Anaerobe最新文献

{"title":"Clostridioides difficile infection promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction in human and mice post-acute phase of the disease","authors":"Deiziane V.S. Costa ,&nbsp;Natalie Pham ,&nbsp;Andrea V. Loureiro ,&nbsp;Suemin E. Yang ,&nbsp;Brian W. Behm ,&nbsp;Cirle A. Warren","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>In the US, <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> (<em>C. difficile</em>) infection (CDI) is the 8th leading cause of hospital readmission and 7th for mortality among all gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Here, we investigated GI dysfunction post-CDI in humans and mice post-acute infection.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>From March 2020 to July 2021, we reviewed the clinical records of 67 patients referred to the UVA Complicated <em>C. difficile c</em>linic for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) eligibility. C57BL/6 mice were infected with <em>C. difficile</em> and clinical scores were determined daily. Stool samples from mice were collected to measure the shedding of <em>C. difficile</em> and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels. On day 21 post-infection, Evans's blue and FITC-70kDa methods were performed to evaluate GI motility in mice.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Of the 67 patients evaluated at the <em>C. difficile</em> clinic, 40 patients (59.7%) were confirmed to have CDI, and 22 patients (32.8%) with post-CDI IBS (diarrhea-type, constipation-type, and mixed-type). In infected mice, levels of MPO in stools and clinical score were higher on day 3. On day 21, mice recovered from body weight loss induced by CDI, and fecal MPO was undetectable. The total GI transit time (TGITT) and FITC-70kDa levels on the proximal colon were increased in infected mice (p = 0.002), suggesting a constipation phenotype post-acute phase of CDI. A positive correlation intestinal inflammation on day 3 and TGITT on day 21 was observed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In conclusion, post-infection intestinal dysfunction occurs in humans and mice post-CDI. Importantly, we have validated in the mouse model that CDI causes abnormal GI transit in the recovery phase of the disease, indicating the potential utility of the model in exploring the underlying mechanisms of post-infectious IBS in humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102837"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140288013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial effects of cannabidiol on select agriculturally important Clostridia","authors":"Jourdan E. Lakes ,&nbsp;Jessica L. Ferrell ,&nbsp;Mark A. Berhow ,&nbsp;Michael D. Flythe","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amino acid-fermenting Clostridia have undesirable effects in agricultural systems, which can be mitigated by antibiotics, but resistance necessitates alternatives. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of cannabidiol on growth and ammonia inhibition of five agriculturally relevant Clostridia: <em>Clostridium sporogenes</em>, <em>Peptostreptococcus</em> spp., <em>Clostridioides difficile</em>, <em>Acetoanaerobium sticklandii</em>, and <em>Clostridium aminophilum</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102843"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107599642400026X/pdfft?md5=c4ef856ff01518283ff4498b29dbb0ba&pid=1-s2.0-S107599642400026X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140304465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation stimulates type 2 and tolerogenic immune responses in a mouse model","authors":"G. Brett Moreau ,&nbsp;Farha Naz ,&nbsp;William A. Petri Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infection (CDI) is the leading hospital-acquired infection in North America. While previous work on fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a highly effective treatment for CDI, has focused on colonization resistance mounted against <em>C. difficile</em> by FMT-delivered commensals, the effects of FMT on host gene expression are relatively unexplored. This study aims to identify transcriptional changes associated with FMT, particularly changes associated with protective immune responses.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Gene expression was assessed on day 2 and day 7 after FMT in mice after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. Flow cytometry was also performed on colon and mesenteric lymph nodes at day 7 to investigate changes in immune cell populations.