Anaerobe最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the associations between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results in Clostridium perfringens in Canadian broiler chickens, turkeys, and layer chickens from 2018 to 2023","authors":"Cassandra Reedman ,&nbsp;Audrey Charlebois ,&nbsp;Sarah Hill ,&nbsp;Durda Slavic ,&nbsp;Richard J. Reid-Smith ,&nbsp;Agnes Agunos","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> isolates recovered from healthy broiler chicken, turkey, and layer flocks in Canada, and to assess potential associations between observed antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) results and reported antimicrobial use (AMU).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>AMU data from questionnaires, and fecal samples for AST, were collected by 17 poultry veterinarians across Canada. Data from 210 broiler chicken, 91 turkey, and 66 layer chicken flocks from 2017 to 2018 (broilers only), 2021, and 2023 were analyzed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results were categorized as high or low based on available clinical breakpoints. Based on levels of AMU and distributions of MIC data, mixed-effect logistic regression models were built to examine the relationship between bacitracin use and high MICs in broilers and turkeys.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bacitracin was the most commonly reported antimicrobial used across all three poultry commodities studied. Significant differences in MIC distributions for bacitracin were observed among the three commodities, with broilers demonstrating the highest percentage of isolates in the upper measurable MIC range. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship (<em>P</em>-value ≤0.05) between bacitracin use and MIC values. Specifically, each incremental increase of 1 mg/kg in bacitracin use raised the odds of detecting a high MIC value by 4.5 % in broilers (OR = 1.045) and 9.6 % in turkeys (OR = 1.096).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that elevated AMU, particularly bacitracin, is associated with reduced susceptibility (higher MICs) in <em>C. perfringens</em> isolates from poultry, highlighting that prudent use of antimicrobials is needed to preserve antimicrobial efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro susceptibility of bovine digital dermatitis treponemes to conventional and novel antimicrobial agents, and evidence of heavy metal resistance","authors":"Amy Gillespie ,&nbsp;Sam Haldenby ,&nbsp;Roger Blowey ,&nbsp;Stuart Carter ,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103029","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a globally endemic, painful infectious foot disease of cattle; however, gaps in knowledge regarding treatment efficacy limit our ability to control it. Our objectives were to collect data on minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MICs and MBCs) for conventional and naturally derived therapeutic agents against specific &lt;em&gt;Treponema&lt;/em&gt; strains important in BDD pathogenesis in the context of the need for responsible use of antimicrobials. Since antibacterial metals are widely used to control infectious lameness in ruminants, we also examine BDD treponeme susceptibility to heavy metals; and identify evidence of mechanisms for heavy metal resistance in BDD treponemes in comparison with other ruminant infectious lameness pathogens &lt;em&gt;Fusobacterium necrophorum&lt;/em&gt; subsp. &lt;em&gt;necrophorum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Dichelobacter nodosus&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;We used a broth microdilution assay to collect MIC and MBC data for &lt;em&gt;Treponema phagedenis&lt;/em&gt; (strain T320A) and &lt;em&gt;Treponema pedis&lt;/em&gt; (strain T3552B) against the relevant antimicrobials. We used encoded protein sequences in a heavy metal resistance database (BacMet) together with comparative genomics to identify and compare metal resistance genes (MRGs) for &lt;em&gt;T. phagedenis, T. pedis, F&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;necrophorum&lt;/em&gt; subsp. &lt;em&gt;necrophorum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;D&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;nodosus&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;BDD treponemes were susceptible to four of seven conventional antimicrobials tested: cefixime, ceftriaxone, linezolid and metronidazole. Six naturally derived therapeutic agents demonstrated intermediate susceptibility values and may be suitable as topical treatments. We identified reduced BDD treponeme susceptibility to zinc and nickel sulphate compared with copper sulphate, indicating evidence of heavy metal tolerance, and identified zinc and manganese MRGs (&lt;em&gt;tro&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;mntA&lt;/em&gt;) in the treponeme genomes, with &lt;em&gt;tro&lt;/em&gt; present across a range of treponemes but absent for &lt;em&gt;F. necrophorum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;D. nodosus&lt;/em&gt;. Comparative genomics of the &lt;em&gt;tro&lt;/em&gt; operon highlighted further &lt;em&gt;T. pedis&lt;/em&gt; genome features potentially related to heavy metal tolerance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;We have identified several novel therapeutics with &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; efficacy against BDD associated treponemes. Moreover, differences in presence of MRGs and in &lt;em&gt;vitro&lt;/em&gt; susceptibility across lameness associated bacteria indicate heavy metal tolerance to zinc in BDD treponemes but not in other relevant ruminant lameness associated bacteria, potentially mediated by the &lt;em&gt;tro&lt;/em&gt; metal resistance gene. These data appear to explain differences in clinical treatment responses to zinc sulphate observed for different ruminant infectious lameness diseases depending on presence or absence of treponemes and should help inform more tailored treatment approaches ","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective role of Probiatop® in mitigating 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in mice","authors":"Fernanda C. Souza ,&nbsp;Bruno Gallotti ,&nbsp;Lara L. Campos ,&nbsp;Samantha R.O. Machado ,&nbsp;Luís C.L. De Jesus ,&nbsp;Vasco Azevedo ,&nbsp;Kátia D. Vital ,&nbsp;Simone O.A. Fernandes ,&nbsp;Valbert N. Cardoso ,&nbsp;Ana P. Gomes ,&nbsp;Enio Ferreira ,&nbsp;Jamil S. