Anaerobe最新文献

{"title":"Effects of common cosmetic ingredients on growth of dominant human skin inhabitant Cutibacterium acnes","authors":"Osamu Funatsu ,&nbsp;Itaru Dekio ,&nbsp;Hiroko Ishii ,&nbsp;Reiko Shimatsu ,&nbsp;Yutaka Shimokawa ,&nbsp;Akihiko Asahina","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Cosmetic products, which typically contain multiple ingredients such as ethanol, glycerol and Tween 80 (polysorbate 80), may influence the homeostasis of the skin microbiome. However, the effect of common ingredients on the anaerobic members of human skin microbiome is poorly studied. In this study, we directly evaluated the effects of common cosmetic ingredients on a dominant human skin anaerobe <em>Cutibacterium acnes</em> using <em>in vitro</em> techniques.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Five cosmetic ingredients were added to seven <em>C</em>. <em>acnes</em> strains, including type strains of the three subspecies (types I, II, and III), and their effects were evaluated by monitoring growth curves based on turbidity measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All strains exhibited growth inhibition in response to high concentrations (10 % v/v) of ethanol and glycerol, whereas low concentrations (3 % and/or 1 % v/v) of ethanol enhanced bacterial growth. The nonionic detergent Tween 80 significantly enhanced the growth of type I strains, with some strains also producing insoluble precipitates, which may relate to comedogenesis. In contrast, type III strains did not produce precipitates. The two polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, elicited a biphasic response, with growth inhibition observed at higher concentrations and growth promotion at lower concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The response of <em>C. acnes</em> subspecies/strains to the cosmetic components varied with the different ingredient concentrations, often exhibiting opposite effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binding to thrive: Decoding Atopobium spp. interactions with host proteins and immune cells","authors":"Inga-Maria Frick,&nbsp;Ariane Neumann","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Gram-positive anaerobic cocci are opportunistic pathogens that exploit immune suppression or tissue injury to establish infections. <em>Atopobium</em> spp. are clinically relevant, being linked to bacterial vaginosis, abdominal wounds, pelvic abscesses, and dental infections. While clinical reports describe the involvement in detrimental host conditions, in-depth knowledge is missing to understand how these bacteria acquire essential nutrients to evade immune responses and directly interact with the human host.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Here we analyzed the growth of three blood-isolated <em>Atopobium</em> strains in different media and compared them to <em>Finegoldia magna</em>. Using radioactive binding studies, human serum albumin (HSA), a major component of serum, was identified as the primary binding partner, subsequently facilitating bacterial growth by providing essential nutrients. Next, we investigated the ability of <em>Atopobium</em> to interact with human blood-isolated neutrophils.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Interestingly, <em>Atopobium</em> triggered neutrophil activation, detected by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, secretion of the sepsis marker heparin-binding protein (HBP), and the induction of extracellular trap (NET) formation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings provide new insights into how <em>Atopobium</em> utilizes host serum components and facilitates host interactions, highlighting their potential role in immune modulation and pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102998"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finegoldia magna, a neglected cause of endocarditis – case report","authors":"Charlie Zins ,&nbsp;Loic Biere ,&nbsp;Mohamed Braham ,&nbsp;Rachel Chenouard ,&nbsp;Matthieu Eveillard ,&nbsp;Marie Kempf ,&nbsp;Vincent Dubée ,&nbsp;Hélène Pailhoriès","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Finegoldia magna</em> endocarditis is a rare and underdiagnosed condition, primarily affecting prosthetic valves. We report a case, along with a comprehensive literature review, highlighting its subacute presentation and the challenges in diagnosis due to frequent negative blood cultures. Molecular detection methods and prolonged delay for anaerobic cultures are crucial for identifying <em>F. magna</em>. Given the high risk of significant valvular damage, including abscess formation, surgical intervention might be required. Antibiotic treatments in the literature include penicillins, with or without metronidazole. Clinicians should consider this underestimated pathogen as a potential cause of early prosthetic valve endocarditis, particularly in cases of sterile blood cultures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zebrafish as an in vivo model to study the pathogenicity of Clostridioides difficile clinical strains","authors":"Camila Fonseca Rizek ,&nbsp;Marina Farrel Côrtes ,&nbsp;Bianca Helena Ventura Fernandes ,&nbsp;Silvia Figueiredo Costa ,&nbsp;Evelyne Santana Girão ,&nbsp;Roberta Cristina Martins ,&nbsp;Sânia Alves dos Santos ,&nbsp;Bruno de Melo Tavares ,&nbsp;Luciani Silveira de Carvalho ,&nbsp;Cecilia Leite Costa ,&nbsp;Daniely Viana Costa ,&nbsp;Geovania Maciel ,&nbsp;Gerly Anne de Castro Brito ,&nbsp;Lauro Vieira Perdigão Neto","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhea, and its virulence is typically attributed to the production of toxins. However, other genomic factors may contribute to its pathogenicity. To study the <em>in vivo</em> aspects of <em>C. difficile</em> infection, various animal models have been employed. Zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) offers several advantages over mammalian models, but there are still few studies using it to evaluate <em>C. difficile</em> infection. Here, we aimed to explore <em>in vivo</em> virulence differences among clinical strains by employing the zebrafish embryo model using eight sequenced <em>C. difficile</em> isolates with distinct genomic profiles.