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>FMT administration after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis successfully restored microbial alpha diversity to levels of donor mice by day 7 post-FMT. Bulk RNA sequencing of cecal tissue at day 2 identified immune genes, including both pro-inflammatory and Type 2 immune pathways as upregulated after FMT. RNA sequencing was repeated on day 7 post-FMT, and expression of these immune genes was decreased along with upregulation of genes associated with restoration of intestinal homeostasis. Immunoprofiling on day 7 identified increased colonic CD45⁺ immune cells that exhibited dampened Type 1 and heightened regulatory and Type 2 responses. These include an increased abundance of eosinophils, alternatively activated macrophages, Th2, and T regulatory cell populations.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These results highlight the impact of FMT on host gene expression, providing evidence that FMT restores intestinal homeostasis after antibiotic treatment and facilitates tolerogenic and Type 2 immune responses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102841"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000246/pdfft?md5=d265c57f3782405811faf04b4a2cd539&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000246-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140193151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hungatella hathewayi bacteremia due to acute appendicitis: A case report and a narrative review","authors":"Elie Bou Sanayeh ,&nbsp;Mark Tawfik ,&nbsp;Marina Makram ,&nbsp;Georges Khattar ,&nbsp;Faris Qaqish ,&nbsp;Sudeep Acharya ,&nbsp;Janet Farag ,&nbsp;Michel Chalhoub ,&nbsp;Allison Glaser","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Hungatella</em> species, including <em>Hungatella hathewayi</em> and <em>Hungatella effluvii</em>, previously identified as part of the <em>Clostridium</em> genus, are anaerobic bacteria primarily residing in the gut microbiome, with infrequent implications in human infections. This article presents the case of an 87-year-old Asian male admitted for a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with septic shock secondary to <em>Hungatella hathewayi</em> bacteremia originating from acute appendicitis. Remarkably, the bacterium was detected in the blood 48 hours before the emergence of clinical and radiographic evidence of acute appendicitis. Additionally, we conducted a literature review to identify all documented human infections caused by <em>Hungatella</em> species. Timely microbial identification in such cases is essential for implementing targeted antibiotic therapy and optimizing clinical outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102838"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140193152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic neutrophil degranulation and emergency granulopoiesis in patients with Clostridioides difficile infection","authors":"Girija Ramakrishnan ,&nbsp;Mary K. Young ,&nbsp;Uma Nayak ,&nbsp;Isaura Rigo ,&nbsp;Andrea S. Marrs ,&nbsp;Carol A. Gilchrist ,&nbsp;Brian W. Behm ,&nbsp;Gregory R. Madden ,&nbsp;William A. Petri Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infection (CDI) is characterized by neutrophilia in blood, with a high leukocyte count accompanying severe infection. In this study, we characterized peripheral blood neutrophil activation and maturity in CDI by (i) developing a method to phenotype stored neutrophils for disease-related developmental alterations and (ii) assessing neutrophil-associated biomarkers.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We stored fixed leukocytes from blood collected within 24 h of diagnosis from a cohort of hospitalized patients with acute CDI. Additional study cohorts included recurrent CDI patients at time of and two months after FMT therapy and a control healthy cohort. We assessed levels of neutrophil surface markers CD66b, CD11b, CD16 and CD10 by flow cytometry. Plasma neutrophil elastase and lipocalin-2 were measured using ELISA, while G-CSF, GM-CSF and cytokines were measured using O-link Proteomic technology.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>CD66b⁺ neutrophil abundance assessed by flow cytometry correlated well with complete blood counts, establishing that neutrophils in stored blood are sufficiently well-preserved for phenotyping by flow cytometry. Neutrophil abundance was significantly increased in CDI patients compared to healthy controls. Emergency granulopoiesis in acute CDI patients was evidenced by lower neutrophil surface expression of CD10, CD11b and CD16. CD10⁺ staining of neutrophils started to recover within 3–7 days of CDI treatment. Neutrophil activation and degranulation were higher in acute CDI as assessed by plasma neutrophil elastase and lipocalin-2. Biomarker levels in immunocompetent subjects were associated with recurrence and fatal outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Neutrophil activation and emergency granulopoiesis characterize the early immune response in acute CDI, with plasma degranulation biomarkers predictive of disease