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Jacques R. Nicoli ,&nbsp;Flaviano S. Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>Mucositis is an inflammatory condition affecting the gastrointestinal mucosa and is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy, particularly following treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Currently, therapeutic options are mainly palliative. In this context, probiotic microorganisms have emerged as promising biotherapeutic strategies to mitigate chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Probiatop®, a commercial probiotic formulation containing <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em>, <em>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</em>, <em>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei</em>, and <em>Bifidobacterium lactis</em>, in a murine model of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and results</h3><div>Mucositis was induced in female BALB/c mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (300 mg/kg). Clinical, microbiological, immunological, histological, and physiological parameters were analyzed. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles were also evaluated as functional markers of microbial metabolic activity. Probiatop® treatment attenuated 5-FU-induced body weight loss, preserved epithelial barrier integrity by reducing intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, and significantly improved ileal histological architecture. These protective effects were accompanied by a reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration, downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and modulation of SCFAs profiles, indicating alterations in microbial metabolic activity associated with intestinal homeostasis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Probiatop® exerts protective effects against 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis, likely through coordinated modulation of epithelial barrier function, inflammatory responses, and microbial metabolic activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103034"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intratumoral lung abscess from Eggerthia catenaformis in metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma: A case report","authors":"Justin Ong ,&nbsp;Sreekari Kedarisetti ,&nbsp;Meenakshi Kurup ,&nbsp;Pooja Belligund ,&nbsp;Mohammad Al-Ajam ,&nbsp;Aahana Gaur ,&nbsp;Aleksey Fiksman","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a rare case of <em>Eggerthia catenaformis</em> causing an intratumoral lung abscess in metastatic adenocarcinoma. Despite catheter drainage and broad-spectrum antibiotics, the infection persisted, prompting salvage intracavitary antibiotic instillation with poor response. This case highlights the diagnostic advances, therapeutic attempts, and importance of oral evaluation in anaerobic pulmonary infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pretreatment with microbial consortium on anaerobic digestion of rice drying residue","authors":"Ana María Espinosa Negrín ,&nbsp;Lisbet Mailín López González ,&nbsp;Alexander Calero Hurtado ,&nbsp;Deborah Henderson ,&nbsp;Janet Jiménez Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Residues from rice drying are an important source of lignocellulosic biomass, with the potential to be used in anaerobic digestion processes and contribute to fossil fuels substitution. However, due to its recalcitrant structure, bioconversion remains a challenge. This research aimed to assess the effect of pretreatment with a microbial consortium on hydrolysis, methane yield, and anaerobic digestion kinetics of this residue.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>For the study, a new consortium (MC) was obtained and characterized. This consortium was then used (diluted 1:100) to pretreat the substrate for five days, using two ratios (12 and 18 mL of MC g volatile solids (VS)⁻¹ of substrate). The degradation capacity was evaluated through the reducing sugar content released daily, in order to select the optimal time and ratio. The kinetic behavior in anaerobic digestion was described by four models: Roediger, Hill, Modified Gompertz and Transference Function.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Characterization revealed the presence of bacteria with cellulolytic activity in the consortium. The highest methane yield was obtained for pretreated residues (190.8 L_N kgVS⁻¹) after 24 h of pretreatment at the ratio of 12 mL gVS⁻¹, which was 13.9 % higher than the untreated substrate. All models fit well with the experimental cumulative methane yield data, but Roediger model showed the best fit in all cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This research demonstrated that pretreatment with a microbial consortium significantly enhanced hydrolysis, methane yield, and anaerobic digestion kinetics of the rice drying residue. The findings highlight its potential to optimize biogas production, offering a sustainable strategy for improving waste-to-energy conversion efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145826790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clostridioides difficile infection in animals: a literature review","authors":"Francisco A. Uzal ,&nbsp;Mauricio A. Navarro ,&nbsp;Javier Asin ,&nbsp;Eileen Henderson","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> affects humans, and several other animal species, such as horses, pigs, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits. This microorganism has also been isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy individuals of a wide variety of animal species in which its association with disease is not known. Traditionally, in most domestic animal species, <em>C. difficile-</em>infection disease (CDI) was antibiotic-associated, although in the past few years more cases in which no antibiotic association was known have been described. In addition, no antibiotic association has been described in pigs. In most animals CDI is not age-associated, although in pigs, the disease is seen almost exclusively in neonatal animals. In horses CDI is highly prevalent, and suggested predisposing factors, in addition to antibiotic treatment and hospitalization, include co-infections with other bacteria or parasites, intestinal displacements, transportation, surgical or medical treatment and nasogastric intubation. Although in recent years a substantial amount