Anaerobe最新文献

{"title":"Autolysin as a fibronectin receptor on the cell surface of Clostridium perfringens","authors":"Riyo Aono ,&nbsp;Shogo Emi ,&nbsp;Kanako Okabe-Watanabe ,&nbsp;Hirofumi Nariya ,&nbsp;Nozomu Matsunaga ,&nbsp;Yasuo Hitsumoto ,&nbsp;Seiichi Katayama","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span><em>Clostridium perfringens</em></span><span> causes food poisoning and gas gangrene, a serious wound-associated infection. </span><em>C. perfringens</em><span> cells adhere to collagen via fibronectin (Fn). We thought that </span><em>C. perfringens</em><span> cells have some kind of Fn receptor. We investigated whether the peptidoglycan<span> hydrolase of </span></span><em>C. perfringens</em>, <em>i.e.,</em><span> autolysin (Acp), is implicated in Fn binding to </span><em>C. perfringens</em> cells.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study used recombinant Acp fragments, human Fn and knockout mutants (<em>C. perfringens</em> 13 <em>acp::erm</em> and HN13 <em>ΔfbpC ΔfbpD</em><span><span>). Ligand blotting, Western blotting analysis, and complementation tests were performed. The Fn-binding activity of each mutant was evaluated by </span>ELISA.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span><span>From an Fn-binding assay using recombinant Acp fragments, Fn was found to bind to the catalytic domain of Acp. In </span>mutant cells lacking Acp, Fn binding was significantly decreased, but was restored by the complementation of the </span><em>acp</em> gene. There are three known kinds of Fn-binding proteins in <em>C. perfringens</em>: FbpC, FbpD, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We found no difference in Fn-binding activity between the mutant cells lacking both FbpC and FbpD (SAK3 cells) and the wild-type cells, indicating that these Fn-binding proteins are not involved in Fn binding to <em>C. perfringens</em> cells.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We found that the Acp is an Fn-binding protein that acts as an Fn receptor on the surface of <em>C. perfringens</em> cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10022538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of microbiome-based therapeutics for the reduction and prevention of antimicrobial-resistant organism colonization","authors":"Armaghan-e-Rehman Mansoor,&nbsp;Caroline A. O'Neil,&nbsp;Jennie H. Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The gut is host to a diverse array of microbiota that constitute a complex ecological system crucial to </span>human physiology<span>. Disruptors to the normal host microbiota, such as antimicrobials, can cause a loss of species diversity in the gut, reducing its ability to resist colonization by invading pathogens<span><span> and potentially leading to colonization with antimicrobial resistant organisms (AROs). ARO negatively impact gut health by disrupting the usual heterogeneity of gut microbiota and have the potential to cause </span>systemic disease<span>. In recent years, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been increasingly explored in the management of specific disease states such as </span></span></span></span><span><em>Clostridioides difficile</em></span> infection (CDI). Promising data from management of CDI has led to considerable interest in understanding the role of therapeutics to restore the gut microbiota to a healthy state. This review aims to discuss key studies that highlight the current landscape, and explore existing clinical evidence, for the use of FMT and microbiome-based therapeutics in combating intestinal colonization with ARO. We also explore potential future directions of such therapeutics and discuss unaddressed needs in this field that merit further investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10073026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common laboratory tests and their correlation with the clinical presentation and prognosis of lemierre syndrome","authors":"Riccardo M. Fumagalli ,&nbsp;Elvira Gloor ,&nbsp;Philippe A. Kaufmann ,&nbsp;Maurus Frehner ,&nbsp;Davide Voci ,&nbsp;Stavros V. Konstantinides ,&nbsp;Nils Kucher ,&nbsp;Tommaso F. Nicoletti ,&nbsp;Alessandro Pecci ,&nbsp;Luca Valerio ,&nbsp;Stefano Barco","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Lemierre syndrome is a thromboembolic complication following an acute bacterial infection of the head/neck area, often due to anaerobes. Data on the prognostic role of laboratory parameters is lacking.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We analyzed individual-patient level data from a multinational cohort of patients with Lemierre-syndrome. Patients had an infection in the head/neck area, and contiguous vein thrombosis or septic embolism, irrespective of the causal pathogen. We studied the patterns of white blood cell count, platelet count, and <em>C</em>-reactive protein concentration investigating their association with baseline characteristics and in-hospital clinical outcomes (septic embolism, major bleeding, all-cause death).