Anaerobe最新文献

{"title":"Identifying PCR-ribotype 017-lineage isolates of Clostridioides difficile using MALDI-TOF MS","authors":"Yumiko Matsuyama ,&nbsp;Mitsutoshi Senoh ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Miyamoto ,&nbsp;Haru Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The PCR-ribotype (RT) 017-lineage of <em>Clostridioides difficile</em>, which is toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive, and binary toxin-negative (A⁻B⁺CDT⁻), has been endemic/epidemics particularly in Asia. In Japan, since the early 2000s, among RT017-lineage <em>C. difficile</em>, RT017 has been replaced by RT369, which is multidrug-resistant and has been responsible for outbreaks. We report a rapid method for identifying A⁻B⁺ <em>C. difficile</em> using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed 79 toxigenic isolates, including 37 A⁻B⁺CDT⁻ isolates and 42 isolates with other toxin profiles (A⁺B⁺CDT⁻, A⁺B⁺CDT⁺, and A⁻B⁺CDT⁺).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Peaks at <em>m/z</em> 3289 and 3245 were detected in all 37 A⁻B⁺CDT⁻ <em>C. difficile,</em> including the 22 RT369 isolates, but not in 42 non-A^-B⁺CDT⁻ isolates. The method showed 100 % sensitivity and specificity in detecting A⁻B⁺CDT⁻.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The Identification of RT017-lineage <em>C. difficile</em> including RT369, which is an A⁻B⁺CDT⁻ strain causing outbreaks in Japan, by MALDI-TOF MS can be used as an additional tool to be implemented in the routine identification processes. The difference of media often used for <em>C. difficile</em> culture in clinical laboratories, did not affect the MALDI-TOF MS results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAT-GxD: Centralized access to gene expression datasets","authors":"Bryan Angelo P. Roxas ,&nbsp;Jennifer Lising Roxas ,&nbsp;Jessica S. Guo ,&nbsp;David S. LeBauer ,&nbsp;Fiona McCarthy ,&nbsp;Gayatri Vedantam ,&nbsp;V.K. Viswanathan","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Extensive multi-omic bacterial gene expression datasets are publicly available, but tools that unify these datasets for interpretation and hypothesis-testing are limited. The complexity and requirement of specialized bioinformatics and programming expertise pose significant major barriers for researchers attempting to query and analyze these datasets. Our objective was to develop an integrated search engine that simplifies access to publicly available gene expression data to facilitate comparison and analysis of multi-omics datasets.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We developed the Centralized Access to Gene Expression Datasets (CAT-GxD) search engine to provide integrated access to, and facilitate analysis of, publicly available transcriptomics and proteomics datasets of the CDC Urgent Threat pathogen <em>Clostridioides difficile</em>. Manual data curation was performed to integrate and standardize all 74 nonredundant transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics datasets available at Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and ProteomeXchange Consortium. The CAT-GxD search engine, developed on open-source R-shiny framework, is available at <span><span>https://viz.datascience.arizona.edu/catgxd/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CAT-GxD successfully consolidated disparate transcriptomics and proteomics datasets, supporting interpretation and hypothesis testing. CAT-GxD provides customizable visualization of gene expression data under different conditions. We demonstrate the utility of CAT-GxD in analyzing the contribution of RNA polymerase, nitrogen-limitation N (RpoN) to <em>C. difficile</em> biology, and highlight the RpoN-dependent regulation of genes treated with succinate and the secondary bile acid deoxycholate.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CAT-GxD streamlines the analysis of <em>C. difficile</em> multi-omic data, reducing the complexity and analysis time. It facilitates the generation of novel hypotheses and the identification of anti-infective targets, and can be adapted to incorporate data analysis paradigms for diverse organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145298178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipoproteins from Bilophila wadsworthia cell wall induce innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor 2","authors":"Chika Yoshida ,&nbsp;Mao Hagihara ,&nbsp;Reina Azuma ,&nbsp;Kenta Iwasaki ,&nbsp;Akiko Nakamura ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Suematsu ,&nbsp;Kaori Tanaka ,&nbsp;Tadashi Ariyoshi ,&nbsp;Kentaro Oka ,&nbsp;Motomichi Takahashi ,&nbsp;Yuka Yamagishi ,&nbsp;Hiroshige Mikamo","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><em>Bilophila wadsworthia</em> is a commensal gram-negative anaerobic bacterium in the human gut that is often isolated from patients diagnosed with appendicitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Although previous studies have indicated that <em>B. wadsworthia</em> can cause and/or exacerbate inflammatory diseases, the precise underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we explored the inflammation-causing virulence factors of <em>B. wadsworthia</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To identify the virulence factors of <em>B. wadsworthia</em>, we investigated the whole-genome sequences of 25 <em>B. wadsworthia</em> isolates. We then used the publicly available virulence factor database (VFDB) to search for virulence factor genes. We also conducted in vitro and in vivo studies to determine the importance of the selected virulence factors causing inflammation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Bilophila wadsworthia</em> isolates have 30 common virulence factor genes that contribute to inflammation, invasion of the human body, and effector delivery system. These genes were associated with lipopolysaccharide, capsules, and membrane-associated proteins. Among them, lipoproteins, sometimes act as components of transporter proteins in the bacterial cell wall, upregulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor in murine spleen cells. However, the