Topics in Current Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Earth-Abundant Transition Metals Catalyzed Alkylation, Alkenylation, and Alkynylation of Arenes via Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC): Synthetic Strategies and Mechanistic Pathways","authors":"Nandini,&nbsp;Sandeep Chaudhary","doi":"10.1007/s41061-026-00540-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-026-00540-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) <i>via</i> C−H bond activation enables direct and sustainable synthesis of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds, bypassing the requirement of prefunctionalization steps. Utilizing earth-abundant metals such as iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), CDC offers cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to precious metal catalysts (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir). These metals facilitate mild and efficient C–H activation, expanding substrate scope and improving selectivity. Among different methods, transition metal-catalyzed C−H activation <i>via</i> CDC has emerged as an effective tool for direct functionalization, offering efficiency, sustainability, and regioselectivity. Recent advancements address challenges such as catalyst deactivation and functional group compatibility. This article highlights recent developments of various synthetic alkylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation strategies of arenes and their mechanistic pathways catalyzed by earth-abundant metals (Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) through cross dehydrogenative coupling <i>via</i> C−H bond activation.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147352680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Graphitic Carbon Nitride in Photocatalysts: Mechanisms, Synthesis, and Modification","authors":"Ruizi A,&nbsp;Zheng Zhou,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Liangnuo Yang,&nbsp;Ming Li,&nbsp;Xu Ji,&nbsp;Yunfeng Wang,&nbsp;Zhenhua Gu","doi":"10.1007/s41061-026-00539-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-026-00539-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is a nonmetalic semiconductor photocatalytic material that has attracted widespread attention in the field of photocatalysis owing to its advantages, including abundant raw material sources, environmental friendliness, good cyclic stability, and ease of structural control. Currently, various methods are available for its preparation, including thermal polymerization, template-assisted synthesis, solvothermal synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition. By adjusting parameters such as pyrolysis temperature and time, the morphology of g-C₃N₄ can be effectively controlled. However, pure g-C₃N₄ still faces challenges, including high carrier recombination rates and limited utilization of visible light, resulting in relatively low photocatalytic activity. To overcome these limitations, various modification strategies have been studied extensively and analyzed the pathways for source modification on the basis of this mechanism. It outlines mainstream preparation methods and recent advances in modification research, evaluating the strengths and limitations of different strategies. Drawing on recent case studies, this discussion examines the advantages and constraints of various synthesis approaches, and links modification strategies to their respective application fields. Finally, future research directions for enhancing photocatalytic performance are proposed, aiming to provide theoretical insights and technical support for further research and practical applications of this material in photocatalysis.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><p>This illustrated abstract presents the diverse morphologies, primary preparation methods, and modification techniques of g-C₃N₄. This paper systematically elucidates the photocatalytic mechanism of g-C₃N₄ and reviews recent advancements in its preparation processes and modification strategies, focusing on practical fabrication and performance optimization requirements. It analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and application suitability of the mainstream preparation methods and modification approaches.</p>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146159196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in the Synthesis of C-N/N-N Atropisomers via Asymmetric Annulation","authors":"Tong Li,&nbsp;Doudou Leng,&nbsp;Jun-Long Niu,&nbsp;Xu-Hong Hu,&nbsp;Teck-Peng Loh","doi":"10.1007/s41061-026-00538-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-026-00538-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>C–N/N–N atropisomers constitute pivotal structural elements in privileged scaffolds of natural products, bioactive compounds, chiral ligands, and advanced functional materials. With these wide-ranging utilities, the construction of these axially chiral frameworks has garnered increasing attention from chemists. This review highlights asymmetric annulation as a powerful and efficient strategy to construct such scaffolds, enabling simultaneous aromatic ring formation and axial chirality control in a single step. Recent advances up to August 2025 are summarized, covering both transition metal catalysis (eg., palladium, rhodium, copper, cobalt with chiral ligands) and organocatalysis (e.g., chiral phosphoric acids and <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbenes). Key methodologies include [4 + 2] cyclizations, ynamide annulations, C–H activation, and annulations involving acroleins or aminocarbonyls, offering versatile routes to diverse C–N and N–N atropisomers with high enantioselectivity. This work provides an integration of catalytic systems previously reviewed in isolation, underscoring the progress in synthetic efficiency and catalytic system diversity.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><p>This review summarizes recent advances in catalytic asymmetric annulation for the synthesis of C–N and N–N atropisomers. Covering both transition-metal and organocatalytic strategies, it highlights innovative methods that employ <i>de novo</i> annulation to enhance steric hindrance and achieve highly enantioselective construction of chiral axes.