American Indian quarterly最新文献

{"title":"Embodying Relationality and Enacting Resistance: Celluloid Mobilities in the Silent Film The Daughter Of Dawn","authors":"Shannon Toll","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a906095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a906095","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: “Embodying Relationality and Enacting Resistance: Celluloid Mobilities in the Silent Film The Daughter Of Dawn ” discusses how Kiowa and Comanche actors embedded their respective material cultures in the 1920 silent film The Daughter of Dawn . Filmed in the Wichita Wildlife Refuge and featuring an all-Indigenous cast, this film is a unique entry in the canon of silent Westerns produced in Oklahoma during its nascent statehood. The author illustrates how the Kiowa and Comanche cast enacted what Michelle Raheja calls “visual sovereignty,” engaging in traditional cultural practices, both on and off camera, which were under attack by settler institutions. The performance and recording of these dynamic instances of buffalo culture, traditional dance, and Plains Indian Sign Language, which the author collectively refers to as “celluloid mobilities,” constituted an embodied refusal of settler-colonial interference in Indigenous cultural continuance.","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speaking for the People: Native Writing and the Question of Political Form by Mark Rifkin (review)","authors":"Sarah Klotz","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a906096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a906096","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Speaking for the People: Native Writing and the Question of Political Form by Mark Rifkin Sarah Klotz Mark Rifkin. Speaking for the People: Native Writing and the Question of Political Form. Durham: Duke University Press, 2021. 311 pp. Paperback, $27.95. Speaking for the People follows in a long line of Mark Rifkin’s monographs that put nineteenth-century Native American texts in conversation with political, cultural, and queer and feminist theories. The book looks at four central Native intellectuals—Elias Boudinot, William Apess, Sarah Winnemucca, and Zitkala-Ša—and deftly reads their work as manifesting notions of peoplehood for their respective communities. The book is impressive in its interdisciplinary approach and temporal scope. Rifkin draws together postcolonial theory, Native American and Indigenous studies, and close reading methods for the project of understanding sovereignty and recognition in a century of unique challenges to Native peoplehood and land claims across North America. Rifkin’s central argument is that the texts of these four Native intellectuals reveal how conceptions of Native collectivity emerge through open-ended and ongoing processes. When these writers seek to represent a people, they construct forms of peoplehood that are neither static nor uncontested. Rifkin shows the intellectual labor of conceptualizing and narrativizing Native peoplehood in ways that settler readers will understand, while he simultaneously brings forward the Indigenous political forms that are effaced by this necessary engagement with colonial interlocutors. A crucial organizing principle of the book is Gayatri Spivak’s dual sense of the term “representation,” which will be helpful for scholars thinking through the relationship between literary form, political economy, and coloniality. For Spivak, representation connotes both “proxy” and “portrait” and Rifkin draws heavily on this duality in his reading of how Boudinot, Apess, Winnemucca, and Zitkala-Ša write about their relations with native collectives (14). In short, when they seek to represent their people in written texts, they must also engage with the ways in [End Page 181] which they come to stand in for their people in negotiations with settler readers and the US government. Each chapter takes on a different strategy and a different Native group to explain this process of representation as both proxy and portrait of a people. First, Rifkin tackles the most troubling case study for his claim, Elias Boudinot. Boudinot was the editor of the Cherokee Phoenix and also a member of the party that developed the infamous Treaty of New Echota, which led to the displacement of the Cherokee to Indian Territory. Boudinot’s work to represent the Cherokee nation was so unsuccessful that he was executed for treason in 1839; this strikes me as an ethically fraught way to begin the book. Rifkin performs an illuminating reading of Boudinot’s Letter and Other Papers Relating to Cherokee Aff","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Libratory Vulnerability: Reimagining Indigenous Hockey Masculinities in Jordin Tootoo’s All the Way and Theo Fleury’s Playing with Fire","authors":"Jamie Ryan, Shane Keepness","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a906093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a906093","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Theo Fleury’s Playing with Fire (2009) and Jordin Tootoo’s All the Way: My Life on Ice (2014) are key texts in the under-researched fields of Indigenous hockey and Indigenous hockey masculinity. However, the importance of these autobiographies is not simply their contributions to these overlooked fields, but how each author models the fundamental value of vulnerability to their healing journeys from trauma and substance abuse. Tootoo (Inuk) and Fleury (Métis) were notorious National Hockey League “tough guys,” and so many readers expecting a rehearsal of hockey hypermasculinity would be surprised by the libratory masculinity offered by these books. We argue that the limited potentiality of these autobiographies lies in their possibility of reaching and affecting male audiences predisposed to hypermasculinity; the liberal possibilities of Fleury and Tootoo’s books are limited by their basis in dominant hockey culture and hypermasculinity, but at the same time they can potentially reach hyper-masculine hockey fans that other more radical works would not. Thus, the paradox of these autobiographies is that their hypermasculine tropes shift dominant hockey culture toward greater vulnerability, but it is these same tropes that