Annals of Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"An unanticipated case report of squamous cell carcinoma arising from a submandibular branchial cleft cyst.","authors":"Hadi Eslami, Shahriar Dabiri, Mahsa Faramarzpour, Ali Hossein Zahraei, Mohammad Hasan Zahraei","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003307","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction and importance: </strong>Cervical area tumors, especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), present important clinical challenges, accounting for almost 90% of all head and neck malignancies. Risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus infection increases the incidence of these malignancies. While SCCs often arise from primary tumors in the oral cavity or other regions, they can also observe in atypical sites like branchial cleft cysts.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This report introduces a rare case of SCC arising from a submandibular branchial cleft cyst in a 60-year-old cigarette smoker and opium addict female patient. The patient displayed a progressive mass with no history of malignancy or other problems in the head and neck region.</p><p><strong>Clinical discussion: </strong>Following surgical resection, histopathological observations confirmed SCC within the branchial cleft cyst, indicating a rare malignant transformation. Notably, the primary source of SCC remains undetermined despite comprehensive evaluations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although branchial cleft cysts are typically benign, this case underscores the importance of careful assessment of neck masses in patients with risk factors for malignancy, to facilitate early diagnosis and optimal management of this uncommon presentation of SCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3911-3914"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of tuberculous meningitis triggered by long-term use of corticosteroids drugs.","authors":"Noha Zaki, Osman Mohamed, Taha Eltayeb, Dalya Mohammed","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003310","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction and importance: </strong>Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, is a severe central nervous system infection prevalent in areas with a high incidence of tuberculosis. Dissemination frequently takes place among children and young adults within particular regions.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 25-year-old woman from East Sudan presented with headache, neck pain, fever, anxiety, and hemodynamic instability. Despite no prior history of tuberculosis or known contact with affected individuals, her diagnosis of TBM was confirmed based on clinical presentation, radiological findings (notably leptomeningeal enhancement), and a positive response to anti-tuberculosis therapy.</p><p><strong>Clinical discussion: </strong>This case highlights the importance of immunosuppressive therapy as a risk factor, as the patient had been on a prolonged course of corticosteroids (dexamethasone) at a dose of 15 mg/day for 6 months. This atypical presentation emphasizes the relevance of TBM in patients with prolonged symptoms of meningitis that do not respond to standard treatment, especially those with a history of immunocompromising diseases or drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case demonstrates the serious implications of inappropriate corticosteroid usage, as well as the crucial importance of early diagnosis and treatment of TBM to avoid life-threatening complications. It serves as a reminder of the significance of remaining vigilant for TBM in areas where tuberculosis is endemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3920-3924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 17-year-old female with bilateral congenital trigger thumb diagnosed in late adolescence: a rare case report.","authors":"Mouhammed Sleiay, Malak Alsaleh, Hasan Alsmoudi, Raghad Aldakkak, Ayat Alsalloum, Nour Dabeek, Fadi Alkhameed, Khaled Alsaleh, Abdulrahim Hamad Alokla, Haitham Ashkar, Mohammed Alqreea, M-Jaber Kojak, Abdulkader Bitar","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003313","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction and importance: </strong>Congenital trigger thumb, affecting approximately 0.3% of children, is characterized by a locked interphalangeal joint and can result from a mismatch between the flexor tendon and thumb pulley system. Though typically diagnosed in early childhood, late diagnosis can occur, as demonstrated in this case. Understanding the differential diagnoses and clinical presentation of trigger thumb is crucial for effective management, particularly when symptoms persist into adolescence.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 17-year-old female presented with a long-standing inability to hold a pen due to a flexion contracture of both thumbs, preventing full extension of the metacarpophalangeal joints. Despite the condition's presence since childhood, it had not been diagnosed until adolescence. Radiographs revealed excessive extension at the carpometacarpal joints. The patient had no significant medical history or accompanying symptoms.</p><p><strong>Clinical discussion: </strong>This case highlights an unusual presentation of congenital trigger thumb diagnosed in late adolescence. Typically identified in infancy, late diagnoses may complicate early treatment and long-term management. Surgical intervention, including the A1 pulley release, effectively restored thumb function and resolved the deformity. This case underscores the importance of considering congenital trigger thumb in older children or adolescents with unexplained thumb deformities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Late diagnosis of trigger thumb is rare but important to recognize, as timely surgical intervention can effectively restore functionality. Awareness of this condition beyond infancy is essential for comprehensive clinical care.