effect of lipoproteins was attenuated by a Toll-like receptor 2 antagonist. Additionally, orally administered <em>B. wadsworthia</em> and <em>B. wadsworthia</em>-produced lipoproteins worsened colitis <em>in vivo</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div><em>Bilophila wadsworthia</em> contains genes that encode various virulence factors. Among these, lipoproteins produced by <em>B. wadsworthia</em> can act as inflammation-inducing factors via Toll-like receptor 2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bacteroides fragilis directly from positive blood culture broths","authors":"Mervenur Demir,&nbsp;Abdurrahman Ersoy,&nbsp;Gülşen Hazırolan","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to develop a rapid and cost-effective method for the rapid identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> directly from positive blood cultures (BC) broths. Spiked BC bottles were used to compare the EUCAST standardized disk diffusion method for anaerobic bacteria (standard AST, sAST) with two alternative approaches: pellet-based AST (pAST) and direct disk diffusion (dDD). Rapid ID by MALDI-TOF MS from bacterial pellets correctly identified 93.5 % of isolates at the genus level and 85.9 % at the species level. pAST demonstrated excellent categorical agreement (CA) with sAST, achieving an overall CA of 98.5 %, with concordance rates exceeding 96 % for all tested antibiotics (meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin, and metronidazole). In contrast, dDD showed poor performance, with an overall agreement of 69.5 %, especially low for piperacillin-tazobactam (48.8 %). These findings suggest that pAST offers a reliable and significantly faster alternative to conventional methods for anaerobic pathogens, whereas dDD remains insufficiently accurate for clinical use. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate these results and support routine implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145328042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-specific genetic signatures of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) reveal bft-2 as a candidate biomarker for colorectal cancer","authors":"Atefeh Rezaei ,&nbsp;Mohammad Taheri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Yousef Alikhani ,&nbsp;Rasoul YousefiMashouf ,&nbsp;Maryam Hasanzarrini ,&nbsp;Babak Asghari","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The role of specific gut microbial strains in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains incompletely understood. Enterotoxigenic <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> (ETBF), particularly its toxin gene (<em>bft</em>) isotypes, has been linked to CRC, but strain-specific contributions need further elucidation.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>In this case-control study, stool samples from 60 CRC patients and 60 matched healthy controls were collected at Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan, Iran (2023–2024). <em>B. fragilis</em> isolates were cultured and confirmed via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The presence of <em>bft</em>, <em>fpn</em>, <em>nanH</em>, and <em>leuB</em> genes was assessed using multiplex and conventional PCR. Gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR, and genetic diversity analyzed with REP-PCR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ETBF carriage (any <em>bft</em>) was significantly higher in CRC patients compared to controls (85.0 % vs. 66.7 %; p = 0.036, OR = 2.78). The <em>bft</em>-2 isotype was notably enriched in CRC cases (55.8 % vs. 16.7 %; p &lt; 0.001, OR = 6.27), whereas <em>bft</em>-1 predominated in controls. Multiple <em>bft</em> alleles including rare <em>bft</em>-3 (always co-occurring with <em>bft</em>-2 in metastatic cases) were mainly found in advanced tumors. Accessory virulence genes <em>fpn</em> (31.4 % vs. 17.5 %; p = 0.048) and <em>nanH</em> (56.7 % vs. 26.7 %; p = 0.002) were also more prevalent in CRC isolates. Transcription levels of <em>bft</em>, <em>fpn</em>, and <em>nanH</em> increased 3.2- to 5.1-fold in CRC strains, correlating with tumor stage. No significant differences were seen for <em>leuB</em>. Tumor anatomical location did not affect gene prevalence or expression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>bft-2-positive <em>B. fragilis</em> strains are significantly associated with CRC, highlighting <em>bft</em>-2 as a promising biomarker candidate. Longitudinal and mechanistic studies are warranted to confirm its diagnostic and prognostic utility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the recent situation of metronidazole resistance and nim gene positivity in Bacteroides fragilis group isolates from Germany, Hungary, Italy and Slovenia","authors":"Alida C.M. Veloo ,&nbsp;Ádám Visnyovszki ,&nbsp;Miriam Cordovana ,&nbsp;Simone Ambretti ,&nbsp;Kathleen Boiten ,&nbsp;Arthur B. Pranada ,&nbsp;Samo Jeverica ,&nbsp;Károly P. Sárvári ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Nagy ,&nbsp;József Sóki ,&nbsp;the ESCMID Study Group on Anaerobic Infections","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated metronidazole resistance mechanism in <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em> group strains isolated from four European countries. Among 581 isolates we identified 10 <em>nim</em>-positive (<em>nimACDEH</em>) isolates that had the genes on various plasmids or on the chromosome. The <em>nim</em>-positive strains harbored more <em>cfiA</em> genes than it could usually be detected among <em>B. fragilis</em> strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103014"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing 30-day recurrence for patients testing indeterminate for Clostridioides difficile based on treatment status","authors":"Noah S. Ball ,&nbsp;Benjamin Bredhold ,&nbsp;Andrew Ward ,&nbsp;Ryan Demkowicz ,&nbsp;John L. Martello","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infection (CDI) multistep testing may generate indeterminate results. This single-center retrospective cohort study aims to assess recurrence of CDI in treated versus