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 447 (63%) patients had complete data for analysis. White blood cells were elevated across all subgroups (median 17 × 10³/μL; Q1-Q3:12-21). Median platelet count was 61 × 10³/μL (Q1-Q3:30-108) with decreasing levels with increasing age. Males, patients with renal failure or cardiopulmonary impairment, and those with typical Lemierre syndrome (tonsillitis, septic thromboembolism, positivity for <em>Fusobacterium</em> spp.) had the lowest platelet count. Median <em>C</em>-reactive protein was 122 (Q1-Q3:27-248) mg/L with higher values in patients who also had more severe thrombocytopenia. The overall risk of complications was similar across subgroups of patients stratified according to white blood cell and C-reactive protein levels. Patients in the lowest third of platelet count (&lt;42 × 10³/μL) had the highest rate of complications (26%), as opposed to those in the highest third (11%), notably septic embolic events.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Common laboratory tests correlate with the clinical presentation of Lemierre syndrome. However, extreme values did not appear to be prognostically relevant for in-hospital complications and potentially able to improve clinical management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10027412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upregulation of the cfiA carbapenemase gene in a Bacteroides fragilis strain by the novel integrative and conjugative element Tn7563","authors":"Tore Taksdal Stubhaug ,&nbsp;Nermin Zecic ,&nbsp;Dagfinn Skaare","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We describe Tn<em>7563</em>, a 31,844-bp integrative and conjugative element (ICE) carrying promoters upregulating the <em>cfiA</em> carbapenemase gene in <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> strain Tbg-22. Excision and circularization of Tn<em>7563</em> was demonstrated by PCR. Previously, only insertion sequences (IS) have been shown to carry mobile promoters for <em>cfiA</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41119656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteremia due to Clostridium innocuum: Analysis of four cases and literature review","authors":"Fernando Cobo,&nbsp;Virginia Pérez-Carrasco,&nbsp;María Tarriño-León,&nbsp;María Aguilera-Franco,&nbsp;José A. García-Salcedo,&nbsp;José María Navarro-Marí","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Clostridium innocuum</em></span><span><span><span> is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacillus that has been identified as part of the normal </span>intestinal microbiota. This bacterium has been rarely associated with human infections, and only few severe infections have been reported until now. In this work, we report on four patients with </span>bacteremia due to </span><em>C. innocuum</em><span>, which were well identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Moreover, a review of the previous published cases of bacteremia due to this anaerobic bacterium has been performed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9986294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudodesulfovibrio thermohalotolerans sp. nov., a novel obligately anaerobic, halotolerant, thermotolerant, and sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a western offshore hydrocarbon reservoir in India","authors":"Saurabh L. Gaikwad ,&nbsp;Soham D. Pore ,&nbsp;Prashant K. Dhakephalkar ,&nbsp;Sumit Singh Dagar ,&nbsp;Rajeev Soni ,&nbsp;Maninder Pal Kaur ,&nbsp;Harshita Negi Rawat","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Characterization and documentation of strain MCM B-1480^T, a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from produced water of India's western offshore hydrocarbon reservoir.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Strain MCM B-1480^T was unequivocally identified using a polyphasic approach routinely followed in bacterial systematics. The morphological and biochemical characterization of strain MCM B-1480^T<span> was carried out using standard microbiological techniques.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>MCM B-1480^T was a Gram-stain-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, curved-rod-shaped bacterium. MCM B-1480^T could grow at temperatures between 20 and 60 °C (optimum 37 °C), pH 6–8 (optimum 7), and required 1–6% NaCl (optimum 3%) for growth. Strain MCM B-1480^T<span><span> was reducing sulfate to produce hydrogen sulfide during growth. This strain used lactate and </span>pyruvate<span> as prominent electron donors, whereas sulfate, sulfite<span>, thiosulfate, and nitrate served as electron acceptors. MCM B-1480</span></span></span>^T<span><span> shared maximum 16S rRNA gene </span>sequence homology of 98.65% with the members of the genus </span><em>Pseudodesulfovibrio</em>. The G + C content of the 3.87 Mb MCM B-1480^T<span> genome was 60.39%. Digital DDH (27.7%) and average nucleotide identity (ANI 84%) with the closest phylogenetic affiliate (less than 70% and 95%, respectively) reaffirmed its distinctiveness. The major cellular fatty acids components, namely iso-C</span>_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, and anteiso-C_17:0, differentiated strain MCM B-1480^T from other species of <em>Pseudodesulfovibrio</em>. Genome annotation revealed the presence of genes encoding dissimilatory sulfate reduction and nitrate reduction in strain MCM B-1480^T.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p><span>The polyphasic studies, including SSU rRNA<span> gene sequencing, average nucleotide identity, Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, cell wall fatty acids analysis, etc., identified strain MCM B-1480</span></span>^T as a novel taxon and <em>Pseudodesulfovibrio thermohalotolerans</em> sp. nov. was proposed (= JCM 39269^T = MCC 4711^T).