severity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000234/pdfft?md5=aa52149103a1f2fb220793fad12487e6&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000234-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140183511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increase of healthcare-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in adult population since SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care hospital from 2019 to 2022","authors":"Alfredo Maldonado-Barrueco ,&nbsp;Francisco Moreno-Ramos ,&nbsp;Beatriz Díaz-Pollán ,&nbsp;Belén Loeches-Yagüe ,&nbsp;Alicia Rico-Nieto ,&nbsp;Julio García-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Guillermo Ruiz-Carrascoso","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The aim was to assess the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the prevalence, relative incidence (RI), incidence density (ID), ratio of rate incidence (RRI), rate of incidence density (RID), and relative risks (RR) of healthcare-onset <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infection (HO-CDI) as well as its correlation with the antibiotic consumption.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Demographic and analytical data of adult patients exhibiting diarrhoea and testing positive for <em>C. difficile</em> were systematically collected from a tertiary care hospital in Madrid (Spain). The periods analysed included: prepandemic (P0), first pandemic-year (P1), and second pandemic-year (P2). We compared global prevalence, RI of HO-CDI per 1,000-admissions, ID of HO-CDI per 10,000-patients-days, RRI, RID, and RR. Antibiotic consumption was obtained by number of defined daily dose per 100 patient-days.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In P0, the prevalence of HO-CDI was 7.4% (IC95%: 6.2–8.7); in P1, it increased to 8.7% (IC95%: 7.4–10.1) (<em>p</em> = 0.2), and in P2, it continued to increase to 9.2% (IC95%: 8–10.6) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). During P1, the RRI was 1.5 and RID was 1.4. However, during P2 there was an increase in RRI to 1.6 and RID to 1.6. The RR also reflected the increase in HO-CDI: at P1, the probability of developing HO-CDI was 1.5 times (IC95%: 1.2–1.9) higher than P0, while at P2, this probability increased to 1.6 times (IC95%: 1.3–2.1). There was an increase in prevalence, RI, ID, RR, RRI, and RID during the two postpandemic periods respect to the prepandemic period. During P2, this increase was greater than the P1. Meropenem showed a statistically significant difference increased consumption (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) during the pandemic period. Oral vancomycin HO-CDI treatment showed an increase during the period of study (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Implementation of infection control measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic did not appear to alleviate the burden of HO-CDI. The escalation in HO-CDI cases did not exhibit a correlation with overall antibiotic consumption, except for meropenem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140012054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low usefulness of reporting tonsillar PCR Ct-values in pharyngeal infections with Fusobacterium necrophorum","authors":"David Nygren ,&nbsp;Lisa Wasserstrom ,&nbsp;Gustav Torisson ,&nbsp;Karin Holm","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tonsillar <em>Fusobacterium necrophorum</em> PCR Ct-values were higher in participants with asymptomatic tonsillar carriage than patients with pharyngeal infections. However, Ct-values were not associated with severity of disease or predictive of development of complications and hence lacked clinical usefulness. The reporting of <em>F. necrophorum</em> Ct-values in clinical samples is not recommended.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000143/pdfft?md5=9a9056f69283f4c14e460c8b518e5e0b&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000143-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139899252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel and rare β-lactamase genes of Bacteroides fragilis group species: Detection of the genes and characterization of their genetic backgrounds","authors":"Bakhtiyar Mahmood ,&nbsp;Károly Péter Sárvári ,&nbsp;Laszló Orosz ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Nagy ,&nbsp;József Sóki","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study screened the prevalence of rare β-lactamase genes in <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> group strains from clinical specimens and normal microbiota and examined the genetic properties of the strains carrying these genes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><em>bla</em>HGD1, <em>bla</em>OXA347, <em>cblA</em>, <em>crxA</em>, and <em>pbbA</em> were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction in collections of <em>Bacteroides</em> strains from clinical (n = 406) and fecal (n = 184) samples. To examine the genetic backgrounds of the samples, end-point PCR, FT-IR, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All <em>B. uniformis</em> isolates were positive for <em>cblA</em> in both collections. Although <em>crxA</em> was <em>B. xylanisolvens</em>-specific and associated with carbapenem resistance, it was only found in six fecal and three clinical <em>B. xylanisolvens</em> strains. Moreover, the <em>crxA</em>-positive strains were not clonal among <em>B. xylanisolvens</em> (contrary to <em>cfiA</em> in <em>B. fragilis</em>), implicating a rate of mobility or emergence by independent evolutionary events. The <em>Phocaeicola</em> (<em>B.