also limit the changes that can be imagined to hockey culture. The objectives of this article are to: emphasize the need for vulnerability in Indigenous masculinities studies; illustrate that disembodiment is a common experience for Indigenous hockey players at the elite level; offer the term libratory masculinity to capture the oscillation between hyper-masculinity and masculinity; and propose that hockey hypermasculinity is antithetical to healing.","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The School-Prison Trust by Sabina Vaught, Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy and Jeremiah Chin (review)","authors":"Sarah E. K. Fong","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a906097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a906097","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: The School-Prison Trust by Sabina Vaught, Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy and Jeremiah Chin Sarah E. K. Fong Sabina Vaught, Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy, and Jeremiah Chin. The School-Prison Trust. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2022. 129 pp. Paperback, $10.00. The School-Prison Trust is a slim but generative consideration of how schools and prison reproduce conquest by hiding state power behind the language of rehabilitation and repair. Coauthored by Sabina Vaught, Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy, and Jeremiah Chin, the book examines the relationship between schools and prisons through the [End Page 183] lens of Native Studies. This approach reveals the school-prison trust—a constellation of institutions and practices that tie incarceration to education—to be a tool of ongoing colonial warfare. The book draws its narrative and theoretical energy from the refusal praxes of Jakes, an incarcerated Indigenous youth who Vaught came to know through a long-term ethnographic project in a prison school. The book’s narrative arc is propelled forward by vignettes illustrating how Jakes refuses the structuring logics of the school-prison trust, even as he remains captive within it. These vignettes are the authors’ “kernels of thinking,” the sparks for the theoretical arguments and interventions that the book makes. Beginning and ending with Jakes, The School-Prison Trust is as much a meditation on self-determined worlds as it is a diagnosis of the colonial nature of schools and prisons. Drawing on their backgrounds in education and law, Vaught, Brayboy, and Chin engage the fields of Black Studies and Native Studies to develop their understanding of the school-prison trust. They extend extant analyses of the relationship between schools and prisons by grounding their analysis in the history and present of colonialization, racialization, and capitalism. By engaging thinkers such as Cedric Robinson, Katherine McKittrick, and Robin Kelley, the book reveals how the school-prison trust reproduces racial difference and capitalist social relations. Such thinking, alongside Leanne Simpson, Dian Million, and Mishuana Goeman, illuminates the ongoing nature of colonial conquest, particularly as it is enacted through trust relations. Trusteeship, the conceptual foundation of the book, names a practice of conquest that circumscribes Native sovereignty through claims of dependency and incapacity for self-governance. It is a war power that operates alongside purchase and theft to obtain Indigenous lands. For Vaught, Brayboy, and Chin, it is a “more sophisticated technique” of conquest animated by paternalistic relations and wardship. One of the book’s primary contributions is the assertion that trusteeship is endlessly reenacted through the school-prison trust. This complex of carceral, educational, and rehabilitative institutions works to dispossess Indigenous people of the land, children, and futures by claiming that Native people are incapable of gov","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Savagery Repositioned: Historicizing the Cherokee Nation","authors":"Jason Cooke","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a906094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a906094","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Americanist scholarship often portrays historicization during Cherokee removal in terms of a single Indian-Anglo binary, with images of anachronistic savagery denoting the broadly cultural rejection of Native peoplehood from political modernity. What follows draws on contemporary challenges to such binary formations by Native scholars, however, to offer an alternative to reading removal discourse as the expression of a homogenous ideology predicated on exclusion. By separating the narrativity of Indianness from the representation of Native peoples, the essay situates the “Indian” as the figure through which historicism becomes juridically operative with regard to different crises of settler sovereignty. Accordingly, readings of John Marshall’s foundational ruling in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), the state of Georgia’s attack on Cherokee sovereignty in State v. Tassels (1830), and T. Hartley Crawford’s “Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs” (1838) show that the narrativity of Indianness resolves crises for uneven, even competing institutional actors. However, the essay begins with Elias Boudinot’s canonical pamphlet, “An Address to the Whites” (1827). If this emergent narrativity conditioned the seizure of Native space on the basis of settler political modernity, then “An Address” can be grasped as appropriating the discourse of “savagery” to historicize Cherokee peoplehood as constituting an independent nation.","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red Scare: The State’s Indigenous Terrorist by Joanne Barker (review)","authors":"Melanie K. Yazzie","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a906098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a906098","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Red Scare: The State’s Indigenous Terrorist by Joanne Barker Melanie K. Yazzie Joanne Barker. Red Scare: The State’s Indigenous Terrorist. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2021. 