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10200494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles in the regulation of serotonergic gene expression in a small intestine of mice","authors":"Rezvan Yaghoubfar ,&nbsp;Ehsan Zare BanadKoki ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Ashrafian ,&nbsp;Arefeh Shahryari ,&nbsp;Arian Kariman ,&nbsp;Mehdi Davari ,&nbsp;Abolfazl Fateh ,&nbsp;Shohreh Khatami ,&nbsp;Seyed Davar Siadat","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p><span><span><span>A better understanding of host-microbe interactions as a cross-talk between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the gut microbiota can help treat and prevent </span>GI disorders by improving the maintenance of GI </span>homeostasis. The gut microbiota can affect signaling molecules, such as serotonin, which regulates </span>endocrine systems<span> through the GI tract. Moreover, studying the effects of gut microbiota in the small intestine on the human GI tract health is pivotal.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 30, 10 mice per group) were orally gavaged with 200 μL of PBS (control group); mice in group II were orally gavaged with 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/200 μL of viable A. muciniphila, suspended in PBS (A. muciniphila group); and mice in group III were orally gavaged with 10 μg of protein/200 μL of EVs (A. muciniphila-EV group) once daily for four weeks. The gene expression of serotonin system-related genes (</span><span><em>Slc6a4, </em><em>Tph1</em><em>, Mao, Htr3, Htr4,</em></span> and <em>Htr7</em>) was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Based on the results, <em>A. muciniphila</em> significantly affected the mRNA expression of genes related to the serotonin system (<em>Tph1</em>, <em>Mao</em>, <em>Htr3B</em>, and <em>Htr7</em><span>) in the duodenum and (</span><em>Htr3B</em>, <em>Htr4</em> and <em>Htr7</em>) in the ileum of mice (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, <em>A. muciniphila</em>-derived EVs affected the expression of major genes related to the serotonin system (<em>Tph1</em>, <em>slc6a4a</em>, <em>Mao</em>, <em>Htr3B</em>, <em>Htr4</em>, and <em>Htr7</em>) in the duodenum and ileum of mice (P &lt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The present findings may pave the way for further investigation of the effects of strain-specific probiotics on the serotonergic system, which is currently in its infancy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41105560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile in dogs (Canis familiaris) with gastrointestinal disorders in Rio de Janeiro","authors":"Suzana Leite ,&nbsp;Carlos Cotias ,&nbsp;Kelly C. Rainha ,&nbsp;Mayara Gil Santos ,&nbsp;Bruno Penna ,&nbsp;Renata F. F.Moraes ,&nbsp;Céline Harmanus ,&nbsp;Wiep Klaas Smits ,&nbsp;Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Clostridioides difficile</em></span> infections (CDI) have a high morbidity and mortality rate and have always been considered a nosocomial disease. Nonetheless, the number of cases of community-acquired CDI is increasing, and new evidence suggests additional <em>C. difficile</em> reservoirs exist. Pathogenic <em>C. difficile</em><span> strains have been found in livestock, domestic animals, and meat, so a zoonotic transmission has been proposed.</span></p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The goal of this study was to isolate <em>C. difficile</em><span> strains in dogs at a veterinary clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and characterize clinical and pathological findings associated with lower gastrointestinal tract disorders.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fifty stool samples and biopsy fragments from dogs were obtained and cultured in the CDBA selective medium. All suggestive <em>C. difficile</em><span><span><span><span> colonies were confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and PCR (tpi gene). Vancomycin, </span>metronidazole<span>, moxifloxacin, </span></span>erythromycin, and </span>rifampicin<span> were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Biofilm, motility assays, and a PCR for the toxins (</span></span><em>tcd</em>A, <em>tcd</em>B, and <em>cdt</em><span>B), as well as ribotyping, were also performed.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>Blood samples and colonic biopsy fragments were examined in </span><em>C. difficile</em> positive dogs. Ten animals (20%) tested positive for <em>C. difficile</em> by using stool samples, but not from biopsy fragments. Most <em>C. difficile</em><span> strains were toxigenic: six were A+B+ belonging to RT106; two were A+B+ belonging to RT014/020; and two were A-B- belonging to RT010. All strains were biofilm producers. In the motility test, 40% of strains were as motile as the positive control, CD630 (RT012). In the disc diffusion test, two strains (RT010) were resistant to erythromycin and metronidazole; and another to metronidazole (RT014/020). In terms of </span><em>C. difficile</em> clinicopathological correlations, no statistically significant morphological changes, such as pseudomembranous and \"volcano\" lesions, were observed. Regarding hematological data, dogs positive for <em>C. difficile</em><span> had leucopenia<span><span> (p = 0.02) and lymphopenia (p = 0.03). There was a significant correlation between </span>senility and the presence of </span></span><em>C. difficile</em> in the dogs studied (p = 0,02).