</p>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146108237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalyst-Assisted Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives: Recent Advances and Mechanistic Insights","authors":"Vijayabharathi Sundharaj,&nbsp;Sinduja Mohanraj,&nbsp;S. Sarveswari,&nbsp;V. Vijayakumar","doi":"10.1007/s41061-025-00535-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-025-00535-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Benzimidazole derivatives are widely recognized for their critical importance in the realm of bioactive natural products, pharmaceuticals, and advanced functional materials. This review elucidates recent developments in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives employing a variety of catalytic methodologies. Metal-catalyzed systems, which incorporate copper or palladium, facilitate cyclization reactions under mild reaction conditions, thereby enhancing both yield and selectivity. Base-catalyzed systems foster efficient condensation and cyclization via substrate deprotonation, thereby obviating the necessity for costly metals. Nanocatalytic systems exploit nanomaterials characterized by high surface areas to augment catalytic activity and improve reaction efficiency. Photocatalytic systems harness visible light to propel reactions at ambient temperatures, thereby contributing to environmentally sustainable processes with diminished energy consumption. Representative examples and the fundamental reaction mechanisms pertaining to each approach are analyzed, highlighting the versatility and potential inherent in these catalytic methodologies. This comprehensive review accentuates the significance of optimizing synthetic pathways for benzimidazole derivatives, in line with contemporary trends advocating for sustainable and efficient chemical synthesis.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in the Synthesis and Application of Phycocyanin-Based Nanoparticles","authors":"Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi,&nbsp;Siavash Abdolghaderi,&nbsp;Felora Ferdosi,&nbsp;Neda Ebrahimi,&nbsp;Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri,&nbsp;Ehsan Dadgostar,&nbsp;Fatemeh Nabavizadeh,&nbsp;Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani,&nbsp;Mozhdeh Mohammadpour,&nbsp;Rajender S. Varma,&nbsp;Omid Reza Tamtaji","doi":"10.1007/s41061-025-00537-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-025-00537-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Phycocyanin, a phycobiliprotein, is a known antimicrobial and anticancer compound, and among nanoparticle formulations, its use has garnered significant attention regarding the treatment of cancers and bacterial and parasitic diseases. Phycocyanin has been deployed in a wide range of nanoparticles amid polymer (chitosan, polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid, polypyrrole, and hydrogel nanoparticles) and non-polymer (liposomes, phytosomes, micelles, microspheres, manganese dioxide, and black phosphorus quantum dots) entities. Phycocyanin-based nanoparticles were previously limited to utilizing their anticancer and antimicrobial effects, but recent studies have revealed that they target a variety of cellular and molecular processes, such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In addition, phycocyanin-based nanoparticles have demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting the growth of various parasites and bacteria, including <i>Cryptosporidium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens</i>, and<i> Bacillus cereus</i>. Herein, various forms of phycocyanin-based nanoparticles are evaluated, emphasizing the cellular and molecular pathways involved in cancer and microbial therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145764108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Merging Multicomponent Reactions and Metal-Free C–H Functionalization: Emerging Tools in Organic Synthesis","authors":"Ariful Islam,&nbsp;B. Shriya Saikia,&nbsp;Pranjal K. Baruah","doi":"10.1007/s41061-025-00536-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-025-00536-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pursuit of metal-free multicomponent reactions (MCRs) via direct C–H bond functionalization represents a significant stride toward sustainable and atom-economical organic synthesis. This review comprehensively examines advances from 2016 to 2025 in metal-free C–H functionalization strategies integrated with MCRs for the efficient construction of complex, bioactive heterocycles. Key mechanistic platforms explored include iminium ion activation, azomethine ylide chemistry, radical-mediated transformations, visible-light photoredox catalysis, and base-mediated protocols. Each approach is critically analyzed in terms of substrate scope, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, green metrics, and practical applicability. The strategic use of renewable feedstocks, solvent-free conditions, and recyclable catalysts further highlights the field’s alignment with green chemistry principles. Collectively, these methodologies underscore the growing potential of metal-free MCRs in delivering structurally diverse heterocyclic scaffolds for pharmaceutical and materials applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and Structure Tailoring of Versatile Metal Halide Perovskite Composites for Photocatalysis","authors":"Sohail Khan,&nbsp;Shahab Khan,&nbsp;Junaid Khan,&nbsp;Nisar Ali,&nbsp;Adnan Khan,&nbsp;Farman Ali,&nbsp;Sarmad Ali,&nbsp;Arif Nawaz,&nbsp;Rayya Ahmed Al Balushi,&nbsp;Mohammad M. Al-Hinaai,&nbsp;Thuraya Al-Harthy","doi":"10.1007/s41061-025-00534-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-025-00534-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photocatalytic technologies are essential for addressing energy and environmental challenges. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts owing to their adjustable bandgaps, high efficiency, and broad visible-light absorption capabilities. However, despite their potential, MHPs encounter obstacles that impede their effective use. These challenges include the necessity to maintain stability in aqueous and oxygen-rich environments as well as at elevated temperatures. Moreover, issues such as electron–hole recombination and limited oxidation activity during photocatalytic processes present significant hurdles that must be overcome for the successful application of MHPs. This review addresses the latest advancements in the application of MHPs for photocatalytic tasks, such as hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, degradation of organic contaminants, and removal of nitrogen oxides. The first part of the review addresses the basic principles of photocatalysis, the crystalline structures, coordination environments, and distinguishing features of MHP photocatalysts. A range of strategies has been investigated to improve the performance of MHP photocatalysts and address challenges such as low stability, excessive charge recombination, and limited active sites. These strategies involve controlling morphology, forming heterojunctions, modifying surfaces or interfaces, and encapsulating the materials. The paper further examines the ongoing challenges and future prospects of MHP photocatalysts, highlighting their promising potential and significant role in a wide range of photocatalytic applications. <b>Highlights</b></p><ul>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <p>Structures, properties, coordination environments, and basic principles of metal halide perovskite photocatalysts.