192 pp. Hardcover, $85.00. Joanne Barker’s Red Scare offers an introduction into “how Indigeneity has been made indistinguishable from terrorism” (110) within discourses of US and Canadian imperialism. Barker uses an Indigenous feminist methodology to sketch Indigenous–state relationality across multiple [End Page 186] historical periods, with particular emphasis on how state definitions of terrorism shape this relationality to conform with its imperial interests. While not technically a history of these relations, Red Scare includes a variety of historical examples to demonstrate how US state power has consistently linked indigeneity to terrorism. Examples in the book range from Dillon S. Myer’s tenure as commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1950 to 1953, to the movement to stop the Dakota Access Pipeline and the Oceti Sakowin–led encampments along the Cannonball River in Standing Rock Sioux treaty lands in 2016 and 2017, to Elizabeth Warren’s claims to Cherokee and Delaware descent, which became a matter of national controversy in 2016 when then-president Donald J. Trump mocked Warren’s claims in a move to politically discredit her. Throughout the course of the book, Barker underscores how Indigenous people are rendered as subhuman within state discourses of terrorism, or as “lives not worthy of life, as lives forever defined by the fate of death, injury, and grief ” (5). The author posits two archetypes of this subhuman or forestalled subjectivity: the murderable Indian and the kinless Indian, which chapters 2 and 3 address in turn. Drawing from the historical examples I mention above, Barker argues that both archetypes are a fiction and a creation of US imperialism, which must constantly position Indigenous people, culture, and nationhood as without humanity—and thus violable—to justify its own superiority. The two archetypes are animated through the discourse of terrorism. Barker argues that the very transition of Indigenous people into subjects of the state happens through their categorization as terrorists who threaten the state: whereas the murderable Indian threatens national security, the kinless Indian threatens social stability. These threats make Indigenous people useful in the sense that the state can recreate and expand its power through endless moves to curb the threat of anyone who can be deemed “Indian.” Given its Foucauldian interest in subject formation and power, Red Scare is essentially a book about how the United States and Canada interpolate Indigenous people into their practices of state power. The book helps us understand how the murderable and kinless Indian bolsters state power; they are semiotic containers injected with meaning by the state to serve its own interests, namely, the securing of resources for its","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cinematic Comanches: The Lone Ranger in the Media Borderlands by Dustin Tahmahkera (review)","authors":"Jacob Floyd","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a901588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a901588","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Cinematic Comanches: The Lone Ranger in the Media Borderlands by Dustin Tahmahkera Jacob Floyd Dustin Tahmahkera. Cinematic Comanches: The Lone Ranger in the Media Borderlands. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press, 2022. 263 pp. Paperback, $35.00. Comanche scholar Dustin Tahmahkera's Cinematic Comanches: The Lone Ranger in the Media Borderlands explores the Disney-produced 2013 adaption of The Lone Ranger but, as he writes, it is \"not a book on The Lone Ranger\" (19). Instead, Tahmahkera uses the film to analyze how Comanche people, past and present, have represented themselves in media. This is a significant shift in focus because he does not \"situate Comanches into a study of film,\" or limit his study to on-screen representation, but instead positions the film within Comanche history and media practice, exploring multiple facets of Comanche agency in the production and reception of media (19). These \"cinematic Comanches\" include not only filmmakers and actors but also those in other roles in the industry, and those involved in off-screen activism and criticism. Applying methods of Indigenous scholarship to film studies, this interdisciplinary and intertextual work puts The Lone Ranger, and the discourses surrounding it, into conversation with historical and popular culture narratives. The book argues for the importance of Comanche media representation by situating cinema as part of a larger history of the \"textual circulation of Comanche significations,\" which includes captivity narratives, literature, and especially historical works (12). In every site of representation, Tahmahkera argues that Comanches exercise \"representational jurisdiction,\" which asks \"who shapes and controls the production, performance, and perception of Indigenous representations\" (29). These representations exist within the \"media borderlands,\" Tahmahkera's term that recalls the borderlands space of Greater Comanchería, and conceptualizes \"intertextuality across symbolic territories, genres (e.g., western films, newspapers, blogs) and categories of cultural analysis (e.g., race, indigeneity, kinship)\" (5). [End Page 86] Cinematic Comanches is effectively organized by key concepts that roughly correspond to events surrounding the film's release and screening in Comanche Nation. \"Jurisdiction\" explores a genealogy of \"representational jurisdiction\" among Comanches who have sought to represent themselves in media, moving from a 2006 PBS reality show to Tahmahkera \"recrediting\" his relative Quanah Parker's role in 1908's The Bank Robbery (42). In \"Kinship\" he contextualizes Comanche elder LaDonna Harris's adoption of Johnny Depp during the controversy surrounding his casting as Tonto through Harris's history of activism as well as histories of Comanche captive-taking. \"Performance\" enlarges the Comanche presence in The Lone Ranger by reading it \"through the lens of intertextual Comanche citations,\" the images, historical events, and other movies referenced ","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135201715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"A Desire to Learn\": Native-American Experiences in Lutheran