</em>) <em>vulgatus/P. dorei</em>-specific gene <em>bla</em>HGD1 was detected among all <em>P. vulgatus/P. dorei</em> isolates from fecal (n = 36) and clinical (n = 26) samples. No <em>bla</em>OXA347-carrying isolate was found from European collections, but all US samples (n = 6) were positive. For three clinical isolates belonging to <em>B. thetaiotaomicron</em> (n = 2) and <em>B. ovatus</em> (n = 1), <em>pbbA</em> was detected on mobile genetic elements, and <em>pbbA</em>-positive strains displayed non-susceptibility to piperacillin or piperacillin/tazobactam phenotypically.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Based on these observations, β-lactamases produced by rare β-lactamase genes in <em>B. fragilis</em> group strains should not be overlooked because they could encode important resistance phenotypes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102832"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139740219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopy methods for Clostridioides difficile","authors":"Chenlin Hu,&nbsp;Kevin W. Garey","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microscopic technologies including light and fluorescent, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cryo-electron microscopy have been widely utilized to visualize C<em>lostridioides difficile</em> at the molecular, cellular, community, and structural biology level. This comprehensive review summarizes the microscopy tools (fluorescent and reporter system) in their use to study different aspects of <em>C. difficile</em> life cycle and virulence (sporulation, germination) or applications (detection of <em>C. difficile</em> or use of antimicrobials). With these developing techniques, microscopy tools will be able to find broader applications and address more challenging questions to study <em>C. difficile</em> and <em>C. difficile</em> infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102822"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139715750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The burden of Clostridioides difficile infections in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific: A narrative review","authors":"Frederick J. Angulo ,&nbsp;Canna Ghia ,&nbsp;Mark A. Fletcher ,&nbsp;Egemen Ozbilgili ,&nbsp;Graciela del Carmen Morales","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> (formerly <em>Clostridium difficile</em>) is well-documented in Europe and North America to be a common cause of healthcare-associated gastrointestinal tract infections. In contrast, <em>C difficile</em> infection (CDI) is infrequently reported in literature from Asia, which may reflect a lack of clinician awareness. We conducted a narrative review to better understand CDI burden in Asia.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We searched the PubMed database for English language articles related to <em>C difficile</em>, Asia, epidemiology, and molecular characteristics (eg, ribotype, antimicrobial resistance).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Fifty-eight articles that met eligibility criteria were included. <em>C difficile</em> prevalence ranged from 7.1% to 45.1 % of hospitalized patients with diarrhea, and toxigenic strains among all <em>C difficile</em> in these patients ranged from 68.2% to 91.9 % in China and from 39.0% to 60.0 % outside of China. Widespread <em>C difficile</em> ribotypes were RT017, RT014/020, RT012, and RT002. Recurrence in patients with CDI ranged from 3.0% to 17.2 %. Patients with CDI typically had prior antimicrobial use recently. High rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and erythromycin were frequently reported.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The regional CDI burden in Asia is still incompletely documented, seemingly due to low awareness and limited laboratory testing. Despite this apparent under recognition, the current CDI burden highlights the need for broader surveillance and for application of preventative measures against CDI in Asia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102821"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996424000040/pdfft?md5=a67eadf5d2987e8de0055e0091988e1d&pid=1-s2.0-S1075996424000040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139711356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}