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Although <em>C. difficile</em> has not been linked to canine diarrheal disorders, it appears to be more common in dogs with intestinal dysfunctions. The isolation of ribotypes frequently involved in human <span>CDI</span> outbreaks around the world supports the theory of <em>C. difficile</em> zoonotic transmission.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10022554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of nicotine and cotinine on macrophage inflammatory plasticity via vesicular modifications in gastrointestinal bacteria","authors":"Jourdan E. Lakes ,&nbsp;Xu Fu ,&nbsp;Brock T Harvey ,&nbsp;Khaga R. Neupane ,&nbsp;Surya P. Aryal ,&nbsp;Jessica L. Ferrell ,&nbsp;Michael D. Flythe ,&nbsp;Christopher I. Richards","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p><span>This study aimed to elucidate mechanistic explanation(s) for compositional changes to enteric microflora by determining the impacts of continuous nicotine/cotinine exposure on representative gastrointestinal bacteria and how these alterations impact innate </span>immune cell plasticity.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><em>In vitro</em> cultures of the gastrointestinal bacteria (<span><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em></span> 25285, <span><em>Prevotella</em><em> bryantii</em></span> B₁4, and <em>Acetoanaerobium sticklandii</em><span><span> SR) were continuously exposed to nicotine or cotinine. Supernatant samples were collected for fermentation acid analysis. Vesicles were collected and analyzed for physiological changes in number, size, and total protein cargo. Cultured macrophages were stimulated to a tolerogenic phenotype, exposed to control or altered (nicotine or cotinine – exposed) vesicles, and inflammatory plasticity assessed via inflammatory </span>cytokine production.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>Nicotine/cotinine exposure differentially affected metabolism of all bacteria tested in a Gram (nicotine) and concentration-dependent (cotinine) manner. Physiological studies demonstrated changes in vesiculation number and protein cargo following nicotine/cotinine exposures. Continuous exposure to 1 μM nicotine and 10 μM cotinine concentrations reduced total protein cargo of Gram (-) – 25285 and B</span>₁4 vesicles, while cotinine generally increased total protein in Gram (+) - SR vesicles. We found that theses physiological changes to the vesicles of 25285 and SR formed under nicotine and cotinine, respectively, challenged the plasticity of tolerogenic macrophages. Tolerogenic macrophages exposed to vesicles from 1 μM nicotine, and 5 or 10 μΜ cotinine cultures produced significantly less IL-12p70, TNFα, or KC/GRO, regardless of macrophage exposure to nicotine/cotinine.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Nicotine/cotinine exposure differentially alters bacterial metabolism and vesicle physiology, ultimately impacting the inflammatory response of tolerogenic macrophages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41189341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of formalin percentage, incubation time and temperature on Clostridium chauvoei culture inactivation and immunogenicity","authors":"Niusha Adib ,&nbsp;Azadeh Zahmatkesh ,&nbsp;Parvaneh Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani ,&nbsp;Alireza Paradise ,&nbsp;Lida Abdolmohammadi Khiav ,&nbsp;Masoumeh Bagheri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdoli ,&nbsp;Atoosa Adib","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>In order to find the optimal inactivation conditions for <span><em>Clostridium chauvoei</em></span><span> culture, different factors were investigated and the immunogenicity of inactivated cultures was studied.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><em>C. chauvoei</em><span> was cultured with different formalin<span> percentages (0.3, 0.5 or 0.7% V/V), inactivation temperatures (37 °C or room temperature) and incubation times (one or two weeks). Sterility tests were performed and residual formaldehyde and pH were measured. Rabbits were immunized twice with inactivated cultures and sera were used for detection of immune response.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In the one-week experiment, 0.5 and 0.7% formalin inactivated the bacteria after one week, and the percentage of 0.3 inactivated after three weeks. The residual formaldehyde at weeks 1 and 8 was not significantly different. In the two-week experiment, cultures treated with 0.3 and 0.5% formalin were inactivated after four weeks, and those with 0.7% formalin were inactivated after three weeks. Residual formaldehyde at week 8 differed significantly from that of week 1. Residual formaldehyde was affected by incubation temperature<span> since it was lower at 37 °C than in room temperature. Also, a significant effect was observed for formalin on pH, as higher formalin contents led to lower pH values of the cultures. ELISA<span> showed the lowest antibody titer achieved by 0.7% formalin group. Antibody titer was not different between 0.3 and 0.5% formalin.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The best condition for inactivation of <em>C. chauvoei</em><span> was considered as one-week incubation with 0.5% formalin at 37 °C, leading to a high antibody response.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 102781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10550084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}