Colleges, 1945–1955","authors":"Anna Peterson","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a901586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a901586","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Between 1945 and 1955, nine Native-American students of the Oneida, Ho-Chunk, and Ojibwe tribes attended Lutheran colleges with the support of Reverend Ernest Sihler, Superintendent of the Bethany Evangelical Lutheran Indian Mission. Four of the students graduated with bachelor's degrees and two went on to attain PhDs. Regardless of their graduation status, all the students demonstrated educational resilience during their time as undergraduates. Based on the examination of correspondence between the Native American students attending Lutheran colleges and Sihler in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as Sihler and college administrators, and Sihler and donors, this article enriches our understanding of Native American experiences in higher education in the immediate postwar period. These sources reveal students' personal motivations and experiences, as well as their institutional practices and priorities. For the students, success at college required navigating competing interests and goals. They had to balance the need to placate and support the interests and norms of the dominant, fundamentally racist, white college cultures with their desire to remain true to their tribal communities and identities. For Sihler and Lutheran college administrators, they had carefully selected these Native-American students and attempted to help them succeed within the umbrella of Lutheran higher education in accordance with its attendant norms and expectations. These efforts proved moderately successful. The article also details the obstacles these students encountered as well as the strategies they employed to overcome these challenges and meet their college goals. The students took advantage of existing support systems available to them, as well as created new support systems, that enabled them to navigate adverse educational environments. Like Native American college students today, their success was due to several factors, including their pre-college preparations, family support, and access to financial assistance. Their motivation to succeed in order to give back to their tribal communities also gave them a larger purpose to cling to when challenges arose.","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135201872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Art","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a902588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a902588","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135201716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We Are Not Animals: Indigenous Politics of Survival, Rebellion, and Reconstitution in Nineteenth-Century California by Martin Rizzo-Martinez (review)","authors":"Analiesa Delgado","doi":"10.1353/aiq.2023.a901589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2023.a901589","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: We Are Not Animals: Indigenous Politics of Survival, Rebellion, and Reconstitution in Nineteenth-Century California by Martin Rizzo-Martinez Analiesa Delgado Martin Rizzo-Martinez. We Are Not Animals: Indigenous Politics of Survival, Rebellion, and Reconstitution in Nineteenth-Century California. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2022. 536 pp. Hardcover, $80.00. Traveling along Highway 101 in California, drivers will encounter hundreds of mission bells lining the California Coast. These bells are heralded as monuments to the California mission system. For many, these bells mark the beginning of California's Spanish fantasy past, but for others they are markers of colonization and genocide. Martin Rizzo-Martinez's book We Are Not Animals: Indigenous Politics of Survival, Rebellion, and Reconstitution in Nineteenth-Century California seeks to tell a story of the survivance and resilience of Native Californians. Throughout the book, Martinez is upsetting a stereotype of California that is still widely held by both Californians and tourists: California history did not start with the missions. We Are Not Animals attempts to bridge the Spanish and Mexican eras into US statehood. With this overview, Martinez adds to the historiography of scholars like Steven Hackel, Lisbeth Haas, and James Sandos. Earlier scholars of the California mission period tend to focus heavily on the mission era, whereas Martinez expands this historiography by extending his timeline further—still with a heavy focus on the mission system but stretching the time period into the twentieth century. Further, Martinez combines both mission records and oral histories to highlight individual stories in order to center Indigenous perspectives, rather than focus on the Spaniards perspectives. We Are Not Animals focuses on the history of the Indigenous tribes of what is now known as Santa Cruz County in California. Martin Rizzo-Martinez begins his book with an oral history telling how the Santa Cruz Indigenous people killed a serpent. Martinez relates that he initially read this story with a centering of Indigenous encounters with the Spaniards, but it was through a conversation with an elder from the Amah Mutsun tribe, Ed Ketchum, that he learned it actually predates colonization and is most likely referring to a story about a conflict with the snake clan or another clan that inhabited the Santa Cruz mountains. Martinez notes that he is forced to recognize his own positionality, and to see Indigenous histories as not simply a \"reaction to others\" (3). The entirety of Matinez's book follows this pattern, and Martinez challenges his readers to recognize their own positionality within their research. [End Page 89] Martinez's book is broken into seven chapters. Chapter 1 looks at the Indigenous society of the Santa Cruz region precolonization, and then discusses the beginning of Spanish colonization, from 1773 to 1797. With this chapter, Martinez cites the earlier work of Ra","PeriodicalId":80425,"journal":{"name":"American Indian quarterly","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135201714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}