of evidence has been provided suggesting that CDI is a zoonosis, definitive evidence in this regard is lacking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External quality assessment in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST disc diffusion methodology) of five anaerobic strains – performance of 35 laboratories in Germany and Austria, 2024","authors":"Michael Buhl ,&nbsp;Jette Jung ,&nbsp;Catalina-Suzana Stingu ,&nbsp;Sarah Copsey-Mawer ,&nbsp;Jürgen Held","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for anaerobic bacteria among 35 clinical microbiology laboratories in Germany and Austria through an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) challenge. A panel of five anaerobic bacterial strains (two <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em>, and one each of <em>Phocaeicola vulgatus</em>, <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> and <em>Fusobacterium necrophorum</em>) was tested by the participating laboratories against a panel of antibiotics (piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, metronidazole, clindamycin and/or benzylpenicillin) using the EUCAST disc diffusion methodology. This method was evaluated in comparison with the standard reference method, and categorical agreement with expected results was high (≥90 %), with notable exceptions for piperacillin-tazobactam (88.6 % and 80.0 % in two of the five strains, respectively). The observed discrepancies underscore that the method requires local technical expertise in combination not only with continuous internal quality control but also with external quality assurance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of concern: “Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children”","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 103033"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zebrafish as an in vivo model to study the pathogenicity of Clostridioides difficile clinical strains","authors":"Camila Fonseca Rizek ,&nbsp;Marina Farrel Côrtes ,&nbsp;Bianca Helena Ventura Fernandes ,&nbsp;Silvia Figueiredo Costa ,&nbsp;Evelyne Santana Girão ,&nbsp;Roberta Cristina Martins ,&nbsp;Sânia Alves dos Santos ,&nbsp;Bruno de Melo Tavares ,&nbsp;Luciani Silveira de Carvalho ,&nbsp;Cecilia Leite Costa ,&nbsp;Daniely Viana Costa ,&nbsp;Geovania Maciel ,&nbsp;Gerly Anne de Castro Brito ,&nbsp;Lauro Vieira Perdigão Neto","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhea, and its virulence is typically attributed to the production of toxins. However, other genomic factors may contribute to its pathogenicity. To study the <em>in vivo</em> aspects of <em>C. difficile</em> infection, various animal models have been employed. Zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) offers several advantages over mammalian models, but there are still few studies using it to evaluate <em>C. difficile</em> infection. Here, we aimed to explore <em>in vivo</em> virulence differences among clinical strains by employing the zebrafish embryo model using eight sequenced <em>C. difficile</em> isolates with distinct genomic profiles.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Embryos were microinjected with bacterial suspensions, and mortality and cardiac edema were monitored over 96 h. Survival and cardiotoxicity were assessed and correlated with whole-genome data and clinical outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two strains exhibited distinct pathogenic effects: HC48 (ST42) caused significantly increased mortality (p &lt; 0.0001), and HC132 (ST669) induced cardiotoxicity in 20 % of embryos. Surprisingly, the hypervirulent control strain NAP1/027 did not produce enhanced virulence in this model.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While zebrafish embryos showed promise for distinguishing strain-specific virulence, limitations such as colonization capacity and host–microbe interactions suggest that further research is needed to validate this model for <em>C. difficile</em> virulence testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102996"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145063283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and microbiological profile of patients with chronic otitis media - Squamosal disease with special reference to anaerobes","authors":"Parveez Musharaf ,&nbsp;Sangitha Jayagandan ,&nbsp;Rakhi Biswas ,&nbsp;Kalaiarasi Raja","doi":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.103010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess the microbiological profile of chronic otitis media (COM)-squamosal disease with special reference to anaerobic bacteria, evaluate associations with clinical features, and determine antibiotic susceptibility of anaerobic isolates.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective observational study was conducted over one year at JIPMER, Puducherry, including 60 patients diagnosed with COM-squamosal disease. Intraoperative ear discharge samples were cultured using aerobic and anaerobic techniques. Bacterial isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, and anaerobes were confirmed by aerotolerance testing. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed according to EUCAST v.15 2025 guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Positive cultures were obtained in 76.6 % of cases; aerobes were isolated in 95.6 %, anaerobes in 21.7 %, and fungi in 4.3 %. Polymicrobial/Mixed growth infections were observed in 45.6 % of culture-positive specimens. The predominant aerobic isolate was <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, while anaerobic isolates included <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em>, <em>Finegoldia magna</em>, and <em>Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus</em>. Anaerobic isolates were largely susceptible to metronidazole and carbapenems, with variable resistance patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Anaerobic bacteria significantly contribute to COM-squamosal infections but are often overlooked. Routine anaerobic culture and sensitivity testing should be incorporated into diagnostic protocols to guide effective antimicrobial therapy and prevent complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8050,"journal":{"name":"Anaerobe","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 103010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145328067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}