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3931-3934"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the crossroads: exploring the intersection of celiac disease and Budd-Chiari syndrome - insights, challenges, and management strategies.","authors":"Priyanka Mohan Lal, Heema Madhumal, Muhammad Hamza Siddiqui, Syed Shahrukh Parvez, Syed Shahzil Parvez, Mustafa Ashiq Husain, Komal Tirath, Anmol Mohan, Dev Tanush, Nikhil Duseja, Muhammad Khuzzaim Khan, Syeda Laiba Sherazi, Usha Tejwaney","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003320","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CD) and Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) are distinct medical conditions affecting different organ systems. However, reports suggest a potential association between them. This review examines existing literature and summarizes the current knowledge regarding the connection between CD and BCS. The pathophysiology of both conditions involves immune dysregulation and prothrombotic tendencies, though through different mechanisms. Several case reports and small studies indicate an increased incidence of BCS in individuals with CD, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Proposed hypotheses include chronic inflammation, hypercoagulability, and potential genetic factors. However, more robust studies are needed to establish a definitive association and elucidate the shared pathophysiological factors between the two conditions. Management of CD primarily involves strict adherence to a gluten-free diet, leading to symptom improvement and normalization of serological markers. BCS requires a stepwise approach involving anticoagulation, endovascular therapy, and, in severe cases, liver transplantation. Recognizing the potential implications of the coexistence of CD and BCS is crucial for developing appropriate management strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate the potential association between CD and BCS, including large-scale epidemiological studies, genetic analyses, and mechanistic investigations. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and identifying risk factors for BCS development in individuals with CD will contribute to enhanced diagnostic capabilities, refined management strategies, and improved patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3610-3617"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS) induced by pyelonephritis in diabetes mellitus female with brucellosis: a diagnosis of challenge.","authors":"Mohammad Alsultan, Marwa Kliea, Alaa Aldin Zedan, Kassem Basha","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003312","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS) is an extremely rare disease with a prevalence of about 0.012% and is more common in women (approximately 70% of cases). The majority of cases present by the third decade of life, where the chronic loin pain varies in duration (ranging from minutes to a constant ache) and frequency (ranging from once or twice a year to incessant pain). Also, the pain usually accompanies by intermittent microscopic or gross hematuria.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3068-3070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144246051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nationwide retrospective study on the prevalence and prognostic factors of NUT carcinoma in the United States.","authors":"Tarek Ziad Arabi, Belal Nedal Sabbah, Adhil Razak, Marwan Alaswad, Ahmed Essam Maklad, Mohamed Umair Aleem, Abderrahman Ouban","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003241","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nuclear protein of the testis (NUT) carcinoma (NC) is a rare and exceedingly aggressive neoplasm, typically presenting as midline tumors such as mediastinal, thoracic, or sinonasal tumors, but can also be seen in other locations like the kidneys, liver, and pancreas. NC is frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to its rarity, nonspecific clinical and histopathological presentation, lack of clinically trialed standard-of-care therapy, and, ultimately, a lack of awareness about the condition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed 45 cases of NC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patient pool was predominantly male, with the most common tumor sites being the lungs and bronchus (51.1%), followed by the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (28.9%).73.3% of patients received systemic therapy, 62.2% received radiotherapy, and only one-quarter of patients underwent surgery. The median survival time was 8 months (95% CI: 4.09-11.91). Systemic therapy (aHR = 0.268, <i>P</i> = 0.009) and radiotherapy (aHR = 0.335, <i>P</i> = 0.02) were the only independent prognostic factors in this cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study reiterates the rarity of NC in the United States. We also reveal that when faced with the rare NC, systemic therapy and radiotherapy have been found to relatively prolong NC patient survival. Future research is needed to further guide NC treatment and improve the poor survival associated with the diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3097-3101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardized reporting of breast FNAC using the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama system and its comparison with histopathology: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Khushbu Sah, Brinda Kharel, Nirmal Prasad Sah","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003322","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) has developed a comprehensive and systematic method that defines five categories for reporting breast fine needle aspiration cytology. These categories stratify breast lesions by their risk of malignancy, providing guidance on management for each category. The aim of the study is to analyze the diagnostic utility of the IAC Yokohama system in breast cytology reporting with histopathological correlation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional observational study. The study included 55 patients with clinically suspected breast lumps who underwent Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for provisional diagnosis, which was later confirmed by corresponding excisional biopsy and histopathology. The collected data following Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and histopathology were entered into Microsoft Office Excel software 13. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16. For diagnostic measurement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. The probability of significance was set at the 5% level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 55 cases of breast lesions on cytopathology as per the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System, none of the cases were categorized as Insufficient (C1). Twenty-five cases (45.5%) were categorized as C2 (benign), 5 cases (9.1%) were categorized as C3 (atypia, probably benign), 4 cases (7.3%) were categorized as C4 (suspicious for malignancy), and 21 cases (38.3%) were categorized as C5 (malignant). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for cytopathology compared with histopathology were 86.21% (95% CI: 73.76%-98.66%), 100% (95% CI: 100%-100%), 100% (95% CI: 100%-100%), 86.67% (95% CI: 74.29%-99.05%), and 92.7% (95% CI: 85.54%-99.93%), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The IAC Yokohama system for reporting breast fine needle aspiration cytopathology effectively stratifies patients into five categories and has high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy with regard to the gold standard histopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3189-3193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging surgical oncology and personalized medicine: the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in thoracic surgery.","authors":"Aisha Ijlal, Hassan Mumtaz, Syed Muhammad Hassan, Qurat-Ul-Ain Mustafa, Ahmed Bazil Bin Khalil, Umna Ali, Zainab Khayal Tanveer, Laiba Sajjad","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003302","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, often detected in advanced stages with poor prognosis. While surgical resection is the mainstay of curative treatment, early detection remains a significant challenge. Advances in personalized medicine, including genomic profiling and low-dose CT scans, have led to more tailored therapies, offering improved outcomes. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into oncology has the potential to revolutionize lung cancer management by enhancing early detection, improving treatment precision, and supporting surgical decision-making. AI-driven technologies, such as deep learning algorithms and predictive models, have demonstrated effectiveness in identifying lung nodules, predicting immunotherapy response, and reducing diagnostic errors. Additionally, AI-powered robotics have contributed to improved surgical precision and better patient recovery. However, the widespread adoption of AI in clinical practice faces challenges, including data standardization, ethical concerns, and the need for robust validation. This study explores the question: How can AI and ML optimize thoracic surgical oncology by improving early detection, enhancing surgical precision, and enabling personalized care? This review highlights the significance of AI and ML in thoracic surgery and oncology, discussing their current applications, limitations, and future potential to advance personalized cancer care and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3566-3572"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent acute interstitial nephritis with acute pyelonephritis in DRESS syndrome: a rare case report.","authors":"Nitesh Kumar Karna, Akshyata Osti, Gopal Pokhrel, Neha Karna, Raushan Kumar Thakur, Swikriti Sigdel","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003318","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction characterized by fever, rash, eosinophilia, and multi-organ involvement. Renal manifestations, particularly acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), are common, but the concurrent presentation of acute pyelonephritis (APN) with AIN in DRESS syndrome is rare and not previously documented.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 19-year-old female presented with fever, vomiting, erythematous rash, and facial swelling. She had a history of prolonged use of Sulfasalazine and Cotrimoxazole. Laboratory tests revealed eosinophilia, nephrotic syndrome, and elevated liver enzymes. Renal biopsy showed features of APN, while clinical findings suggested AIN. Based on clinical, histopathological, and serological findings, DRESS syndrome was diagnosed.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>DRESS syndrome, often triggered by medications like Sulfasalazine and Cotrimoxazole, can involve multiple organs, with renal manifestations being common. While AIN is typical, this case highlights the rare occurrence of concurrent APN. The absence of bacteriuria and pyuria suggests a non-bacterial cause for the APN, possibly related to viral reactivation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case underscores the need for careful diagnosis and management of DRESS syndrome with atypical renal involvement. It highlights the importance of early identification and discontinuation of the offending drugs, as well as the necessity for further research to understand the complex renal manifestations in DRESS syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3925-3930"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144246009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoscopic evaluation of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in high-risk populations for hepatitis B and C: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Masab Ali, Haris Naveed, Muhammad Husnain Ahmad, Ateeq Ur Rehman Sheikh, Umer Hussain, Sana Javeriya, Kanchan Chaudhary, Hafiz Amjad Hussain, Sarmad Naeem","doi":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003305","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MS9.0000000000003305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This cross-sectional study investigates the prevalence and clinical outcomes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) among patients at a tertiary care center. It focuses on esophageal varices and their association with hepatitis C and B infections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 383 patients aged 18 and above who presented with UGIB were included. Data were collected from the hospital's endoscopy department and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and R package. Key variables included age, gender, endoscopic findings, and the presence of esophageal varices. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the association between hepatitis infections and variceal bleeding. The statistical significance cut-off was <i>P</i> <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the 383 patients was 56 ± 11 years, with a male predominance (55.4%). Esophageal varices were the most common finding (78.3%) and were strongly associated with hepatitis C (<i>P</i> < 0.001), with 70.7% of hepatitis C patients presenting with varices. Hepatitis B had a much weaker association, with only 1.7% of patients with varices also testing positive for hepatitis B. Acid peptic disease, present in 11% of cases, was more common in females. The statistical analysis confirmed a significant relationship between hepatitis C and esophageal varices. The study highlights the need for routine variceal screening and hepatitis C management in high-risk populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Esophageal varices are the leading cause of UGIB in this population, particularly in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The findings underscore the importance of early intervention and management of hepatitis C to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with variceal bleeding in chronic liver disease patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":8025,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","volume":"87 6","pages":"3157-3161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144246020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}