untreated adults producing indeterminate tests. We assessed 121 treated versus 49 untreated patients, finding no difference in recurrence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145457068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current practices to reduce the risk of transmission of Clostridioides difficile in France: results of a national survey","authors":"Nagham Khanafer ,&nbsp;Anne-Gaëlle Venier ,&nbsp;Raymond Nasso ,&nbsp;Romane Baroux ,&nbsp;Philippe Vanhems","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections. In healthcare settings, interventions like contact precautions (CP), hand hygiene with soap and water, sporicidal environmental cleaning, and antimicrobial stewardship, are essential to reducing the risk <em>C. difficile</em> transmission. This study aimed to evaluate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures targeting <em>C. difficile</em> infection (CDI) in French hospitals.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>An anonymous online survey was conducted from August to December 2022. The assessed CDI-related IPC practices. Descriptive analysis was performed using IBM SPSS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 350 professionals from all French regions completed the survey; 70.3 % were members of an infection control team members. CP for symptomatic patients were implemented by 70 %, and continued ≥48 h after diarrhea resolution of by 49 %; 4.9 % continued CP until discharge. Gloves, gowns, and aprons were worn before room entry by 62 %, 55 % and 21 % respectively. Hand hygiene with soap and water followed by alcohol-based hand rubs was reported by 85 %. Daily surface cleaning of rooms, toilets and floors was reported by 98 %, 96 %, and 87 % respectively. Cleaning was performed using sporicidal products (71 %), chlorine-containing agents (23 %), or non-sporicidal agents (5 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While key IPC measures are widely acknowledged, their implementation varies. Broader studies are needed to evaluate their effectiveness and address inconsistencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in understanding Cutibacterium acnes hemolysis: virulence factor or genomic trait?","authors":"L. Ruffier d’Epenoux ,&nbsp;E. Fayoux ,&nbsp;K. Rwayane ,&nbsp;C. Hervochon ,&nbsp;S. Corvec","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Cutibacterium acnes</em> is now recognized a major opportunistic pathogen causing a wide range of infections. Henceforth, this bacterium is largely involved in device-related infections especially prosthetic joint infections, spine infections but also cardiovascular infections, neurosurgical implant infections and breast infections. It has also been associated with acne and probably sarcoidosis and prostate tumors. We conducted a narrative review to better understand the phylotypes involved in these clinical entities and if hemolysis can be a diagnosis maker of pathogenicity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched the PubMed database for English language articles related to <em>C. acnes</em> phylotype and clinical entities and hemolysin characteristic.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>As a successful commensal microorganism, <em>C. acnes</em> produces many virulence factors including cytolysins that most likely facilitate tissue damages due to its β-hemolytic trait. In this review, we summarize its involvement in different clinical settings and the role of this virulence factor depending on the phylotype implicated. Our analysis of the literature on <em>C. acnes</em> β-hemolysis clinical strains sheds new light on its potential impact in distinguishing <em>C. acnes</em> infection strains from contaminant strains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The litterature and our results demonstrate the genetic nature of the β-hemolysis in <em>C. acnes</em> strains rather than being a mean to differentiate virulent clinical strains from commensal or other strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High prevalence of Clostridioides difficile in retail garden products from two Australian states.","authors":"Jessica M Chisholm, Charlotte Bell, Molly Lattin, Su Chen Lim, Simon A Reid, Linda A Selvey, Thomas V Riley","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite historically being considered a healthcare-associated pathogen, rates of Clostridioides difficile infection in the community have risen greatly in recent decades. As a pathogen of One Health importance, sources of C. difficile in the community have been sought to understand and control community-associated C. difficile infection transmission.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of C. difficile isolated from retail garden products in two Australian states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Soil conditioners, soil mixes and turf samples were collected from commercial garden product suppliers in Western Australia and Queensland from May 2023 to January 2024. Following enrichment culture, PCR ribotyping and toxin gene profiling were performed on C. difficile isolates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>C. difficile was recovered from 257 of 479 (53.7 %) retail garden products in this study. Prevalence was highest in turf (67.1 %, 53/79), followed by soil mixes (57.1 %, 148/259) and soil conditioners (39.7 %, 56/141). Of the 113 distinct ribotypes identified, the most common were 014/020 and QX 686. Toxigenic ribotypes associated with both human infection and production animals in Australia, including 014/020, 056 and 087, were recovered.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A high prevalence of C. difficile was found in garden products sold to consumers, including toxigenic strains associated with C. difficile infection in humans and animals. More discriminatory characterisation of isolates is required to determine if retail garden products contribute to the burden of community-associated C. difficile infection in Australia.</p>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":" ","pages":"102987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}