vein thrombosis or septic embolism, irrespective of the causal pathogen. We studied the patterns of white blood cell count, platelet count, and <em>C</em>-reactive protein concentration investigating their association with baseline characteristics and in-hospital clinical outcomes (septic embolism, major bleeding, all-cause death).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 447 (63%) patients had complete data for analysis. White blood cells were elevated across all subgroups (median 17 × 10³/μL; Q1-Q3:12-21). Median platelet count was 61 × 10³/μL (Q1-Q3:30-108) with decreasing levels with increasing age. Males, patients with renal failure or cardiopulmonary impairment, and those with typical Lemierre syndrome (tonsillitis, septic thromboembolism, positivity for <em>Fusobacterium</em> spp.) had the lowest platelet count. Median <em>C</em>-reactive protein was 122 (Q1-Q3:27-248) mg/L with higher values in patients who also had more severe thrombocytopenia. The overall risk of complications was similar across subgroups of patients stratified according to white blood cell and C-reactive protein levels. Patients in the lowest third of platelet count (&lt;42 × 10³/μL) had the highest rate of complications (26%), as opposed to those in the highest third (11%), notably septic embolic events.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Common laboratory tests correlate with the clinical presentation of Lemierre syndrome. However, extreme values did not appear to be prognostically relevant for in-hospital complications and potentially able to improve clinical management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10027412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteremia due to Clostridium innocuum: Analysis of four cases and literature review","authors":"Fernando Cobo,&nbsp;Virginia Pérez-Carrasco,&nbsp;María Tarriño-León,&nbsp;María Aguilera-Franco,&nbsp;José A. García-Salcedo,&nbsp;José María Navarro-Marí","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Clostridium innocuum</em></span><span><span><span> is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacillus that has been identified as part of the normal </span>intestinal microbiota. This bacterium has been rarely associated with human infections, and only few severe infections have been reported until now. In this work, we report on four patients with </span>bacteremia due to </span><em>C. innocuum</em><span>, which were well identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Moreover, a review of the previous published cases of bacteremia due to this anaerobic bacterium has been performed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9986294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudodesulfovibrio thermohalotolerans sp. nov., a novel obligately anaerobic, halotolerant, thermotolerant, and sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a western offshore hydrocarbon reservoir in India","authors":"Saurabh L. Gaikwad ,&nbsp;Soham D. Pore ,&nbsp;Prashant K. Dhakephalkar ,&nbsp;Sumit Singh Dagar ,&nbsp;Rajeev Soni ,&nbsp;Maninder Pal Kaur ,&nbsp;Harshita Negi Rawat","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Characterization and documentation of strain MCM B-1480^T, a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from produced water of India's western offshore hydrocarbon reservoir.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Strain MCM B-1480^T was unequivocally identified using a polyphasic approach routinely followed in bacterial systematics. The morphological and biochemical characterization of strain MCM B-1480^T<span> was carried out using standard microbiological techniques.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>MCM B-1480^T was a Gram-stain-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, curved-rod-shaped bacterium. MCM B-1480^T could grow at temperatures between 20 and 60 °C (optimum 37 °C), pH 6–8 (optimum 7), and required 1–6% NaCl (optimum 3%) for growth. Strain MCM B-1480^T<span><span> was reducing sulfate to produce hydrogen sulfide during growth. This strain used lactate and </span>pyruvate<span> as prominent electron donors, whereas sulfate, sulfite<span>, thiosulfate, and nitrate served as electron acceptors. MCM B-1480</span></span></span>^T<span><span> shared maximum 16S rRNA gene </span>sequence homology of 98.65% with the members of the genus </span><em>Pseudodesulfovibrio</em>. The G + C content of the 3.87 Mb MCM B-1480^T<span> genome was 60.39%. Digital DDH (27.7%) and average nucleotide identity (ANI 84%) with the closest phylogenetic affiliate (less than 70% and 95%, respectively) reaffirmed its distinctiveness. The major cellular fatty acids components, namely iso-C</span>_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, and anteiso-C_17:0, differentiated strain MCM B-1480^T from other species of <em>Pseudodesulfovibrio</em>. Genome annotation revealed the presence of genes encoding dissimilatory sulfate reduction and nitrate reduction in strain MCM B-1480^T.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p><span>The polyphasic studies, including SSU rRNA<span> gene sequencing, average nucleotide identity, Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, cell wall fatty acids analysis, etc., identified strain MCM B-1480</span></span>^T as a novel taxon and <em>Pseudodesulfovibrio thermohalotolerans</em> sp. nov. was proposed (= JCM 39269^T = MCC 4711^T).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10200494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile in dogs (Canis familiaris) with gastrointestinal disorders in Rio de Janeiro","authors":"Suzana Leite ,&nbsp;Carlos Cotias ,&nbsp;Kelly C. Rainha ,&nbsp;Mayara Gil Santos ,&nbsp;Bruno Penna ,&nbsp;Renata F. F.Moraes ,&nbsp;Céline Harmanus ,&nbsp;Wiep Klaas Smits ,&nbsp;Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Clostridioides difficile</em></span> infections (CDI) have a high morbidity and mortality rate and have always been considered a nosocomial disease. Nonetheless, the number of cases of community-acquired CDI is increasing, and new evidence suggests additional <em>C. difficile</em> reservoirs exist. Pathogenic <em>C. difficile</em><span> strains have been found in livestock, domestic animals, and meat, so a zoonotic transmission has been proposed.