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Embryos were microinjected with bacterial suspensions, and mortality and cardiac edema were monitored over 96 h. Survival and cardiotoxicity were assessed and correlated with whole-genome data and clinical outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two strains exhibited distinct pathogenic effects: HC48 (ST42) caused significantly increased mortality (p &lt; 0.0001), and HC132 (ST669) induced cardiotoxicity in 20 % of embryos. Surprisingly, the hypervirulent control strain NAP1/027 did not produce enhanced virulence in this model.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While zebrafish embryos showed promise for distinguishing strain-specific virulence, limitations such as colonization capacity and host–microbe interactions suggest that further research is needed to validate this model for <em>C. difficile</em> virulence testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102996"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145063283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odoribacter splanchnicus bacteremia: a rare condition associated with intestinal disease","authors":"Hiroshi Umemura ,&nbsp;Hirokazu Kobayashi ,&nbsp;Yumiko Tanimichi ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Nishiyama ,&nbsp;Natsumi Ikumi ,&nbsp;Masaki Nakajima ,&nbsp;Sachio Tsuchida ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Nakayama","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Odoribacter splanchnicus</em> is an anaerobe that normally inhabits the human intestine and rarely causes infections in humans. In recent years, however, three cases of <em>O. splanchnicus</em> bacteremia have been reported. We retrospectively searched our laboratory information system and detected five cases of <em>O. splanchnicus</em> bacteremia in 2014–2024. All cases of <em>O. splanchnicus</em> bacteremia reported to date have been associated with intestinal infection, but our five cases included one associated with decubitus ulcer infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results were available in four of our five cases. <em>O. splanchnicus</em> showed susceptibility to beta-lactams and metronidazole. However, one isolate was resistant to clindamycin, and another showed intermediate susceptibility to levofloxacin. Among our five cases and the three previously reported cases, no patient was using immunosuppressive agents or had immunocompromising diseases except for one case with malignancy. While <em>O. splanchnicus</em> bacteremia is certainly rare, more cases may be found by searching the laboratory information system as in this investigation. Further accumulation of cases will help to elucidate the pathogenesis of infections caused by <em>O. splanchnicus</em>, which is endemic in the gastrointestinal tract, and will reveal more information on antimicrobial susceptibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102994"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and risk factor analysis of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with malignant tumours","authors":"Limin Guo ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Xianqin Cao ,&nbsp;Weihua Guo ,&nbsp;Aimin Yue ,&nbsp;Yuhou Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify risk factors for <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infection (CDI) in patients with malignant tumours and establish a predictive model for clinical prevention and early intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective study included 92 patients with malignant tumours (46 CDI-positive, 46 CDI-negative) admitted to our hospital. Demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, laboratory indicators and treatment factors were collected and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for CDI, and a predictive model was established and evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients with CDI had significantly lower serum albumin levels (30.12 ± 5.86 vs 34.15 ± 7.88 g/L, P = 0.007) and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (89.38 ± 91.01 vs 49.17 ± 51.78 mg/L, P = 0.011) than patients without CDI. The CDI-positive group had significantly higher rates of multiple antibiotic use (52.2 % vs 10.9 %, P &lt; 0.001) and corticosteroid/immunosuppressant use (58.7 % vs 30.4 %, P = 0.007) than the CDI-negative group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four independent risk factors for CDI: multiple antibiotic use (odds ratio [OR] = 7.56, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 2.41–23.73, P &lt; 0.001), corticosteroid/immunosuppressant use (OR = 2.81, 95 % CI: 1.08–7.32, P = 0.035), serum albumin (per g/L increase: OR = 0.94, 95 % CI: 0.88–1.00, P = 0.049) and CRP (per mg/L increase: OR = 1.01, 95 % CI: 1.00–1.01, P = 0.047). The multivariate predictive model demonstrated excellent discriminative ability (area under the curve = 0.907).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Multiple antibiotic use, corticosteroid/immunosuppressant therapy, hypoalbuminaemia and elevated CRP are independent risk factors for CDI in patients with malignant tumours. The predictive model established in this study may help identify patients at high risk who could benefit from preventive interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo efficacy of fidaxomicin against rpoB mutant Clostridioides difficile infection","authors":"Mai Thu Hoai ,&nbsp;Yutaro Hitomi ,&nbsp;Tsutomu Fujii ,&nbsp;Yoshitomo Morinaga","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infection (CDI) is a well-known healthcare-associated diarrheal disease. Fidaxomicin, a key antibiotic used to treat CDI, targets bacterial RNA polymerase. However, some clinical isolates have mutations in <em>rpoB</em>, which reduces their susceptibility to this antibiotic. In this study, the effects of <em>rpoB</em> mutations on the virulence of <em>C. difficile</em> and efficacy of fidaxomicin against CDI were evaluated <em>in vivo</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An <em>rpoB</em> mutant strain (<em>C. difficile</em> G1073R-2024) with reduced fidaxomicin susceptibility was generated through spontaneous induction in a murine CDI model from the parental strain <em>C. difficile</em> VPI 10463. The virulence and therapeutic responses of the mutant strain were compared with those of the parental strain using a CDI model, including survival rate, body weight changes, clinical scores, and bacterial loads in feces.