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <p>Comprehensive summary of efficient photocatalytic strategies activity and stability of metal halide perovskites.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <p>Current progresses in the photocatalytic H₂ generation, CO₂ reduction, organics degradation, and NO_<i>x</i> remediation.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <p>Current challenges and future prospective of metal halide perovskite as efficient photocatalysts.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 </ul><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AgroDrug Conjugates for Sustainable Crop Protection: Molecular Architectures, Mechanisms, and Critical Perspectives","authors":"Giulia Cazzaniga,&nbsp;Roberto Orru,&nbsp;David M. Barber,&nbsp;Silvia Gazzola","doi":"10.1007/s41061-025-00531-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-025-00531-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The agriculture sector faces significant challenges from weeds and pests, exacerbated by climate change. Traditional control methods have led to the emergence of difficult to manage resistant populations, threatening global food security. AgroDrug conjugates (AgDCs) offer a promising approach to enhance agrodrug bioavailability and systemic distribution within plant tissues. This can be accomplished by attaching agrodrugs to molecular carriers such as sugars or amino acids. AgDCs aim to improve targeting and efficiency, while reducing the environmental impact. This review seeks to deliver a thorough and critical analysis of the chemical architectures and underlying mechanisms of action of AgDCs as documented in current scientific literature. Moreover, we highlight advances and knowledge gaps in AgDC design, including metabolic stability, ecological safety, and field-scale performance. Addressing these challenges will be essential to unlock the full potential of AgDCs as next-generation tools for sustainable and resilient crop protection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"384 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41061-025-00531-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145511073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalysis Beyond Enzymes: Ceria Nanozyme as a Smart Platform for Biocatalysis, Anti-oxidant Defense, and Biosensing","authors":"V. Vinotha Sre,&nbsp;S. Danushri,&nbsp;S. Sudheer Khan","doi":"10.1007/s41061-025-00533-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-025-00533-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanozymes, enzyme-like nanomaterials (NMs), present a compelling alternative to natural enzymes due to their superior catalytic activity, stability, and low cost. Among them, cerium dioxide (CeO₂) NMs exhibit diverse catalytic activities, including oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, phosphatase, haloperoxidase, urease, uricase, DNase I, DNA photolyase, and ROS scavenging. The catalytic efficiency of CeO₂ nanozymes is largely influenced by oxygen vacancies, surface valence states, and the Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox cycle, which are crucial in enhancing their enzymatic functions. This review explores the different dimensional structures of CeO₂ nanozymes, such as zero dimensions (0D), one dimension (1D), two dimensions (2D), and three dimensions (3D). It outlines their synthesis methods, which include physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Additionally, it examines surface modification strategies like ion exchange, small molecule binding, and macromolecular capping, which can either promote or inhibit their catalytic activity. By providing a comprehensive overview of the development, synthesis methods, dimensional variations, and surface modifications of CeO₂ nanozymes, this review highlights their enzyme-mimicking properties and their application potential in biosensing technologies. Furthermore, it offers insights into future prospects, focusing on advancing their catalytic efficiency and expanding their use across different fields. The review emphasizes the need for continued research to enhance the practical applications of CeO₂ nanozymes, which hold significant promise for the future of biosensing and other catalytic processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"383 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145487280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of Olefin Metathesis in the Synthesis of Fluorinated Substrates and Design of Fluorinated Catalysts","authors":"Anas Semghouli,&nbsp;Santos Fustero,&nbsp;Loránd Kiss","doi":"10.1007/s41061-025-00532-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41061-025-00532-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a result of the high pharmaceutical relevance of organofluorine compounds in drug discovery, the synthetic approach towards this class of derivatives has generated increasing interest in organic chemistry over the past decade. Metathesis, with the manipulation of the C = C double bonds, is considered to be a powerful tool in preparative organic chemistry to access various sophisticated and densely functionalized scaffolds with olefin bonds in their structure. The current paper is intended to describe, investigate, and analyze the most impactful advances and applications of metathesis with organofluorine molecular entities achieved since the outstanding review by Fustero, Haufe and others (Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 871 − 930, dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr500182a) published a decade ago.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":802,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Current Chemistry","volume":"383 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12602597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}