</span></p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The goal of this study was to isolate <em>C. difficile</em><span> strains in dogs at a veterinary clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and characterize clinical and pathological findings associated with lower gastrointestinal tract disorders.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fifty stool samples and biopsy fragments from dogs were obtained and cultured in the CDBA selective medium. All suggestive <em>C. difficile</em><span><span><span><span> colonies were confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and PCR (tpi gene). Vancomycin, </span>metronidazole<span>, moxifloxacin, </span></span>erythromycin, and </span>rifampicin<span> were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Biofilm, motility assays, and a PCR for the toxins (</span></span><em>tcd</em>A, <em>tcd</em>B, and <em>cdt</em><span>B), as well as ribotyping, were also performed.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>Blood samples and colonic biopsy fragments were examined in </span><em>C. difficile</em> positive dogs. Ten animals (20%) tested positive for <em>C. difficile</em> by using stool samples, but not from biopsy fragments. Most <em>C. difficile</em><span> strains were toxigenic: six were A+B+ belonging to RT106; two were A+B+ belonging to RT014/020; and two were A-B- belonging to RT010. All strains were biofilm producers. In the motility test, 40% of strains were as motile as the positive control, CD630 (RT012). In the disc diffusion test, two strains (RT010) were resistant to erythromycin and metronidazole; and another to metronidazole (RT014/020). In terms of </span><em>C. difficile</em> clinicopathological correlations, no statistically significant morphological changes, such as pseudomembranous and \"volcano\" lesions, were observed. Regarding hematological data, dogs positive for <em>C. difficile</em><span> had leucopenia<span><span> (p = 0.02) and lymphopenia (p = 0.03). There was a significant correlation between </span>senility and the presence of </span></span><em>C. difficile</em> in the dogs studied (p = 0,02).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Although <em>C. difficile</em> has not been linked to canine diarrheal disorders, it appears to be more common in dogs with intestinal dysfunctions. The isolation of ribotypes frequently involved in human <span>CDI</span> outbreaks around the world supports the theory of <em>C. difficile</em> zoonotic transmission.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10022554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of formalin percentage, incubation time and temperature on Clostridium chauvoei culture inactivation and immunogenicity","authors":"Niusha Adib ,&nbsp;Azadeh Zahmatkesh ,&nbsp;Parvaneh Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani ,&nbsp;Alireza Paradise ,&nbsp;Lida Abdolmohammadi Khiav ,&nbsp;Masoumeh Bagheri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdoli ,&nbsp;Atoosa Adib","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>In order to find the optimal inactivation conditions for <span><em>Clostridium chauvoei</em></span><span> culture, different factors were investigated and the immunogenicity of inactivated cultures was studied.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><em>C. chauvoei</em><span> was cultured with different formalin<span> percentages (0.3, 0.5 or 0.7% V/V), inactivation temperatures (37 °C or room temperature) and incubation times (one or two weeks). Sterility tests were performed and residual formaldehyde and pH were measured. Rabbits were immunized twice with inactivated cultures and sera were used for detection of immune response.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In the one-week experiment, 0.5 and 0.7% formalin inactivated the bacteria after one week, and the percentage of 0.3 inactivated after three weeks. The residual formaldehyde at weeks 1 and 8 was not significantly different. In the two-week experiment, cultures treated with 0.3 and 0.5% formalin were inactivated after four weeks, and those with 0.7% formalin were inactivated after three weeks. Residual formaldehyde at week 8 differed significantly from that of week 1. Residual formaldehyde was affected by incubation temperature<span> since it was lower at 37 °C than in room temperature. Also, a significant effect was observed for formalin on pH, as higher formalin contents led to lower pH values of the cultures. ELISA<span> showed the lowest antibody titer achieved by 0.7% formalin group. Antibody titer was not different between 0.3 and 0.5% formalin.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The best condition for inactivation of <em>C. chauvoei</em><span> was considered as one-week incubation with 0.5% formalin at 37 °C, leading to a high antibody response.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10550084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic-related Clostridium butyricum bacteremia: A case report and literature review","authors":"Kazuhiro Ishikawa ,&nbsp;Ryo Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Koko Shibutani ,&nbsp;Yumiko Mikami ,&nbsp;Fujimi Kawai ,&nbsp;Takahiro Matsuo ,&nbsp;Yuki Uehara ,&nbsp;Nobuyoshi Mori","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report three cases of Clostridium butyricum<span> bacteremia<span> associated with taking C. butyricum-related probiotics. We performed a literature review and found 11 cases of C. butyricum bacteremia including our cases. Nine cases related to probiotics. We should consider that probiotics may infect clinically unstable patients.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9955731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}