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>C. difficile</em> G1073R-2024 had an amino acid alteration in Gln1073Arg and the minimum inhibitory concentration of fidaxomicin was 128 μg/mL. <em>In vivo</em> virulence was not significantly different between strains. Fidaxomicin treatment resulted in 100 % survival rates and a comparable reduction in the bacterial load for both strains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Fidaxomicin was effective against CDI caused by the <em>rpoB</em> mutant strain. The emergence of such mutations highlights the need for ongoing surveillance of drug resistance trends in clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolism of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella vaginalis in vaginal defined media","authors":"Victoria Horrocks ,&nbsp;Charlotte K. Hind ,&nbsp;J. Mark Sutton ,&nbsp;Rachel M. Tribe ,&nbsp;A. James Mason","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study evaluates how well a vaginal defined medium (VDM) replicates the i<em>n vivo</em> metabolic behaviour of key vaginal microbiota members - <em>Lactobacillus crispatus</em>, <em>L. jensenii</em>, and diverse <em>Gardnerella vaginalis</em> isolates - compared to brain heart infusion (BHI) medium.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used ¹H NMR spectroscopy to characterise metabolic profiles during <em>in vitro</em> growth of <em>Lactobacillus</em> and <em>Gardnerella</em> species in VDM and BHI. Differences in metabolite production, growth, acidification, and carbohydrate utilisation were assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both <em>L.</em> <em>crispatus</em> and <em>L. jensenii</em> grow well in VDM, produce substantially more lactate than in BHI, and acidify the culture more strongly - better reflecting the low pH environment of <em>Lactobacillus</em>-dominant vaginal microbiota. In contrast, <em>G. vaginalis</em> grows less robustly in VDM than in BHI, though key metabolic traits such as the Bifidobacterium shunt and mixed acid fermentation (evidenced by formate production) are preserved. Notably, neither genus consume available glucose, yet still ferment carbohydrates, suggesting a metabolic preference for glycogen over glucose. Evidence of glucose release further indicates glycogen breakdown in culture.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>VDM more accurately models the metabolic activity and environmental effects of vaginal <em>Lactobacillus</em> species than BHI, particularly in terms of acidification and lactate production. Although <em>G. vaginalis</em> growth is limited in VDM, its characteristic metabolic pathways remain evident. These findings underscore the value of VDM in modelling key metabolic features of the vaginal microbiota, especially under conditions where <em>Lactobacillus</em> dominate or <em>Gardnerella</em> is prevalent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High prevalence and clonality of Clostridioides difficile isolates from cryptic clades in household composters and small mammals","authors":"Klemen Trsinar ,&nbsp;Sabina Mlakar ,&nbsp;Franc Janzekovic ,&nbsp;Maja Rupnik ,&nbsp;Sandra Janezic","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to investigate the prevalence, genotypic diversity, and clonality of <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> strains from household composters and faeces of small mammals captured nearby.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Compost piles from three locations were sampled, with three compost samples collected from each bin. Additionally, 5–6 small mammals were trapped around each compost pile. <em>C. difficile</em> was isolated from faecal and compost samples and characterized with PCR ribotyping, toxinotyping, and genome sequencing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>C. difficile</em> was detected in all nine compost samples, while only two (12.5 %) of 16 small mammal faecal samples tested positive. Ten PCR ribotypes (RTs) were identified, with only one, RT014/020, being toxigenic. The remaining nine RTs belonged to two cryptic clades, C-II and C-III. Some of the isolates from cryptic clades i.e. RT SLO 308 carried a divergent <em>tcd</em>A gene and yielded weakly positive results with <em>C. diff</em> Quik Chek Complete immunoassay. Clonal <em>C. difficile</em> isolates of RT SLO 308 were found at the same site in both a compost sample and a small mammal, suggesting potential transmission. Clonality was also observed among isolates from different compost samples within a single pile.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While our study could not establish the exact direction of <em>C. difficile</em> transmission between compost and mice, it highlights the role of small mammals within the One Health framework of <em>C. difficile</em> transmission pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144939890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deletion of rgaS reduces virulence in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection","authors":"Terry W. Bilverstone ,&nbsp;Morgan E. Simpson ,&nbsp;Nicholas Hagspiel ,&nbsp;William A. Petri ,&nbsp;Sarah A. Kuehne ,&nbsp;Nigel P. Minton","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-component system signalling is involved in several processes relevant to <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> virulence. We demonstrate that deletion of the orphan histidine kinase <em>rgaS</em> (R20291_0503), reduces detectable toxin in the supernatant of R20291 and impairs virulence in a mouse model of infection. These data suggest that RgaS regulates virulence capabilities in hypervirulent <em>C. difficile</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}